Примечания
1
См., например, инаугурационную речь Джорджа Буша — младшего в 2005 году, в которой он сказал: «Исходя из последних событий и руководствуясь здравым смыслом, мы пришли к заключению: сохранение свободы в нашей стране в значительной степени зависит от успеха свободы в других странах. Самую большую надежду на мир даёт распространение свободы по всей планете». Bush Pledges to Spread Democracy // CNN. — 20 January 2005. — http://edition.cnn.com/2005/ALLPOLITICS/01/20/bush.speech/. Что касается Обамы, см., например, его последнюю речь в ООН: Katie Reilly. Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President // Time. — 20 September 2016. — http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/.
2
William Neikirk, David S. Cloud. Clinton: Abuses Put China «On Wrong Side of History» // Chicago Tribune. — 30 October 1997. — http://articles.chicagotribune.com/1997-10-30/news/9710300304_1_human-rights-jiang-zemin-chinese-leader.
3
Eric Bradner. Hillary Clinton’s Email Controversy, Explained // CNN. — 28 October 2016. — http://edition.cnn.com/2015/09/03/politics/hillary-clinton-email-controversy-explained-2016/index.html.
4
Chris Graham, Robert Midgley. Mexico Border Wall: What is Donald Trump Planning, How Much Will It Cost and Who Will Pay for It? // Telegraph. — 23 August 2017. — http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/0/mexico-border-wall-donald-trump-planning-much-will-cost-will/; Michael Schuman. Is China Stealing Jobs? It May Be Losing Them, Instead // New York Times. — 22 July 2016. — https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/23/business/international/china-jobs-donald-trump.html.
5
Несколько примеров из девятнадцатого и начала двадцатого века см. в Evgeny Dobrenko, Eric Naiman (eds.). The Landscape of Stalinism: The Art and Ideology of Soviet Space. — Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2003; W. L. Guttsman. Art for the Workers: Ideology and the Visual Arts in Weimar Germany. — New York: Manchester University Press, 1997. Общую дискуссию см., например, в Nicholas John Cull. Propaganda and Mass Persuasion: A Historical Encyclopedia, 1500 to the Present. — Santa Barbara: ABC–CLIO, 2003.
6
Эту интерпретацию см.: Ishaan Tharoor. Brexit: A modern-day Peasants’ Revolt? // Washington Post. — 25 June 2016. — https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2016/06/25/the-brexit-a-modern-day-peasants-revolt/?utm_term=.9b8e81bd5306; John Curtice. US election 2016: The Trump — Brexit voter revolt // BBC. — 11 November 2016. — http://www.bbc.com/news/election-us-2016-37943072.
7
Самой известной работой, конечно, остаётся Francis Fukuyama. The End of History and the Last Man. — London: Penguin, 1992.
8
Karen Dawisha. Putin’s Kleptocracy. — New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014; Timothy Snyder. The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America. — New York: Tim Duggan Books, 2018; Anne Garrels. Putin Country: A Journey Into the Real Russia. — New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2016; Steven Lee Myers. The New Tsar: The Rise and Reign of Vladimir Putin. — New York: Knopf Doubleday, 2016.
9
Credit Suisse. Global Wealth Report 2015. — P. 53; Filip Novokmet, Thomas Piketty, Gabriel Zucman. From Soviets to Oligarchs: Inequality and Property in Russia 1905–2016 // WID.world Working Paper. — № 2017/09. — https://wid.world/document/soviets-oligarchs-inequality-property-russia-1905-2016/; Shaun Walker. Unequal Russia // Guardian. — 25 April 2017.
10
Ayelet Shani. The Israelis Who Take Rebuilding the Third Temple Very Seriously // Haaretz. — 10 August 2017. — https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.805977; Israeli Minister: We Should Rebuild Jerusalem Temple // Israel Today. — 7 July 2013. — http://www.israeltoday.co.il/Default.aspx?tabid=178&nid=23964; Yuri Yanover. Dep. Minister Hotovely: The Solution Is Greater Israel without Gaza // Jewish Press. — 25 August 2013. — http://www.jewishpress.com/news/breaking-news/dep-minister-hotovely-the-solution-is-greater-israel-without-gaza/2013/08/25/; Israeli Minister: The Bible Says West Bank Is Ours // Al Jazeera. — 24 February 2017. — http://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/upfront/2017/02/israeli-minister-bible-west-bank-170224082827910.html.
11
Katie Reilly. Read Barack Obama’s Final Speech to the United Nations as President // Time. — 20 September 2016. — http://time.com/4501910/president-obama-united-nations-speech-transcript/.
12
Gregory R. Woirol. The Technological Unemployment and Structural Unemployment Debates. — Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996. — P. 18–20; Amy Sue Bix. Inventing Ourselves out of Jobs? America’s Debate over Technological Unemployment, 1929–1981. — Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000. — P. 1–8; Joel Mokyr, Chris Vickers, Nicolas L. Ziebarth. The History of Technological Anxiety and the Future of Economic Growth: Is This Time Different? // Journal of Economic Perspectives. — 2015. — Vol. 29:3. — P. 33–42; Joe Mokyr. The Gifts of Athena: Historical Origins of the Knowledge Economy. — Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. — P. 255–257; David H. Autor. Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and the Future of Workplace Automation // Journal of Economic Perspectives. — 2015. — Vol. 29:3. — P. 3–30; Melanie Arntz, Terry Gregory, Ulrich Zierahn. The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries // OECD Social, Employment and Migration Working Papers. — 2016. — Vol. 89; Mariacristina Piva, Marco Vivarelli. Technological Change and Employment: Were Ricardo and Marx Right? // IZA Institute of Labor Economics, Discussion Paper. — 2017. — № 10471.
13
См., например, как искусственный интеллект побеждает людей в авиационных симуляторах, и особенно в воздушном бое: Nicholas Ernest et al. Genetic Fuzzy based Artificial Intelligence for Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle Control in Simulated Air Combat Missions // Journal of Defense Management. — 2016. — Vol. 6:1. — P. 1–7; интеллектуальные обучающие системы: Kurt VanLehn. The Relative Effectiveness of Human Tutoring, Intelligent Tutoring Systems, and Other Tutoring Systems // Educational Psychologist. — 2011. — Vol. 46:4. — P. 197–221; алгоритмический трейдинг: Giuseppe Nuti et al. Algorithmic Trading // Computer. — 2011. — Vol. 44:11. — P. 61–69; финансовое планирование, управление портфелем ценных бумаг и т. д.: Arash Baharammirzaee. A comparative Survey of Artificial Intelligence Applications in Finance: Artificial Neural Networks, Expert System and Hybrid Intelligent Systems // Neural Computing and Applications. — 2010. — Vol. 19:8. — P. 1165–1195; анализ сложных данных в медицинских системах, постановка диагноза и назначение лечения: Marjorie Glass Zauderer et al. Piloting IBM Watson Oncology within Memorial Sloan Kettering’s Regional Network // Journal of Clinical Oncology. — 2014. — Vol. 32:15. — e17653; создание оригинальных текстов на естественном языке из большого объёма данных: Jean-Sébastien Vayre et al. Communication Mediated through Natural Language Generation in Big Data Environments: The Case of Nomao // Journal of Computer and Communication. — 2017. — Vol. 5. — P. 125–148; распознавание лиц: Florian Schroff, Dmitry Kalenichenko, James Philbin. FaceNet: A Unified Embedding for Face Recognition and Clustering // IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR). — 2015. — P. 815–823; управление автомобилем: Cristiano Premebida. A Lidar and Vision-based Approach for Pedestrian and Vehicle Detection and Tracking // 2007 IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Conference. — 2007.
14
Daniel Kahneman. Thinking, Fast and Slow. — New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 2011; Dan Ariely. Predictably Irrational. — New York: Harper, 2009; Brian D. Ripley. Pattern Recognition and Neural Networks. — Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007; Christopher M. Bishop. Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning. — New York: Springer, 2007.
15
Seyed Azimi et al. Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections // SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars — Mechanical Systems. — 2011. — Vol. 4. — P. 406–416; Swarun Kumar et al. CarSpeak: A Content-Centric Network for Autonomous Driving // SIGCOM Computer Communication Review. — 2012. — Vol. 42. — P. 259–270; Mihail L. Sichitiu, Maria Kihl. Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey // IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. — 2008. — P. 10; Mario Gerla, Eun-Kyu Lee, Giovanni Pau. Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds // 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). — 2014. — P. 241–246.
16
David D. Luxton et al. mHealth for Mental Health: Integrating Smartphone Technology in Behavioural Healthcare // Professional Psychology: Research and Practice. — 2011. — Vol. 42:6. — P. 505–512; Abu Saleh Mohammad Mosa, Illhoi Yoo, Lincoln Sheets. A Systematic Review of Healthcare Application for Smartphones // BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. — 2012. — Vol. 12:1. — P. 67; Karl Frederick Braekkan Payne, Heather Wharrad, Kim Watts. Smartphone and Medical Related App Use among Medical Students and Junior Doctors in the United Kingdom (UK): A Regional Survey // BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. — 2012. — Vol. 12:1. — P. 121; Sandeep Kumar Vashist, E. Marion Schneider, John H. T. Loung. Commercial Smartphone-Based Devices and Smart Applications for Personalised Healthcare Monitoring and Management // Diagnostics. — 2014. — Vol. 4:3. — P. 104–128; Maged N. Kamel Bouls et al. How Smartphones Are Changing the Face of Mobile and Participatory Healthcare: An Overview, with Example from eCAALYX // BioMedical Engineering OnLine. — 2011. — Vol. 10:24. — https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-925X-10-24; Paul J. F. White, Blake W. Podaima, Marcia R. Friesen. Algorithms for Smartphone and Tablet Image Analysis for Healthcare Applications // IEEE Access. — 2014. — Vol. 2. — P. 831–840.
17
World Health Organization, Global status report on road safety 2015 (2016); Estimates for 2000–2015, Cause-Specific Mortality. — http://www.who.int/healthinfo/global_burden_disease/estimates/en/index1.html.
18
Анализ причин автомобильных аварий в США см.: Daniel J. Fagnant, Kara Kockelman. Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations // Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. — 2015. — Vol. 77. — P. 167–181; анализ данных по всему миру см., например: OECD/ITF, Road Safety Annual Report 2016. — Paris: OECD Publishing, 2016. — http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/irtad-2016-en.
19
Kristofer D. Kusano, Hampton C. Gabler. Safety Benefits of Forward Collision Warning, Brake Assist, and Autonomous Braking Systems in Rear-End Collisions // IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems. — 2012. — Vol. 13:4. — P. 1546–1555; James M. Anderson et al. Autonomous Vehicle Technology: A Guide for Policymakers. — Santa Monica: RAND Corporation, 2014. — esp. 13–15; Daniel J. Fagnant, Kara Kockelman. Preparing a Nation for Autonomous Vehicles: Opportunities, Barriers and Policy Recommendations // Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. — 2015. — Vol. 77. — P. 167–181; Jean-Francois Bonnefon, Azim Shariff, Iyad Rahwan. Autonomous Vehicles Need Experimental Ethics: Are We Ready for Utilitarian Cars? // arXiv. — 2015. — P. 1–15. О предложениях по созданию межтранспортных сетей для предотвращения аварий см.: Seyed R. Azimi et al. Vehicular Networks for Collision Avoidance at Intersections // SAE International Journal of Passenger Cars — Mechanical Systems. — 2011. — Vol. 4:1. — P. 406–416; Swarun Kumar et al. CarSpeak: A Content-Centric Network for Autonomous Driving // SIGCOM Computer Communication Review. — 2012. — Vol. 42:4. — P. 259–270; Mihail L. Sichitiu, Maria Kihl. Inter-Vehicle Communication Systems: A Survey // IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials. — 2008. — Vol. 10:2; Mario Gerla et al. Internet of Vehicles: From Intelligent Grid to Autonomous Cars and Vehicular Clouds // 2014 IEEE World Forum on Internet of Things (WF-IoT). — 2014. — P. 241–246.
20
Michael Chui, James Manyika, Mehdi Miremadi. Where Machines Could Replace Humans — and Where They Can’t (Yet) // McKinsey Quarterly. — 2016. — http://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/where-machines-could-replace-humans-and-where-they-cant-yet.
21
Wu Youyou, Michal Kosinski, David Stillwell. Computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans // PANS. — 2014. — Vol. 112. — P. 1036–1038.
22
Stuart Dredge. AI and music: will we be slaves to the algorithm? // Guardian. — 6 August 2017. — https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/aug/06/artificial-intelligence-and-will-we-be-slaves-to-the-algorithm. Обзорный анализ методов см.: Jose David Fernández, Francisco Vico. AI Methods in Algorithmic Composition: A Comprehensive Survey // Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. — 2013. — Vol. 48. — P. 513–582.
23
Eric Topol. The Patient Will See You Now: The Future of Medicine is in Your Hands. — New York: Basic Books, 2015; Robert Wachter. The Digital Doctor: Hope, Hype and Harm at the Dawn of Medicine’s Computer Age. — New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2015; Simon Parkin. The Artificially Intelligent Doctor Will Hear You Now // MIT Technology Review. — 2016. — https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600868/the-artificially-intelligent-doctor-will-hear-you-now/; James Gallagher. Artificial intelligence «as good as cancer doctors» // BBC. — 26 January 2017. — http://www.bbc.com/news/health-38717928.
24
Kate Brannen. Air Force’s lack of drone pilots reaching «crisis» levels // Foreign Policy. — 15 January 2015. — http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/01/15/air-forces-lack-of-drone-pilots-reaching-crisis-levels/.
25
Tyler Cowen. Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation. — New York: Dutton, 2013; Brad Bush. How combined human and computer intelligence will redefine jobs // TechCrunch. — 2016. — https://techcrunch.com/2016/11/01/how-combined-human-and-computer-intelligence-will-redefine-jobs/.
26
Ulrich Raulff. Farewell to the Horse: The Final Century of Our Relationship. — London: Allen Lane, 2017; Gregory Clark. A Farewell to Alms: A Brief Economic History of the World. — Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008. — P. 286; Margo DeMello. Animals and Society: An Introduction to Human-Animal Studies. — New York: Columbia University Press, 2012. — P. 197; Clay McShane, Joel Tarr. The Decline of the Urban Horse in American Cities // Journal of Transport History. — 2003. — Vol. 24:2. — P. 177–198.
27
Lawrence F. Katz, Alan B. Krueger. The Rise and Nature of Alternative Work Arrangements in the United States, 1995–2015 // National Bureau of Economic Research. — 2016; Peter H. Cappelli, J. R. Keller. A Study of the Extent and Potential Causes of Alternative Employment Arrangements // ILR Review. — 2013. — Vol. 66:4. — P. 874–901; Gretchen M. Spreitzer, Lindsey Cameron, Lyndon Garrett. Alternative Work Arrangements: Two Images of the New World of Work // Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior. — 2017. — Vol. 4. — P. 473–499; Sarah A. Donovan, David H. Bradley, Jon O. Shimabukuru. What Does the Gig Economy Mean for Workers? // Washington DC: Congressional Research Service. — 2016. — https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R44365.pdf; More Workers Are in Alternative Employment Arrangements // Pew Research Center. — 28 September 2016. — http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2016/10/06/the-state-of-american-jobs/st_2016-10-06_jobs-26/.
28
David Ferrucci et al. Watson: Beyond Jeopardy! // Artificial Intelligence. — 2013. — Vol. 199–200. — P. 93–105.
29
Google’s AlphaZero Destroys Stockfish in 100-Game Match // Chess.com. — 6 December 2017. — https://www.chess.com/news/view/google-s-alphazero-destroys-stockfish-in-100-game-match; David Silver et al. Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm // arXiv. — 2017. — https://arxiv.org/pdf/1712.01815.pdf; см. также: Sarah Knapton. Entire Human Chess Knowledge Learned and Surpassed by DeepMind’s AlphaZero in Four Hours // Telegraph. — 6 December 2017. — http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/2017/12/06/entire-human-chess-knowledge-learned-surpassed-deepminds-alphazero/.
30
Tyler Cowen. Average is Over: Powering America Beyond the Age of the Great Stagnation. — New York: Dutton, 2013; Tyler Cowen. What are humans still good for? The turning point in freestyle chess may be approaching. — 2013. — http://marginalrevolution.com/marginalrevolution/2013/11/what-are-humans-still-good-for-the-turning-point-in-freestyle-chess-may-be-approaching.html.
31
Maddalaine Ansell. Jobs for Life Are a Thing of the Past. Bring On Lifelong Learning // Guardian. — 31 May 2016. — https://www.theguardian.com/higher-education-network/2016/may/31/jobs-for-life-are-a-thing-of-the-past-bring-on-lifelong-learning.
32
Alex Williams. Prozac Nation Is Now the United States of Xanax // New York Times. — 10 June 2017. — https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/10/style/anxiety-is-the-new-depression-xanax.html.
33
Simon Rippon. Imposing Options on People in Poverty: The Harm of a Live Donor Organ Market // Journal of Medical Ethics. — 2014. — Vol. 40. — P. 145–150; I. Glenn Cohen. Regulating the Organ Market: Normative Foundations for Market Regulation // Law and Contemporary Problems. — 2014. — Vol. 77; Alexandra K. Glazier. The Principles of Gift Law and the Regulation of Organ Donation // Transplant International. — 2011. — Vol. 24. — P. 368–372; Megan McAndrews, Walter E. Block. Legalizing Saving Lives: A Proposition for the Organ Market // Insights to A Changing World Journal. — 2015. — P. 1–17.
34
James J. Hughes. A Strategic Opening for a Basic Income Guarantee in the Global Crisis Being Created by AI, Robots, Desktop Manufacturing and BioMedicine // Journal of Evolution & Technology. — 2014. — Vol. 24. — P. 45–61; Alan Cottey. Technologies, Culture, Work, Basic Income and Maximum Income // AI & Society. — 2014. — Vol. 29. — P. 249–257.
35
Jon Henley. Finland Trials Basic Income for Unemployed // Guardian. — 3 January 2017. — https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/03/finland-trials-basic-income-for-unemployed.
36
Swiss Voters Reject Proposal to Give Basic Income to Every Adult and Child // Guardian. — 5 June 2017. — https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/05/swiss-vote-give-basic-income-every-adult-child-marxist-dream.
37
Isabel Hunter. Crammed into squalid factories to produce clothes for the West on just 20p a day, the children forced to work in horrific unregulated workshops of Bangladesh // Daily Mail. — 1 December 2015. — http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3339578/Crammed-squalid-factories-produce-clothes-West-just-20p-day-children-forced-work-horrific-unregulated-workshops-Bangladesh.html; Chris Walker, Morgan Hartley The Culture Shock of India’s Call Centers // Forbes. — 16 December 2012. — https://www.forbes.com/sites/morganhartley/2012/12/16/the-culture-shock-of-indias-call-centres/#17bb61d372f5.
38
Klaus Schwab, Nicholas Davis. Shaping the Fourth Industrial Revolution // World Economic Forum. — 2018. — P. 54. О долгосрочных стратегиях развития см.: Ha-Joon Chang. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective. — London: Anthem Press, 2003.
39
Lauren Gambini. Trump Pans Immigration Proposal as Bringing People from «Shithole Countries» // Guardian. — 12 January 2018. — https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2018/jan/11/trump-pans-immigration-proposal-as-bringing-people-from-shithole-countries.
40
Мысль о том, что абсолютное улучшение условий может сочетаться с относительным усилением неравенства, см., в частности, в Thomas Piketty. Capital in the Twenty-First Century. — Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013.
41
2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel // Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. — 2017. — https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439; Melanie Lidman. As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word // Times of Israel. — 1 January 2016. — https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/.
42
Melanie Lidman. As ultra-Orthodox women bring home the bacon, don’t say the F-word // Times of Israel. — 1 January 2016. — https://www.timesofisrael.com/as-ultra-Orthodox-women-bring-home-the-bacon-dont-say-the-f-word/; Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel // Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. — 2016. — P. 18. — https://en.idi.org.il/media/4240/shnaton-e_8-9-16_web.pdf. Что касается счастья, не так давно Израиль занял 11-е место по уровню удовлетворённости жизнью среди 38 стран ОЭСР: Life Satisfaction // OECD Better Life Index. — http://www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org/topics/life-satisfaction/.
43
2017 Statistical Report on Ultra-Orthodox Society in Israel // Israel Democracy Institute and Jerusalem Institute for Israel Studies. — 2017. — https://en.idi.org.il/articles/20439.
44
Margaret Thatcher. Interview for Woman’s Own («no such thing as society») // Margaret Thatcher Foundation. — 23 September 1987. — https://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689.
45
Keith Stanovich. Who Is Rational? Studies of Individual Differences in Reasoning. — New York: Psychology Press, 1999.
46
Richard Dawkins. Richard Dawkins: We Need a New Party — the European Party // NewStatesman. — 29 March 2017. — https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/03/richard-dawkins-we-need-new-party-european-party.
47
Steven Swinford. Boris Johnson’s allies accuse Michael Gove of «systematic and calculated plot» to destroy his leadership hopes // Telegraph. — 30 June 2016. — http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/06/30/boris-johnsons-allies-accuse-michael-gove-of-systematic-and-calc/; Rowena Mason, Heather Stewart. Gove’s thunderbolt and Boris’s breaking point: a shocking Tory morning // Guardian. — 30 June 2016. — https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2016/jun/30/goves-thunderbolt-boris-johnson-tory-morning.
48
James Tapsfield. Gove presents himself as the integrity candidate for Downing Street job but sticks the knife into Boris AGAIN // Daily Mail. — 1 July 2016. — http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3669702/I-m-not-great-heart-s-right-place-Gove-makes-bizarre-pitch-Downing-Street-admitting-no-charisma-doesn-t-really-want-job.html.
49
В 2017 году исследователи из Стэнфорда разработали алгоритм, который якобы определяет сексуальную ориентацию человека с точностью 91 % только на основе нескольких фотографий его лица (https://osf.io/zn79k/). Но алгоритм разрабатывался на основе фотографий, которые люди выбирали сами для загрузки на сайты знакомств, и поэтому он мог идентифицировать различия в культурных идеалах. Это не значит, что выражение лица геев обязательно отличается от выражения лица у людей традиционной ориентации. Скорее геи, размещающие свои фото на сайте знакомств для геев, пытают соответствовать другому культурному идеалу, чем люди традиционной сексуальной ориентации, публикующие свои фотографии на соответствующих сайтах знакомств.
50
David Chan. So Why Ask Me? Are Self-Report Data Really That Bad? // Charles E. Lance, Robert J. Vandenberg (eds.). Statistical and Methodological Myths and Urban Legends. — New York, London: Routledge, 2009. — P. 309–336; Delroy L. Paulhus, Simine Vazire. The Self-Report Method // Richard W. Robins, R. Chris Farley, Robert F. Krueger (eds.). Handbook of Research Methods in Personality Psychology. — London, New York: The Guilford Press, 2007. — P. 228–233.
51
Elizabeth Dwoskin, Evelyn M. Rusli. The Technology that Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions // Wall Street Journal. — 28 January 2015. — https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398.
52
Norberto Andrade. Computers Are Getting Better Than Humans at Facial Recognition // Atlantic. — 9 June 2014. — https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/06/bad-news-computers-are-getting-better-than-we-are-at-facial-recognition/372377/; Elizabeth Dwoskin, Evelyn M. Rusli. The Technology That Unmasks Your Hidden Emotions // Wall Street Journal. — 28 June 2015. — https://www.wsj.com/articles/startups-see-your-face-unmask-your-emotions-1422472398; Sophie K. Scott, Nadine Lavan, Sinead Chen, Carolyn McGettigan. The Social Life of Laughter // Trends in Cognitive Sciences. — 2014. — Vol. 18:12. — P. 618–620.
53
Daniel First. Will big data algorithms dismantle the foundations of liberalism? // AI & Society. — 10.1007/s00146-017-0733-4.
54
Carole Cadwalladr. Google, Democracy and the Truth about Internet Search // Guardian. — 4 December 2016. — https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/dec/04/google-democracy-truth-internet-search-facebook.
55
Jeff Freak, Shannon Holloway. How Not to Get to Straddie // Red Land City Bulletin. — 15 March 2012. — http://www.redlandcitybulletin.com.au/story/104929/how-not-to-get-to-straddie/.
56
Michelle McQuigge. Woman Follows GPS; Ends Up in Ontario Lake // Toronto Sun. — 13 May 2016. — http://torontosun.com/2016/05/13/woman-follows-gps-ends-up-in-ontario-lake/wcm/fddda6d6-6b6e-41c7-88e8-aecc501faaa5; Woman Follows GPS into Lake // News.com.au. — 16 May 2016. — http://www.news.com.au/technology/gadgets/woman-follows-gps-into-lake/news-story/a7d362dfc4634fd094651afc63f853a1.
57
Henry Grabar. Navigation Apps Are Killing Our Sense of Direction. What if They Could Help Us Remember Places Instead? // Slate. — http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2017/07/10/google_and_waze_are_killing_out_sense_of_direction_what_if_they_could_help.html.
58
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Некоторые раввины, оригинальным образом интерпретируя Талмуд, считают допустимым нарушать святость субботы ради спасения жизни нееврея. Они утверждают, что, если евреи не будут спасать неевреев, неевреи разгневаются и станут нападать на евреев и убивать их. Поэтому, спасая нееврея, вы косвенным образом спасаете еврея. Тем не менее даже этот аргумент показывает, что жизнь еврея и жизнь нееврея наделяются разной ценностью.
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