1988, pp. 391–392.
64. Frank, 1988; Hirshleifer, 1987; Trivers, 1971.
65. Hare, 1993; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995.
66. По наследуемости асоциальных черт см. Bock & Goode, 1996; Deater-Deckard & Plomin, 1999; Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001; Lykken, 1995; Mealey, 1995; Rushton et al, 1986. Что касается альтруизма, одно исследование не смогло доказать, что он наследуется (Krueger, Hicks, & McGue, 2001); другое (два раза большиее количество испытуемых) показало, что оно в значительной мере наследуемо (Rushton et al, 1986).
67. Miller, 2000b.
68. Tooby & Cosmides, 1990.
69. Axelrod, 1984; Dawkins, 1976/1989; Nowak, May, & Sigmund, 1995; Ridley, 1997.
70. Dugatkin, 1992; Harpending & Sobus, 1987; Mealey, 1995; Rice, 1997.
71. Rice, 1997.
72. Lalumière, Harris, & Rice, 2001.
73. M. Kakutani, "The strange case of the writer and the criminal," New York Times Book Review, September 20, 1981.
74. S. McGraw, "Some used their second chance at life; others squandered it," The Record (Bergen County, N. J.), October 12, 1998.
75. Rice, 1997.
76. Trivers, 1976.
77. Goleman, 1985; Greenwald, 1988; Krebs & Denton, 1997; Lockard & Paulhaus, 1988; Rue, 1994; Taylor, 1989; Trivers, 1985; Wright, 1994.
78. Nesse & Lloyd, 1992.
79. Gazzaniga, 1998.
80. Damasio, 1994, p. 68.
81. Babcock & Loewenstein, 1997; Rue, 1994; Taylor, 1989.
82. Aronson, 1980; Festinger, 1957; Greenwald, 1988.
83. Haidt, 2001.
84. Dutton, 2001, p. 209; Fox, 1989; Hogan, 1997; Polti, 1921/1977; Storey, 1996, pp. 110, 142.
85. Steiner, 1984, p. 1.
86. Steiner, 1984, p. 231.
87. Steiner, 1984, pp. 300–301.
88. Symons, 1979, p. 271.
89. D. Symons, в личном разговоре, July 30, 2001.
Глава 15. Лицемерное животное
1. Alexander, 1987; Haidt, in press; Krebs, 1998; Trivers, 1971; Wilson, 1993; Wright, 1994.
2. Haidt, Koller, & Dias, 1993.
3. Haidt, 2001.
4. Haidt, in press.
5. Shweder et al., 1997.
6. Haidt, in press; Rozin, 1997; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
7. Glendon, 2001; Sen, 2000.
8. Cronk, 1999; Sommers, 1998; Wilson, 1993; C. Sommers, 1998, "Why Johnny can't tell right from wrong," American Outlook, Summer 98, pp. 45–47.
9. D. Symons, в личном разговоре, July 26, 2001.
10. Etcoff, 1999.
11. Glover, 1999.
12. L. Kass, "The wisdom of repugnance," New Republic, June 2, 1997.
13. Rozin, 1997; Rozin, Markwith, & Stoess, 1997.
14. Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
15. Tetlock, 1999.
16. Tetlock et al, 2000.
17. Hume, 1739/2000.
18. I. Buruma, Review of Ian Kershaw's Hitler 1936–45: Nemesis, New York Times Book Review, December 10, 2000, p. 13.
ЧАСТЬ V. ГОРЯЧИЕ КЛАВИШИ
1. Haidt&Hersh, 2001; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
2. Haidt&Hersh, 2001; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
Глава 16. Политика
1. Из комической оперы Салливана и Гилберта «Иоланта».
2. D. Lykken, April 11, 2001, в личном разговоре. Другие оценки наследуемости консервативных взглядов обычно ранжируются от 0,4 до 0,5: Bouchardetal., 1990; Eaves, Eysenck, &Martin, 1989; Holden, 1987; Martinetal., 1986; Plominetal., 1997, p. 206; Scarr&Weinberg, 1981.
3. Tesser, 1993.
4. Wilson, 1994, pp. 338–339.
5. Masters, 1982; Masters, 1989.
6. Dawkins, 1976/1989; Williams, 1966.
7. Boyd & Silk, 1996; Ridley, 1997; Trivers, 1985.
8. Sowell, 1987.
9. Sowell, 1995b.
10. From the preface to On the rocks: A political fantasy in two acts.
11. Smith, 1759/1976, pp. 233–234.
12. Burke, 1790/1967, p. 93.
13. Quoted in E. M. Kennedy, "Tribute to Senator Robert F. Kennedy," June 8, 1968, www.jfklibrary.org/e060868.htm.
14. Hayek, 1976, pp. 64, 33.
15. QuotedinSowell, 1995, pp. 227, 112.
16. «Если закон так говорит — стало быть, он осел… идиот!» (из «ОливераТвиста»).
17. Quoted in Sowell, 1995, p. 11.
18. Hayek, 1976.
19. Здесь видна точка соприкосновения с альтернативной теорией психологической основы расхождения правых и левых, предложенной лингвистом Джорджем Лакоффом: левые верят, что правительство должно вести себя как заботливый родитель, в то время как правые уверены, что оно должно вести себя как родитель строгий. Lakoff, 1996.
20. See Chapter 14, and also Burnstein, Crandall, &Kitayama, 1994; Chagnon, 1992; Daly, Salmon, & Wilson, 1997; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Fox, 1984; Gaulin&McBurney, 2001, pp. 321–329; Mount, 1992; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Shoumatoff, 1985.
21. See Chapter 14, and also Bowles &Gintis, 1999; Cosmides&Tooby, 1992; Fehr, Fischbacher, &Gächter, in press; Fehr &Gächter, 2000; Fiske, 1992; Gaulin&McBurney, 2001, pp. 333–335; Gintis, 2000; Klaw, 1993; McCord, 1989; Muravchik, 2002; Price, Cosmides, &Tooby, 2002; Ridley, 1997; Spann, 1989; Williams, Harkins, &Latané, 1981.
22. See Chapters 3 and 17, especially the references in notes 39, 52, 53, 72, 73, and 74 in Chapter 3, and notes 42, 43, and 45 in Chapter 17.
23. Brown, 1991; Brown, 1985; Sherif, 1966; Tajfel, 1981.
24. See Chapters 3 and 19, and also Bouchard, 1994; Neisser et al., 1996; Plomin et al., 2001.
25. See Chapter 14, and also Aronson, 1980; Festinger, 1957; Gazzaniga, 1998; Greenwald, 1988; Nesse& Lloyd, 1992; Wright, 1994.
26. See Chapter 15, and also Haidt, in press; Haidt, Koller, & Dias, 1993; Petrinovich, O'Neill, & Jorgensen, 1993; Rozin, Markwith, &Stoess, 1997; Shweder et al., 1997; Singer, 1981; Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock et al., 2000.
27. Sowell, 1987.
28. Marx & Engels, 1844/1988.
29. Quoted in Singer, 1999, p. 4.
30. Bullock, 1991; Chirot, 1994; Conquest, 2000; Courtois et al., 1999; Glover, 1999.
31. Quoted in J. Getlin, "Natural wonder: At heart, Edward Wilson's an ant man," Los Angeles Times, October 21, 1994, p. El.
32. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, p. 322.
33. Bailyn, 1967/1992; Maier, 1997.
34. Lutz, 1984.
35. McGinnis, 1996; McGinnis, 1997.
36. Federalist Papers No. 10, Rossiter, 1961, p. 78.
37. Quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 236.
38. Federalist Papers No. 72, Rossiter, 1961, p. 437.
39. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, p. 322.
40. Federalist Papers No. 51, Rossiter, 1961, pp. 331–332.
41. From Helvedius No. 4, quoted in McGinnis, 1997, p. 130.
42. Boehm, 1999; de Waal, 1998; Dunbar, 1998.
43. Singer, 1999, p. 5.
44. L. Arnhart, M. J. Behe, & W. A. Dembski, "Conservatives, Darwin, and design: An exchange," First Things, 107, November 2000, pp. 23–31.
45. For arguments similar to Singer's, see Brociner, 2001.
46. Singer, 1999, p. 6.
47. Singer, 1999, pp. 8–9.
48. Chomsky, 1970, p. 22.
49. See Barsky, 1997; Chomsky, 1988a.
50. Chomsky, 1975, p. 131.
51. Trivers, 1981.
52. A. Wooldridge, "Bell Curve liberals," New Republic, February 27, 1995.
53. Herrnstein & Murray, 1994, chap. 22. See also Murray's afterword in the 1996 paperback edition.
54. Gigerenzer&Selten, 2001; Jones, 2001; Kahneman&Tversky, 1984; Thaler, 1994; Tversky&Kahneman, 1974.
55. Akerlof, 1984; Daly & Wilson, 1994; Jones, 2001; Rogers, 1994.
56. Frank, 1999; Frank, 1985.
57. Bowles &Gintis, 1998; Bowles &Gintis, 1999.
58. Gintis, 2000.
59. Wilkinson, 2000.
60. Daly & Wilson, 1988; Daly, Wilson, &Vasdev, 2001; Wilson & Daly, 1997.
Глава 17. Насилие
1. Quoted by R. Cooper in "The long peace," Prospect, April 1999.
2. National Defense Council Foundation, Alexandria, Va., www.ndcf.org/index.htm.
3. Bamforth, 1994; Chagnon, 1996; Daly & Wilson, 1988; Ember, 1978; Ghiglieri, 1999; Gibbons, 1997; Keeley, 1996; Kingdon, 1993; Knauft, 1987; Krech, 1994; Krech, 1999; Wrangham& Peterson, 1996.
4. Keeley, 1996; Walker, 2001.
5. Gibbons, 1997; Holden, 2000.
6. Fernández-Jalvo et al., 1996.
7. FBI Uniform Crime Reports 1999: www.fbi.gov/ucr/99cius.htm.
8. Seville, 1990.
9. Ortega y Gasset, 1932/1985, epilogue.
10. New York Times, June 13, 1999.
11. Paul Billings, quoted in B. H. Kevles& D. J. Kevles, "Scapegoat biology," Discover, October 1997, pp. 59–62, quotation from p. 62.
12. B. H. Kevles& D. J. Kevles, "Scapegoat biology," Discover, October 1997, pp. 59–62, quotation from p. 62.
13. Daphne White, quoted in M. Wilkinson, "Parent group lists 'dirty dozen' toys," Boston Globe, December 5, 2000, p. A5.
14. H. Spivak& D. Prothrow-Stith, "The next tragedy of Jonesboro," Boston Globe, April 5, 1998.
15. C. Burrell, "Study of inmates cites abuse factor," Associated Press, April 27, 1998.
16. G. Kane, "Violence as a cultural imperative," Boston Sunday Globe, October 6, 1996.
17. Quoted in A. Flint, "Some see bombing's roots in a US culture of conflict," Boston Globe, June 1, 1995.
18. A. Flint, "Some see bombing's roots in a US culture of conflict," Boston Globe, June 1, 1995.
19. M. Zuckoff, "More murders, more debate," Boston Globe, July 31, 1999.
20. A. Diamant, "What's the matter with men?" Boston Globe Magazine, March 14, 1993.
21. Mesquida& Wiener, 1996.
22. Freedman, 2002.
23. Fischoff, 1999; Freedman, 1984; Freedman, 1996; Freedman, 2002; Renfrew, 1997.
24. Charlton, 1997.
25. J. Q. Wilson, "Hostility in America," New Republic, August 25, 1997, pp. 38–41.
26. Nisbett& Cohen, 1996.
27. E. Marshal, "The shots heard 'round the world," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 570–574.
28. Wakefield, 1992.
29. M. Enserink, "Searching for the mark of Cain," Science, 289, 2000, pp. 575–579; quotation from p. 579.
30. Clark, 1970, p. 220.
31. Daly & Wilson, 1988, p. be.
32. Shipman, 1994, p. 252.