Bronchopulmonary segments of the lung are supplied by the seg-mental (tertiary) bronchus, artery, and vein. There are 10 on the right and 8 on the left.
Arterial supply: Right and left pulmonary arteries arise from the pulmonary trunk. The pulmonary arteries deliver deoxygenated blood to the lungs from the right side of the heart.
Bronchial arteries supply the bronchi and nonrespiratory por tions of the lung. They are usually branches of the thoracic aorta.
Venous drainage. There are four pulmonary veins: superior right and left and inferior right and left. Pulmonary veins carry oxygenated biblood to the left atrium of the heart.
The bronchial veins drain to the azygos system. They share drainage from the bronchi with the pulmonary veins.
Lymphatic drainage: Superficial drainage is to the bronchopulmo-nary nodes; from there, drainage is to the tracheobronchial nodes.
Deep drainage is to the pulmonary nodes; from there, drainage is to the bronchopulmonary nodes.
Bronchomediastinal lymph trunks drain to the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct.
Innervation of Lungs: Anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses are formed by vagal (parasympathetic) and sympathetic fibers. Para-sympathetic stimulation has a bronchoconstrictive effect. Sympathetic stimulation has a bronchodilator effect.
New words
lungs – легкие
intrapulmonary bronchi – внутрилегочные бронхи
the primary bronchi – первичные бронхи
to give – давать
to rise – повышать
lobar bronchi – долевые бронхи
to divide – разделять
repeatedly – неоднократно
loosely – свободно
woven – сотканный
smooth – гладкий
submucosa – подслизистая оболочка
costal – реберный
surface – поверхность
onvex – выпуклый
apex – вершина
to protrude – высовываеться
superior – выше
right – право
left – оставленный
inferior – низший
innervation – иннервация
Образование множественного числа существительных:
a cat – cats
a dog – dogs
а саr – cars
a watch – watches
a dress – dresses
a dish – dishes
a box – boxes
a potato – potetos
Запомните форму множественного числа следующих существительных:
a goose – geese
a tooth – teeth
a foot – feet
an ox – oxen
a man – men
a woman – women
a child – children
a mouse – mice
А также:
an englishman – englishmen
a frenchman – frenchmen
a german – germans
Существуют существительные, имеющие во множественном числе ту же форму, что и в единственном:
a sheep – sheep
a deer – deer
a swine – swine
Поставьте следующие существительные во множественное число.
A park, a play, a table, a plate, a fox, a room, a lady, a knife, a hair, a bus, a match, a way, a house, a family, a flag, a town, a wolf, a country, a lion, a star, a mountain, a tree, a shilling, a king, the waiter, the queen, a man, the man, a woman, the woman, an eye, a shelf, a box, the city, a boy, a goose, the watch, a mouse, a dress, a toy, the sheet, a tooth, a child, the ox, a deer, the life, a tomato.
This tea-cup, this egg, that wall, that picture, this foot, that mountain, this lady, that window, this man, that match, this knife.
Answer the questions.
1. What do the primary bronchi give?
2. For how many main branches in the right lung give primary bronchi rise?
3. For how many main branches in the left lung give primary bronchi rise?
4. What for lobar bronchi divide repeatedly?
5. What does mucosa consist of?
6. What is submucosa consist of?
7. What lung has a deep cardiac impression?
8. Where is the diaphragmatic surface (base) related?
9. How many pulmonary veins are there?
10. How are anterior and posterior pulmonary plexuses formed by?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 23. Respiratory system
The respiratory system is structurally and functionally adapt ed for the efficient transfer of gases between the ambient air and the bloodstream as well as between the bloodstream and the tissues. The major functional components of the res piratory system are: the airways, alveoli, and blood vessels of the lungs; the tissues of the chest wall and diaphragm; the systemic blood vessels; red blood cells and plasma; and respi ratory control neurons in the brainstem and their sensory and motor connections. LUNG FUNCTION: provision of O2 for tissue metabolism occurs via four mechanisms. Ventilation – the transport of air from the environment to the gas exchange surface in the alveoli. O2 diffusion from the alveolar air space across the alveolar-capillary membranes to the blood.
Transport of O2 by the blood to the tissues: O2 diffusion from the blood to the tissues.
Removal of CO2 produced by tissue metabolism occurs via four mechanisms. CO2 diffusion from the tissues to the blood.
Transport by the blood to the pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane.
CO2 diffusion across the capillary-alveolar membrane to the air spaces of the alveoli. Ventilation – the transport of alveolar gas to the air. Functional components: Conducting airways (conducting zone; anatomical dead space).
These airways are concerned only with the transport of gas, not with gas exchange with the blood.
They are thick-walled, branching, cylindrical structures with ciliated epithelial cells, goblet cells, smooth muscle cells. Clara cells, mucous glands, and (sometimes) cartilage.
Alveoli and alveolar septa (respiratory zone; lung parenchyma).
These are the sites of gas exchange.
Cell types include: Type I and II epithelial cells, alveolar macrophages.
The blood-gas barrier (pulmonary capillary-alveolar membrane) is ideal for gas exchange because it is very thin (‹0,5 mm) and has a very large surface area (50-100 m2). It consists of alveolar epithelium, basement membrane interstitium, and capillary endothelium.
New words
respiratory – дыхательный
structurally – структурно
functionally – функционально
adapted – приспособленный
efficient – эффективный
transfer – перемещение
gases – газы
ambient – окружающий
air – воздух
bloodstream – кровоток
airways – воздушные пути
alveoli – альвеолы
blood vessels – кровеносные сосуды
lungs – легкие
chest – грудь
diaphragm – диафрагма
the systemic blood vessels – системные кровеносные сосуды
red blood cells – красные кровяные клетки plasma – плазма
respi ratory control neurons – дыхательные нейроны контроля
brainstem – ствол мозга
sensory – сенсорный
motor connections – моторные связи
ventilation – вентиляция
transport – транспортировка
environment exchange – окружающая среда
surface – поверхность
Запомните!
Един. ч. – множ. ч.
this is – these are
that is – those are
there is – there are
it is – they are
Поставьте слова в следующих предложениях во множественное число.
1. This is a star.
2. This is a boy.
3. This is a baby.
4. That is a plate.
5. That is a flower.
6. That is a bookshelf.
7. Is this a sofa?
8. Is this a bookcase?
9. Is this a man?
10. Is that a ball?
11. Is that a train?
12. Is that a plane?
13. Is the window open?
14. Is the door closed?
15. Is the boy near the window?
16. That is not a king.
17. That is not a queen.
18. That is not a bus.
19. That isn't a mountain.
20. That isn't a goose.
21. This isn't a mouse.
22. It is a sheep.
23. It is a cigarette.
24. It is a cat.
25. It is not a girl.
26. It isn't a bag.
27. It isn't a tree.
28. It is not a bad egg.
29. It is a good egg.
30. Is that a flower?
31. This man is an engineer.
32. That woman is my sister.
33. This child is my son.
34. That goose is big.
35. This mouse is white.
36. This man is a doctor.
37. That woman is my cousin. She is a teacher
38. That girl is my niece. She is a pupil.
39. This girl has a blue sweater.
40. This boy has a good coat.
41. My uncle has a large flat.
42. There is a table in the room.
43. I have a good pen. My pen is in my pocket.
44. There is a flower in the vase.
45. This child's foot is sore.
Answer he questions.
1. What is the respiratory system structurally adopted?
2. What does the respiratory system transfer?
3. What are the most major lung functions?
4. What do we breath in?
5. What do we breath out?
6. How is the oxygen delivered to the organs?
7. How is oxygen delivered to the organs?
8. What is metabolism?
9. What are the functional components?
10. What do cell types include?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find plural and single in the text.
Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):
1. a) palm; b) blood; c) vessel;
2. a) leg; b) tissue; c) metabolism;
3. a) airways; b) alveoli; c) arm;
4. a) intestines; b) cell; c) membrane;
5. a) oxygen; b) breath; c) carbon.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 24. Lung volumes and capacities
Lung volumes – there are four lung volumes, which when added together, equal the maximal volume of the lungs. Tidal volume is the volume of one inspired or expected normal breath (average human = = 0,5 L per breath). Inspiratory res