Сноски
1
Цитата Фримана Дайсона взята из книги: Brower K. The Starship and the Canoe. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1978.
2
Similarweb: Website traffic – heck and analyze any website, Feb. 15, 2023 // similarweb.com/.
3
Apptopia: App Competitive Intelligence Market Leader, Feb. 15, 2023 // apptopia.com/.
4
Du T. Charted: Companies in the Nasdaq 100, by Weight // Visual Capitalist, June 26, 2023 // visualcapitalist.com/cp/nasdaq-100-companies-by-weight/.
5
♦ Здесь и далее: название социальной сети, принадлежащей Meta Platforms Inc., признанной экстремистской организацией на территории РФ. Прим. ред.
6
Tanner A. How Ads Follow You from Phone to Desktop to Tablet // MIT Technology Review, July 1, 2015 // technologyreview.com/2015/07/01/167251/how-ads-follow-you-from-phone-to-desktop-to-tablet/; Cox K. Facebook♦ and Google Have Ad Trackers on Your treaming TV, Studies Find // Ars Technica, Sept. 19, 2019 // arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/09/studies-google-netflix-and-others-are-watching-how-you-watch-your-tv/.
7
Shankland S. Ad Blocking Surges as Millions More Seek Privacy, Security, and Less Annoyance // CNET, May 3, 2021 // cnet.com/news/privacy/ad-blocking-surges-as-millions-more-seek-privacy-security-and-less-annoyance/.
8
Stokel-Walker C. Apple Is an Ad Company Now // Wired, Oct. 20, 2022 // wired.com/story/apple-is-an-ad-company-now/.
9
Perlman M. The Rise of ‘Deplatform’ // Columbia Journalism Review, Feb. 4, 2021 // cjr.org/language_corner/deplatform.php.
10
Shadow banning Is Big Tech’s Big Problem // Atlantic, April 28, 2022 // theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2022/04/social-media-shadowbans-tiktok-twitter/629702/.
11
Kemp S. Digital 2022: Time Spent Using Connected Tech Continues to Rise // DataReportal, Jan. 26, 2022 // datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-time-spent-with-connected-tech.
12
Wurmser Y. The Majority of Americans’ Mobile Time Spent Takes Place in Apps // Insider Intelligence, July 9, 2020 // insiderintelligence.com/content/the-majority-of-americans-mobile-time-spent-takes-place-in-apps.
13
Campbell I.C., Alexander J. A guide to platform fees // Verge, Aug. 24, 2021 // theverge.com/21445923/platform-fees-apps-games-business-marketplace-apple-google/.
14
Meta♦. Lawsuits Filed by the FTC and the State Attorneys General Are Revisionist History // Dec. 9, 2020 // about.fb.com/news/2020/12/lawsuits-filed-by-the-ftc-and-state-attorneys-general-are-revisionist-history/.
15
Kalra A., Stecklow S. Amazon Copied Products and Rigged Search Results to Promote Its Own Brands, Documents Show // Reuters, Oct. 13, 2021 // reuters.com/investigates/special-report/amazon-india-rigging/.
16
Nicas J. Google Uses Its Search Engine to Hawk Its Products // Wall Street Journal, Jan. 9, 2017 // wsj.com/articles/google-uses-its-search-engine-to-hawk-its-products-1484827203.
17
Jeffries A., Yin L. Amazon Puts Its Own ‘Brands’ First Above Better-Rated Products // Markup, Oct. 14, 2021 // themarkup.org/amazons-advantage/2021/10/14/amazon-puts-its-own-brands-first-above-better-rated-products/.
18
King H. Amazon sees huge potential in ads business as AWS growth flattens // Axios, April 27, 2023 // axios.com/2023/04/28/amazon-earnings-aws-retail-ads/.
19
Belanger A. Google’s ad tech dominance spurs more antitrust charges, report says // Ars Technica, June 12, 2023 // arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/06/googles-ad-tech-dominance-spurs-more-antitrust-charges-report-says/.
20
Heath R., Fischer S. Meta’s♦ big AI play: Shoring up its ad business // Axios, Aug. 7, 2023 // axios.com/2023/08/07/meta-ai-ad-business/.
21
Vincent J. EU Says Apple Breached Antitrust Law in Spotify Case, but Final Ruling Yet to Come // Verge, Feb. 28, 2023 // theverge.com/2023/2/28/23618264/eu-antitrust-case-apple-music-streaming-spotify-updated-statement-objections; Kalra A. EXCLUSIVE TinderOwner Match Ups Antitrust Pressure on Apple in India with New Case // Reuters, Aug. 24, 2022 // reuters.com/technology/exclusive-tinder-owner-match-ups-antitrust-pressure-apple-india-with-new-case-2022-08-24/; Zakrzewski C. Tile Will Accuse Apple of Worsening Tactics It Alleges Are Bullying, a Day After iPhone Giant Unveiled a Competing Product // Washington Post, April 21, 2021 // washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/04/21/tile-will-accuse-apple-tactics-it-alleges-are-bullying-day-after-iphone-giant-unveiled-competing-product/.
22
Goodell J. Steve Jobs in 1994: The Rolling Stone Interview // Rolling Stone, Jan. 17, 2011 // rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/steve-jobs-in-1994-the-rolling-stone-interview-231132/.
23
McMillan R. Turns Out the Dot-Com Bust’s Worst Flops Were Actually Fantastic Ideas // Wired, Dec. 8, 2014 // wired.com/2014/12/da-bom/.
24
IPO (англ. Initial Public Offering) – процесс первой публичной продажи акций компании на фондовом рынке неограниченному кругу лиц. Прим. науч. ред.
25
U.S. Share of Blockchain Developers Is Shrinking // Developer Report, March 2023, Electric Capital // developerreport.com/developer-report-geography.
26
Цитата Джона фон Неймана взята из книги: Bhattacharya A. The Man from the Future. New York: W. W. Norton, 2022. P. 130.
27
Thompson D. The Real Trouble with Silicon Valley // Atlantic, Jan./Feb. 2020 // theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/01/wheres-my-flying-car/603025/; Hawley J. Big Tech’s «Innovations» That Aren’t // Wall Street Journal, Aug. 28, 2019 // wsj.com/articles/big-techs-innovations-that-arent-11567033288.
28
Gibney B. What Happened to the Future? // Founders Fund // foundersfund.com/the-future/, по состоянию на 1 марта 2022 г.; Gobry P.-E. Facebook♦ Investor Wants Flying Cars, Not 140 Characters // Business Insider, July 30, 2011 // businessinsider.com/founders-fund-the-future-2011-7.
29
Kelly K. New Rules for the New Economy // Wired, Sept. 1, 1997 // wired.com/1997/09/newrules/.
30
Robert M. Metcalfe IEEE Computer Society, computer.org/profiles/robert-metcalfe, по состоянию на 1 марта 2023 г.
31
Scala A., Delmastro M. «The Explosive Value of the Networks // Scientific Reports. 2023. Vol. 13. No. 1037 // ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9852569/.
32
Reed D.P. The Law of the Pack // Harvard Business Review, Feb. 2001 // hbr.org/2001/02/the-law-of-the-pack.
33
Meta♦ Reports First Quarter 2023 Results / Meta♦, April 26, 2023 // investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2023/Meta-Reports-First-Quarter-2023-Results/default.aspx.
34
Federal Trade Commission. FTC Seeks to Block Microsoft Corp.’s Acquisition of Activision Blizzard, Inc. // Dec. 8, 2022 // ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2022/12/ftc-seeks-block-microsoft-corps-acquisition-activision-blizzard-inc; Federal Trade Commission. FTC Seeks to Block Virtual Reality Giant Meta’s♦ Acquisition of Popular App Creator Within // July 27, 2022 // ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2022/07/ftc-seeks-block-virtual-reality-giant-metas-acquisition-popular-app-creator-within.
35
Augmenting Compatibility and Competition by Enabling Service Switching Act, H.R. 3849, 117th Cong., 2021.
36
Ito J. In an Open-Source Society, Innovating by the Seat of Our Pants // New York Times, Dec. 5, 2011 // nytimes.com/2011/12/06/science/joichi-ito-innovating-by-the-seat-of-our-pants.html.
37
Berners-Lee T., Fischetti M. Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor. New York: Harper, 1999. P. 36.
38
Advancing National Security Through Fundamental Research, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г., Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency.
39
Perry Barlow J. A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace // Electronic Frontier Foundation, 1996 // eff.org/cyberspace-independence.
40
Frystyk H. The Internet Protocol Stack // World Wide Web Consortium, July 1994 // w3.org/People/Frystyk/thesis/TcpIp.html.
41
Meynell K. Final Report on TCP/IP Migration in 1983 // Internet Society, Sept. 15, 2016 // internetsociety.org/blog/2016/09/final-report-on-tcpip-migration-in-1983/.
42
Sea Shadow / DARPA, darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/sea-shadow/; Alexandrow C. The Story of GPS // 50 Years of Bridging the Gap, DARPA, 2008 // darpa.mil/attachments/(2O10)%20Global%20Nav%20-%20About%20Us%20-%20History%20-%20Resources%20-%2050th%20-%20GPS%20(Approved). pdf.
43
Postel J.B. Simple Mail Transfer Protocol // Request for Comments: 788, Nov. 1981 // ietf.org/rfc/rfc788.txt.pdf.
44
Hafner K., Lyon M. Where Wizards Stay Up Late. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1999.
45
Mosaic Launches an Internet Revolution / National Science Foundation, April 8, 2004 // new.nsf.gov/news/mosaic-launches-internet-revolution.
46
Domain Names and the Network Information Center / SRI International, Sept. 1, 2023 // sri.com/hoi/domain-names-the-network-information-center/.
47
Brief History of the Domain Name System / Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University, 2000 // cyber.harvard.edu/icann/pressingissues2000/briefingbook/dnshistory.html.
48
Metz C. Why Does the Net Still Work on Christmas? Paul Mockapetris // Wired, July 23, 2012 // wired.com/2012/07/paul-mockapetris-dns/.
49
Metz C. Remembering Jon Postel – and the Day He Hijacked the Internet // Wired, Oct. 15, 2012 // wired.com/2012/10/joe-postel/.
50
Jonathan B. Postel: 1943–1998 // USC News, Feb. 1, 1999, www.news.usc.edu/9329/Jonathan-B-Postel-1943-1998/.
51
Farrell M. Quietly, Symbolically, US Control of the Internet Was Just Ended // Guardian, March 14, 2016 // theguardian.com/technology/2016/mar/14/icann-internet-control-domain-names-iana.
52
Fischer M. The Sound of My Inbox // Cut, July 7, 2021 // thecut.com/2021/07/email-newsletters-new-literary-style.html.
53
Frier S. Musk’s Volatility Is Alienating Twitter’s Top Content Creators // Bloomberg, Dec. 18, 2022 // bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-12-19/musk-s-volatility-is-alienating-twitter-s-top-content-creators; Lorenz T. Inside the secret meeting that changed the fate of Vine forever // Mic, Oct. 29, 2016 // mic.com/articles/157977/inside-the-secret-meeting-that-changed-the-fate-of-vine-forever; Scanlon K. In the platforms’ arms race for creators, YouTube Shorts splashes the cash // Digiday, Feb. 1, 2023 // digiday.com/marketing/in-the-platforms-arms-race-for-creators-youtube-shorts-splashes-the-cash/.
54
Robertson A. Mark Zuckerberg Personally Approved Cutting Off Vine’s FriendFinding Feature // Verge, Dec. 5, 2018 // theverge.com/2018/12/5/18127202/mark-zuckerberg-facebook-vine-friends-api-block-parliament-documents; Lytvynenko J., Silverman C. The Fake Newsletter: Did Facebook♦ Help Kill Vine? // BuzzFeed News, Feb. 20, 2019 // buzzfeednews.com/article/janelytvynenko/the-fake-newsletter-did-facebook-help-kill-vine.
55
Shih G. On Facebook♦, App Makers Face a Treacherous Path // Reuters, March 10, 2013 // reuters.com/article/uk-facebook-developers/insight-on-facebook-app-makers-face-a-treacherous-path-idUKBRE92A02T20130311.
56
Cutler K.-M. Facebook♦ Brings Down the Hammer Again: Cuts Off MessageMe’s Access to Its Social Graph // TechCrunch, March 15, 2013 // techcrunch.com/2013/03/15/facebook-messageme/.
57
Constine J., Butcher M. Facebook Blocks Path’s ‘Find Friends’ Access Following Spam Controversy // TechCrunch, May 4, 2013 // techcrunch.com/2013/05/04/path-blocked/.
58
Asher Hamilton I. Mark Zuckerberg Downloaded and Used a Photo App That Facebook♦ Later Cloned and Crushed, Antitrust Lawsuit Claims // Business Insider, Nov. 5, 2021 // businessinsider.com/facebook-antitrust-lawsuit-cloned-crushed-phhhoto-photo-app-2021-11.
59
Cutler K.-M. Facebook♦ Brings Down the Hammer Again: Cuts Off MessageMe’s Access to Its Social Graph // TechCrunch, March 15, 2013 // techcrunch.com/2013/03/15/facebook-messageme/.
60
Rao J.M., Reiley D.H. The Economics of Spam // Journal of Economic Perspectives. 2012. Vol. 26. No. 3. Pp. 87–110 // pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdf/10.1257/jep.26.3.87; Cormack G.V., Goodman J., Heckerman D. Spam and the Ongoing Battle for the Inbox // Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery. 2007. Vol. 50. No. 2. Pp. 24–33 // dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/1216016.1216017.
61
Bowman E. Internet Explorer, the Love-to-Hate-It Web Browser, Has Died at 26 // NPR, June 15, 2022 // npr.org/2021/05/22/999343673/internet-explorer-the-love-to-hate-it-web-browser-will-die-next-year.
62
Hamburger E. You Have Too Many Chat Apps. Can Layer Connect Them? // Verge, Dec. 4, 2013 // theverge.com/2013/12/4/5173726/you-have-too-many-chat-apps-can-layer-connect-them.
63
Schonfeld E. OpenSocial Still ‘Not Open for Business’ // TechCrunch, Dec. 6, 2007 // techcrunch.com/2007/12/06/opensocial-still-not-open-for-business/.
64
Oremus W. The Search for the Anti-Facebook♦ // Slate, Oct. 28, 2014 // slate.com/technology/2014/10/ello-diaspora-and-the-anti-facebook-why-alternative-social-networks-cant-win.html.
65
Bonnington C. Why Google Reader Really Got the Axe // Wired, June 6, 2013 // wired.com/2013/06/why-google-reader-got-the-ax/.
66
Holmes R. From Inside Walled Gardens, Social Networks Are Suffocating the Internet As We Know It // Fast Company, Aug. 9, 2013 // fastcompany.com/3015418/from-inside-walled-gardens-social-networks-are-suffocating-the-internet-as-we-know-it.
67
Target S. The Rise and Demise of RSS // Two-Bit History (blog), Sept. 16, 2018 // twobithistory.org/2018/09/16/the-rise-and-demise-of-rss.html.
68
Slap in the Facebook♦: It’s Time for Social Networks to Open Up // Wired, Aug. 6, 2007 // wired.com/2007/08/open-social-net/.
69
Граф – математический объект для точного описания связи между узлами. Узлы, связанные кольцом или звездой, будут описаны разными графами. Социальный граф – точное описание связей всех пользователей социальной сети. В Кремниевой долине известен как «Святой Грааль» социальных сетей, т. к. в нем содержится вся информация о связях пользователей. Именно доступ к этой информации был отрезан для сторонних компаний, о чем говорит автор в начале книги. Прим. науч. ред.
70
Fitzpatrick B. Thoughts on the Social Graph // bradfitz.com (blog), Aug. 17, 2007 // bradfitz.com/social-graph-problem/.
71
McMillan R. How Heartbleed Broke the Internet – and Why It Can Happen Again // Wired, April 11, 2014 // wired.com/2014/04/heartbleedslesson/.
72
Marquess S. Of Money, Responsibility, and Pride // Speeds and Feeds (blog), April 12, 2014 // veridicalsystems.com/blog/of-money-responsibility-and-pride/.
73
Finley K. Linux Took Over the Web. Now, It’s Taking Over the World // Wired, Aug. 25, 2016 // wired.com/2016/08/linux-took-web-now-taking-world/.
74
Цитата Марка Цукерберга взята из работы Döpfner M. Mark Zuckerberg talks about the future of Facebook♦, virtual reality and artificial intelligence // Business Insider, Feb. 28, 2016 // businessinsider.com/mark-zuckerberg-interview-with-axel-springer-ceo-mathias-doepfner-2016-2.
75
Wingfield N., Bilton N. Apple Shake-Up Could Lead to Design Shift // New York Times, Oct. 31, 2012 // nytimes.com/2012/11/01/technology/apple-shake-up-could-mean-end-to-real-world-images-in-software.html.
76
Rainie L., Horrigan J.B. Getting Serious Online: As Americans Gain Experience, They Pursue More Serious Activities // Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, March 3, 2002 // pewresearch.org/internet/2002/03/03/getting-serious-online-as-americans-gain-experience-they-pursue-more-serious-activities/.
77
Wulf W.A. Great Achievements and Grand Challenges / National Academy of Engineering // The Bridge. Sept. 1, 2000. Vol. 30. Issue 3/4 // nae.edu/7461/GreatAchievementsandGrandChallenges/.
78
Market Capitalization of Amazon // CompaniesMarketCap.com, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г. // companiesmarketcap.com/amazon/marketcap/.
79
Horrigan J.B. Broadband Adoption at Home // Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, May 18, 2003 // pewresearch.org/internet/2003/05/18/broadband-adoption-at-home/.
80
MacManus R. The Read/Write Web», ReadWriteWeb (blog), April 20, 2003 // web.archive.org/web/20100111030848/http:/www.readwriteweb.com/archives/the_readwrite_w.php.
81
Cohen Aю The Perfect Store: Inside eBay. Boston: Little, Brown, 2022.
82
Sullivan J. Investor Frenzy over eBay IPO // Wired, Sept. 24, 1998 // wired.com/1998/09/investor-frenzy-over-ebay-ipo/.
83
Schonfeld E. How Much Are Your Eyeballs Worth? Placing a Value on a Website’s Customers May Be the Best Way to Judge a Net Stock. It’s Not Perfect, but on the Net, What Is? // CNN Money, Feb. 21, 2000 // money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune_archive/2000/02/21/273860/index.htm.
84
Horrigan J.H. Home Broadband Adoption 2006 // Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech, May 28, 2006 // pewresearch.org/internet/2006/05/28/home-broadband-adoption-2006/.
85
Koebler J. 10 Years Ago Today, YouTube Launched as a Dating Website // Vice, April 23, 2015 // vice.com/en/article/78xqjx/10-years-ago-today-youtube-launched-as-a-dating-website.
86
Dixon C. Come for the Tool, Stay for the Network // cdixon (blog), Jan. 31, 2015 // cdixon.org/2015/01/31/come-for-the-tool-stay-for-the-network.
87
Hartmans A. The Rise of Kevin Systrom, Who Founded Instagram♦ 10 Years Ago and Built It into One of the Most Popular Apps in the World // Business Insider, Oct. 6, 2020 // businessinsider.com/kevin-systrom-instagram-ceo-life-rise-2018-9.
88
Montgomery J. YouTube Slapped with First Copyright Lawsuit for Video Posted Without Permission // MTV, July 19, 2006 // mtv.com/news/dtyii2/youtube-slapped-with-first-copyright-lawsuit-for-video-posted-without-permission.
89
Anmuth D., Lee D.K., Ansel K. Alphabet Inc.: Updated Sum-ofthe-Parts Valuation Suggests Potential Market Cap of Almost $2T; Reiterate OW & Raising PT to $2,575 // North America Equity Research, J. P. Morgan, April 19, 2021.
90
Heilemann J. The Truth, the Whole Truth, and Nothing but the Truth // Wired, Nov. 1, 2000 // wired.com/2000/11/microsoft-7/.
91
Robertson A. How the Antitrust Battles of the ’90s Set the Stage for Today’s Tech Giants // Verge, Sept. 6, 2018 // theverge.com/2018/9/6/17827042/antitrust-1990s-microsoft-google-aol-monopoly-lawsuits-history.
92
Rosenfeld B. How Marketers Are Fighting Rising Ad Costs // Forbes, Nov. 14, 2022 // forbes.com/sites/forbescommunicationscouncil/2022/11/14/how-marketers-are-fighting-rising-ad-costs/.
93
Takahashi D. MySpace Says It Welcomes Social Games to Its Platform // VentureBeat, May 21, 2010 // venturebeat.com/games/myspace-says-it-welcomes-social-games-to-its-platform/; Helft M. The Class That Built Apps, and Fortunes // New York Times, May 7, 2011 // nytimes.com/2011/05/08/technology/08class.html.
94
Clark M. The Third-Party Apps Twitter Just Killed Made the Site What It Is Today // Verge, Jan. 22, 2023 // theverge.com/2023/1/22/23564460/twitter-third-party-apps-history-contributions.
95
Schramm M. Breaking: Twitter Acquires Tweetie, Will Make It Official and Free // Engadget (blog), April 9, 2010 // engadget.com/2010-04-09-breaking-twitter-acquires-tweetie-will-make-it-official-and-fr.html.
96
Popper B. Twitter Follows Facebook♦ Down the Walled Garden Path // Verge, July 9, 2012 // theverge.com/2012/7/9/3135406/twitter-api-open-closed-facebook-walled-garden.
97
Eldon E. Q&A with RockYou – Three Hit Apps on Facebook♦, and Counting // VentureBeat, June 11, 2007 // venturebeat.com/business/q-a-with-rockyou-three-hit-apps-on-facebook-and-counting/.
98
Cain Miller C. Google Acquires Slide, Maker of Social Apps // New York Times, Aug. 4, 2010 // archive.nytimes.com/bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/04/google-acquires-slide-maker-of-social-apps/.
99
Popper B. Life After Twitter: Stock-Twits Builds Out Its Own Ecosystem // Verge, Sept. 18, 2012 // theverge.com/2012/9/18/3351412/life-after-twitter-stocktwits-builds-out-its-own-ecosystem.
100
Milian M. Leading App Maker Said to Be Planning Twitter Competitor // CNN, April 13, 2011 // cnn.com/2011/TECH/social.media/04/13/ubermedia.twitter/index.html.
101
Duvander A. Netflix API Brings Movie Catalog to Your App // Wired, Oct. 1, 2008 // wired.com/2008/10/netflix-api-brings-movie-catalog-to-your-app/.
102
Mitroff S. Twitter’s New Rules of the Road Mean Some Apps Are Roadkill // Wired, Sept. 6, 2012 // wired.com/2012/09/twitters-new-rules-of-the-road-means-some-apps-are-roadkill/.
103
Dixon C. The Inevitable Showdown Between Twitter and Twitter Apps // Business Insider, Sept. 16, 2009 // businessinsider.com/the-coming-showdown-between-twitter-and-twitter-apps-2009-9.
104
Reeve E. In War with Facebook♦, Google Gets Snarky // Atlantic, Nov. 11, 2010 // theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2010/11/in-war-with-facebook-google-gets-snarky/339626/.
105
Schlender B. Whose Internet Is It, Anyway? // Fortune, Dec. 11, 1995.
106
Thier D. These Games Are So Much Work // New York Magazine, Dec. 9, 2011 // nymag.com/news/intelligencer/zynga-2011-12/.
107
Booten J. Facebook♦ Served Disappointing Analyst Note in Wake of Zynga Warning // Fox Business, March 3, 2016 // foxbusiness.com/features/facebook-served-disappointing-analyst-note-in-wake-of-zynga-warning.
108
Geran T. Facebook’s ♦Dependence on Zynga Drops, Zynga’s Revenue to Facebook♦ Flat // Forbes, July 31, 2012 // forbes.com/sites/tomiogeron/2012/07/31/facebooks-dependence-on-zynga-drops-zyngas-revenue-to-facebook-flat/.
109
Weber H. Facebook♦ Kicked Zynga to the Curb, Publishers Are Next // VentureBeat, June 30, 2016 // venturebeat.com/mobile/facebook-kicked-zynga-to-the-curb-publishers-are-next/; Constine J. Why Zynga Failed // TechCrunch, Oct. 5, 2012 // techcrunch.com/2012/10/05/more-competitors-smarter-gamers-expensive-ads-less-virality-mobile/.
110
Malik A. Take-Two completes $12.7B acquisition of mobile games giant Zynga // TechCrunch, May 23, 2022 // techcrunch.com/2022/05/23/take-two-completes-acquisition-of-mobile-games-giant-zynga/.
111
Kemp S. Digital 2022 October Global Statshot Report // DataReportal, Oct. 20, 2022 // datareportal.com/reports/digital-2022-october-global-statshot.
112
Цитата Виталика Бутерина взята из Genius Gala // Liberty Science Center, Feb. 26, 2021 // lsc.org/gala/vitalik-buterin-1.
113
Rotman D. We’re not prepared for the end of Moore’s Law // MIT Technology Review, Feb. 24, 2020 // technologyreview.com/2020/02/24/905789/were-not-prepared-for-the-end-of-moores-law/.
114
Dixon C. What’s Next in Computing? // Software Is Eating the World (blog), Feb. 21, 2016 // medium.com/software-is-eating-the-world/what-s-next-in-computing-e54b870b80cc.
115
Espósito F. Apple Bought More AI Companies Than Anyone Else Between 2016 and 2020 // 9to5Mac, March 25, 2021 // 9to5mac.com/2021/03/25/apple-bought-more-ai-companies-than-anyone-else-between-2016-and-2020/; Bove T. Big Tech Is Making Big AI Promises in Earnings Calls as ChatGPT Disrupts the Industry: ‘You’re Going to See a Lot from Us in the Coming Few Months’ // Fortune, Feb. 3, 2023 // fortune.com/2023/02/03/google-meta-apple-ai-promises-chatgpt-earnings/; Feiner L. Alphabet’s Self-Driving Car Company Waymo Announces $2.5 Billion Investment Round // CNBC, June 16, 2021 // cnbc.com/2021/06/16/alphabets-waymo-raises-2point5-billion-in-new-investment-round.html.
116
Dixon C. Inside-out vs. Outside-in: The Adoption of New Technologies // Andreessen Horowitz; www.cdixon.org, Jan. 17, 2020 // a16z.com/2020/01/17/inside-out-vs-outside-in-technology/; cdixon.org/2020/01/17/inside-out-vs-outside-in/.
117
Open Source – это программное обеспечение, которое поставляется для конечного пользователя с открытым исходным кодом. То есть приложение можно доработать под свои задачи без нарушения авторских прав разработчиков исходного ПО. Прим. науч. ред.
118
Rothman L. More Proof That Steve Jobs Was Always a Business Genius // Time, March 5, 2015 // time.com/3726660/steve-jobs-homebrew/.
119
Calore M. Aug. 25, 1991: Kid from Helsinki Foments Linux Revolution // Wired, Aug. 25, 2009 // wired.com/2009/08/0825-torvalds-starts-linux/.
120
Battelle J/ The Birth of Google // Wired, Aug. 1, 2005 // wired.com/2005/08/battelle/.
121
Miller R. How AWS Came to Be // TechCrunch, July 2, 2016 // techcrunch.com/2016/07/02/andy-jassys-brief-history-of-the-genesis-of-aws/.
122
Nakamoto S. Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System // Oct. 31, 2008 // bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf.
123
Turing A. On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem // Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society. 1937. Vol. 42. No. 2. Pp. 230–265 // londmathsoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1112/plms/s2-42.1.230.
124
IBM VM 50th Anniversary // IBM, Aug. 2, 2022 // vm.ibm.com/history/50th/index.html.
125
Pruden A., Chokshi S. Crypto Glossary: Cryptocurrencies and Blockchain // a16z crypto, Nov. 8, 2019 // a16zcrypto.com/posts/article/crypto-glossary/.
126
Kuhn D. CoinDesk Turns 10: 2015 – Vitalik Buterin and the Birth of Ethereum // CoinDesk, June 2, 2023 // coindesk.com/consensus-magazine/2023/06/02/coindesk-turns-10-2015-vitalik-buterin-and-the-birth-of-ethereum/.
127
Volpicelli G.M. Ethereum’s ‘Merge’ Is a Big Deal for Crypto – and the Planet // Wired, Aug. 18, 2022 // wired.com/story/ethereum-merge-big-deal-crypto-environment/.
128
Ethereum Energy Consumption // Ethereum.org, по состоянию на 23 сентября 2023 г. // ethereum.org/en/energy-consumption/; Kamiya G., Kvarnström O. Data Centres and Energy – From Global Head lines to Local Headaches? // International Energy Agency, Dec. 20, 2019 // iea.org/commentaries/data-centres-and-energy-from-global-headlines-to-local-headaches; Cambridge Bitcoin Energy Consumption Index: Comparisons // Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, по состоянию на июль 2023 г. // ccaf.io/cbnsi/cbeci/comparisons; Mills E. et al. Toward Greener Gaming: Estimating National Energy Use and Energy Efficiency Potential // The Computer Games Journal. 2019. Dec. 1. Vol. 8 (2) // researchgate.net/publication/336909520_Toward_Greener_Gaming_Estimating_National_Energy_Use_and_Energy_Efficiency_Potential; Cambridge Blockchain Network Sustainability Index: Ethereum Network Power Demand / Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance, по состоянию на июль 2023 г. // ccaf.io/cbnsi/ethereum/1; Google Environmental Report 2022 // Google, June 2022 // gstatic.com/gumdrop/sustainability/google-2022-environmental-report.pdf; Netflix Environmental Social Governance Report 2021 // Netflix, March 2022, assets.ctfassets.net/4cd45et68cgf/7B2bKCqkXDfHLadrjrNWD8/e44583e5b288bdf61e8bf3d7f8562884/2021_US_EN_Netflix_EnvironmentalSocialGovernanceReport-2021_Final.pdf; PayPal Inc. Holdings – Climate Change 2022 // Carbon Disclosure Project, May 2023 // s202.q4cdn.com/805890769/files/doc_downloads/global-impact/CDP_Climate_Change_PayPal-(1). pdf; An Update on Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) atAirbnb // Airbnb, Dec. 2021 // s26.q4cdn.com/656283129/files/doc_downloads/governance_doc_updated/Airbnb-ESG-Factsheet-(Final). pdf; The Merge – Implications on the Electricity Consumption and Carbon Footprint of the Ethereum Network // Crypto Carbon Ratings Institute, по состоянию на сентябрь 2022 г. // carbon-ratings.com/eth-report-2022; Rybarczyk R. et al. On Bitcoin’s Energy Consumption: A Quantitative Approach to a Subjective Question // Galaxy Digital Mining, May 2021 // docsend.com/view/adwmdeeyfvqwecj2.
129
Greenberg A. Inside the Bitcoin Bust That Took Down the Web’s Biggest Child Abuse Site // Wired, April 7, 2022 // wired.com/story/tracers-in-the-dark-welcome-to-video-crypto-anonymity-myth/.
130
Hay Newman L. Hacker Lexicon: What Are Zero-Knowledge Proofs? // Wired, Sept. 14, 2019 // wired.com/story/zero-knowledge-proofs/; Burger E. et al. Zero Knowledge Canon, part 1&2 // a16z crypto, Sept. 16, 2022 // a16zcrypto.com/posts/article/zero-knowledge-canon/.
131
Burlseon J. et al. Privacy-Protecting Regulatory Solutions Using Zero-Knowledge Proofs: Full Paper // a16z crypto, Nov. 16, 2022 // a16zcrypto.com/posts/article/privacy-protecting-regulatory-solutions-using-zero-knowledge-proofs-full-paper/; Azgad-Tromer S. et al. We Can Finally Reconcile Privacy and Compliance in Crypto. Here Are the New Technologies That Will Protect User Data and Stop Illicit Transactions // Fortune, Oct. 28, 2022 // fortune.com/2022/10/28/finally-reconcile-privacy-compliance-crypto-new-technology-celsius-user-data-leak-illicit-transactions-crypto-tromer-ramaswamy/.
132
Levy S. The Open Secret // Wired, April 1, 1999 // wired.com/1999/04/crypto/.
133
Buterin V. Visions, Part 1: The Value of Blockchain Technology // Ethereum Foundation Blog (blog), April 13, 2015 // blog.ethereum.org/2015/04/13/visions-part-1-the-value-of-blockchain-technology.
134
Avan-Nomayo O. Bitcoin SV Rocked by Three 51 % Attacks in as Many Months // CoinTelegraph, Aug. 7, 2021 // cointelegraph.com/news/bitcoin-sv-rocked-by-three-51-attacks-in-as-many-months; Avan-Nomayo O. Privacy-Focused Firo Cryptocurrency Suffers 51 % Attack // CoinTelegraph, Jan. 20, 2021 // cointelegraph.com/news/privacy-focused-firo-cryptocurrency-suffers-51-attack.
135
Killed by Google, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г., killedbygoogle.com/.
136
Фидуциарные обязательства – обязательства, принимаемые на себя каким-либо лицом, осуществляющим свою профессиональную деятельность в пользу другого лица. Прим. науч. ред.
137
Цитата Сезара Идальго взята из публикации: Fung Cheng D. Reading between the lines: Blueprints for a worker support infrastructure in the emerging peer economy // MIT master of science thesis, June 2014 // wiki.p2pfoundation.net/Worker_Support_Infrastructure_in_the_Emerging_Peer_Economy.
138
Field Level Media. Report: League of Legends produced $1.75 billion in revenue in 2020 // Reuters, Jan. 11, 2021 // reuters.com/article/esports-lol-revenue-idUSFLM2vzDZL; Peters J. Epic is going to give 40 percent of Fortnite’s net revenues back to creators // Verge, March 22, 2023 // theverge.com/2023/3/22/23645633/fortnite-creator-economy-2-0-epic-games-editor-state-of-unreal-2023-gdc.
139
Connaughton M. Her Instagram♦ Handle Was ‘Metaverse.’ Last Month, It Vanished // New York Times, Dec. 13, 2021 // nytimes.com/2021/12/13/technology/instagram-handle-metaverse.html.
140
Brodkin J. Twitter Commandeers @X Username from Man Who Had It Since 2007 // Ars Technica, July 26, 2023 // arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2023/07/twitter-took-x-handle-from-longtime-user-and-only-offered-him-some-merch/.
141
Irwin V. Facebook♦ Account Randomly Deactivated? You’re Not Alone // Protocol, April 1, 2022 // protocol.com/bulletins/facebook-account-deactivated-glitch; Myrow R. Facebook♦ Deleted Your Account? Good Luck Retrieving Your Data // KQED, Dec. 21, 2020 // kqed.org/news/11851695/facebook-deleted-your-account-good-luck-retrieving-your-data.
142
Bhalla A. A Quick Guide to Fungible vs. Non-fungible Tokens // Blockchain Council, Dec. 9, 2022 // blockchain-council.org/blockchain/a-quick-guide-to-fungible-vs-non-fungible-tokens/.
143
Baughman G. et al. The Stable in Stablecoins // Federal Reserve FEDS Notes, Dec. 16, 2022 // federalreserve.gov/econres/notes/feds-notes/the-stable-in-stablecoins-20221216.html.
144
Are Democrats Against Crypto? Rep. Ritchie Torres Answers // Bankless, May 11, 2023, video // youtube.com/watch?v=ZbUHWwrplxE&ab_channel=Bankless.
145
Singh A. China Includes Digital Yuan in Cash Circulation Data for First Time // CoinDesk, Jan. 11, 2023 // coindesk.com/policy/2023/01/11/china-includes-digital-yuan-in-cash-circulation-data-for-first-time/.
146
Armstrong B., Allaire J. Ushering in the Next Chapter for USDC // Coinbase (blog), Aug. 21, 2023 // coinbase.com/blog/ushering-in-the-next-chapter-for-usdc.
147
Wintermeyer L. From Hero to Zero: How Terra Was Toppled in Crypto’s Darkest Hour // Forbes, May 25, 2022 // forbes.com/sites/lawrencewintermeyer/2022/05/25/from-hero-to-zero-how-terra-was-toppled-in-cryptos-darkest-hour/.
148
Dwyer K. Ankr Switching to Pay-as-You-Go Model for Premium Users // Ankr (blog), June 10, 2022 // medium.com/ankr-network/ankr-switching-to-pay-as-you-go-model-for-premium-users-ecfaa6684dd9.
149
Limited liability company (LLC) – специфическая для США форма частного общества с ограниченной ответственностью. Прим. науч. ред.
150
Cartter E. Tiffany & Co. Is Making a Very Tangible Entrance into the World of NFTs // GQ, Aug. 1, 2022 // gq.com/story/tiffany-and-co-cryptopunks-nft-jewelry-collaboration.
151
Dylan-Ennis P. Damien Hirst’s ‘The Currency’: What We’ll Discover When This NFT Art Project Is Over // Conversation, July 19, 2021 // theconversation.com/damien-hirsts-the-currency-what-well-discover-when-this-nft-art-project-is-over-164724.
152
Hayward A. Nike Launches. Swoosh Web3 Platform, with Polygon NFTs Due in 2023 // Decrypt, Nov. 14, 2022 // decrypt.co/114494/nike-swoosh-web3-platform-polygon-nfts.
153
Read M. Why Your Group Chat Could Be Worth Millions // New York, Oct. 24, 2021 // nymag.com/intelligencer/2021/10/whats-a-dao-why-your-group-chat-could-be-worth-millions.html.
154
Morrison G. You Don’t Really Own the Digital Movies You Buy // Wirecutter (blog), New York Times, Aug. 4, 2021 // nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/you-dont-own-your-digital-movies/.
155
Harding J., Miceli T.J., Sirmans C.F. Do Owners Take Better Care of Their Housing Than Renters? // Real Estate Economics. 2000. Vol. 28. No. 4. Pp. 663–681; Social Benefits of Homeownership and Stable Housing // National Association of Realtors, April 2012 // nar.realtor/sites/default/files/migration_files/social-benefits-of-stable-housing-2012-04.pdf.
156
Beard A. Can Big Tech Be Disrupted? A Conversation with Columbia Business School Professor Jonathan Knee // Harvard Business Review, Jan. – Feb. 2022 // hbr.org/2022/01/can-big-tech-be-disrupted.
157
Dixon C. The Next Big Thing Will Start out Looking Like a Toy // cdixon (blog), Jan. 3, 2010 // cdixon.org/2010/01/03/the-next-big-thing-will-start-out-looking-like-a-toy.
158
Christensen C. Disruptive Innovation // Clayton Christensen, Oct. 23, 2012 // claytonchristensen.com/key-concepts/.
159
The leading telco of the time, Western Union: «The Telephone Patent Follies: How the Invention of the Phone was Bell’s and not Gray’s, or…», The Telecommunications History Group (blog), Feb. 22, 2018 // telcomhistory.org/the-telephone-patent-follies-how-the-invention-of-the-phone-was-bells-and-not-grays-or/.
160
Barron B. The Tragic Tale of DEC. The Computing Giant That Died Too Soon // Digital.com (blog), June 15, 2023 // digital.com/digital-equipment-corporation/; Hyatt J. The Business That Time Forgot: Data General is gone. But does that make its founder a failure? // Forbes, April 1, 2023 // money.cnn.com/magazines/fsb/fsb_archive/2003/04/01/341000/.
161
Arthur C. How the Smartphone Is Killing the PC // Guardian, June 5, 2011 // theguardian.com/technology/2011/jun/05/smartphones-killing-pc.
162
Novet J. Microsoft’s $13 Billion Bet on OpenAI Carries Huge Potential Along with Plenty of Uncertainty // CNBC, April 8, 2023 // cnbc.com/2023/04/08/microsofts-complex-bet-on-openai-brings-potential-and-uncertainty.html.
163
Thompson B. What Clayton Christensen Got Wrong // Stratechery (blog), Sept. 22, 2013 // stratechery.com/2013/clayton-christensen-got-wrong/.
164
Kharif O. Meta♦ to Shut Down Novi Service in September in Crypto Winter // Bloomberg, July 1, 2022 // bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-01/meta-to-shut-down-novi-service-in-september-in-crypto-winter#xj4y7vzkg.
165
Джекобс Дж. Смерть и жизнь больших американских городов. М.: Новое издательство, 2015.
166
Torvalds L. Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary. New York: Harper, 2001.
167
Bunnell D. The Man Behind the Machine? // PC Magazine, Feb. – March 1982 // pcmag.com/news/heres-what-bill-gates-told-pcmag-about-the-ibm-pc-in-1982.
168
Love D. A Quick Look at the 30-Year History of MS DOS // Business Insider, July 27, 2011 // businessinsider.com/history-of-dos-2011-7; Young J. Gary Kildall: The DOS That Wasn’t // Forbes, July 7, 1997 // forbes.com/forbes/1997/0707/6001336a.html?sh=16952ca9140e.
169
O’Reilly T. Freeware: The Heart & Soul of the Internet // O’Reilly (blog), March 1, 1998 // oreilly.com/pub/a/tim/articles/freeware_0398.html.
170
Madrigal A.C. The Weird Thing About Today’s Internet // Atlantic, May 16, 2017 // theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2017/05/a-very-brief-history-of-the-last-10-years-in-technology/526767/.
171
Smart Device Users Spend as Much Time on Facebook♦ as on the Mobile Web // Marketing Charts, April 5, 2013 // marketingcharts.com/industries/media-and-entertainment-28422.
172
Schuytema P.C. The Lighter Side of Doom // Computer Gaming World, Aug. 1994. P. 140 // cgwmuseum.org/galleries/issues/cgw_121.pdf.
173
Kroll A. Introducing New Ways to Support Workshop Creators // Steam, April 23, 2015 // steamcommunity.com/games/SteamWorkshop/announcements/detail/208632365237576574.
174
Crecente B. League of Legends Is Now 10 Years Old. This Is the Story of Its Birth // Washington Post, Oct. 27, 2019 // washingtonpost.com/video-games/2019/10/27/league-legends-is-now-years-old-this-is-story-its-birth/; Henningson J. The History of Counter-strike // Red Bull, June 8, 2020 // redbull.com/se-en/history-of-counterstrike.
175
History of the OSI // Open Source Initiative, last modified Oct. 2018 // opensource.org/history/.
176
Stallman R. Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software // GNU Operating System, last modified Feb. 3, 2022 // gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point.en.html; Lohr S. Code Name: Mainstream // New York Times, Aug. 28, 2000 // archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/tech/00/08/biztech/articles/28code.html.
177
Lardinois F. Four years after being acquired by Microsoft, GitHub keeps doing its thing // TechCrunch, Oct. 26, 2022 // techcrunch.com/2022/10/26/four-years-after-being-acquired-by-microsoft-github-keeps-doing-its-thing/.
178
Forson J. The Eighth Wonder of the World – Compounding Interest // Regenesys Business School, April 13, 2022 // regenesys.net/reginsights/the-eighth-wonder-of-the-world-compounding-interest/.
179
Compound Interest Is Man’s Greatest Invention // Quote Investigator, Oct. 31, 2011 // quoteinvestigator.com/2011/10/31/compound-interest/.
180
«Не будь злом» (англ. Don’t be evil) – неофициальный лозунг корпорации Google, придуманный ее инженером Полом Бакхейтом, на основе заявленной с самого начала миссии компании: «Организация мировой информации, обеспечение ее доступности и пользы для всех». Прим. науч. ред.
181
Эссе Эрика Рэймонда на тему методов разработки программного обеспечения, основанное на анализе процесса разработки ядра Linux и личном опыте управления открытым проектом fetchmail. Впервые «Собор и базар» было представлено автором на Linux Kongress 27 мая 1997 года и опубликовано как часть книги с аналогичным названием в 1999 году. Часто преподносится как манифест движения за открытый исходный код программ. Прим. науч. ред.
182
Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar.
183
Lashinsky A. Amazon’s Jeff Bezos: The Ultimate Disrupter // Fortune, Nov. 16, 2012 // fortune.com/2012/11/16/amazons-jeff-bezos-the-ultimate-disrupter/.
184
Shepard A. Craig Newmark and Craigslist Didn’t Destroy Newspapers, They Outsmarted Them // USA Today, June 17, 2018 // usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/06/18/craig-newmark-craigslist-didnt-kill-newspapers-outsmarted-them-column/702590002/.
185
Kollewe J. Google and Facebook♦ Bring in One-Fifth of Global Ad Revenue // Guardian, May 1, 2017 // theguardian.com/media/2017/may/02/google-and-facebook-bring-in-one-fifth-of-global-ad-revenue.
186
Kinstler L. How TripAdvisor Changed Travel // Guardian, Aug. 17, 2018 // theguardian.com/news/2018/aug/17/how-tripadvisor-changed-travel.
187
Ссылка на теорию «Подрывных инноваций» (англ. Disruptive innovation) Клейтона Кристенсена, описанную в его книге «Дилемма инноватора: как из-за новых технологий погибают сильные компании». Прим. науч. ред.
188
Kafka P. Facebook♦ Wants Creators, but YouTube Is Paying Creators Much, Much More // Vox, July 15, 2021 // vox.com/recode/22577734/facebook-1-billion-youtube-creators-zuckerberg-mr-beast.
189
Binder M. Musk Says Twitter Will Share Ad Revenue with Creators… Who Give Him Money First // Mashable, Feb. 3, 2023 // mashable.com/article/twitter-ad-revenue-share-creators.
190
Vallese Z. In the three-way battle between YouTube, Reels and TikTok, creators aren’t counting on a big payday // CNBC, February 27, 2023 // cnbc.com/2023/02/27/in-youtube-tiktok-reels-battle-creators-dont-expect-a-big-payday.html.
191
Green H. So… TikTok Sucks // hankschannel, Jan. 20, 2022, video, youtube.com/watch?v=jAZapFzpP64&ab_channel=hankschannel.
192
Five Fast Facts // Time to Play Fair, Oct. 25, 2022 // timetoplayfair.com/facts/.
193
Fowler G.A. iTrapped: All the Things Apple Won’t Let You Do with Your iPhone // Washington Post, May 27, 2021 // washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/05/27/apple-iphone-monopoly/.
194
Why Can’t I Get Premium in the App? // Spotify // support.spotify.com/us/article/why-cant-i-get-premium-in-the-app/.
195
Buy Books for Your Kindle App // Help & Customer Service, Amazon // amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=GDZF9S2BRW5NWJCW.
196
Epic Games Inc. v. Apple Inc., U.S. District Court for the Northern District of California, Sept. 10, 2021; Allyn B. What the Ruling in the Epic Games v. Apple Lawsuit Means for iPhone Users // All Things Considered, NPR, Sept. 10, 2021 // npr.org/2021/09/10/1036043886/apple-fortnite-epic-games-ruling-explained.
197
Apple Faces $1 Billion UK Lawsuit by App Developers over App Store Fees // Reuters, July 24, 2023 // reuters.com/technology/apple-faces-1-bln-uk-lawsuit-by-apps-developers-over-app-store-fees-2023-07-24/.
198
Understanding Selling Fees // eBay, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г. // ebay.com/sellercenter/selling/seller-fees.
199
Политика в отношении сборов и платежей, Etsy, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г. // etsy.com/legal/fees/.
200
Aprile S. How to Lower Seller Fees on StockX // StockX, Aug. 25, 2021 // stockx.com/news/how-to-lower-seller-fees-on-stockx/.
201
Graham J. There’s a Reason So Many Amazon Searches Show You Sponsored Ads // USA Today, Nov. 9, 2018 // usatoday.com/story/tech/talkingtech/2018/11/09/why-so-many-amazon-searches-show-you-sponsored-ads/1858553002/.
202
Del Rey J. Basically Everything on Amazon Has Become an Ad // Vox, Nov. 10, 2022 // vox.com/recode/2022/11/10/23450349/amazon-advertising-everywhere-prime-sponsored-products.
203
Meta♦ Platforms Gross Profit Margin (Quarterly) // YCharts, last modified Dec. 2022 // ycharts.com/companies/META/gross_profit_margin.
204
Fees / Uniswap Docs, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г. // docs.uniswap.org/contracts/v2/concepts/advanced-topics/fees; Coin Metrics data to calculate Ethereum take rate, по состоянию на июль 2023 г. // charts.coinmetrics.io/crypto-data/.
205
Marlinspike M. My First Impressions of Web3 // Moxie.org (blog), Jan. 7, 2022 // moxie.org/2022/01/07/web3-first-impressions.html.
206
Quinn C. What Blur’s Success Reveals About NFT Marketplaces // Forbes, March 17, 2023 // forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2023/03/17/what-blurs-success-reveals-about-nft-marketplaces/.
207
Кристенсен К.М., Рейнор М.Е. Решение проблемы инноваций в бизнесе. Как создать растущий бизнес и успешно поддерживать его рост. М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2020.
208
Wakabayashi D., Nicas J. Apple, Google, and a Deal That Controls the Internet // New York Times, Oct. 25, 2020 // nytimes.com/2020/10/25/technology/apple-google-search-antitrust.html.
209
Alioto Law Firm. «Class Action Lawsuit Filed in California Alleging Google Is Paying Apple to Stay out of the Search Engine Business // PRNewswire, Jan. 3, 2022 // prnewswire.com/news-releases/class-action-lawsuit-filed-in-california-alleging-google-is-paying-apple-to-stay-out-of-the-search-engine-business-301453098.html.
210
Eadicicco L. Google’s Promise to Simplify Tech Puts Its Devices Everywhere // CNET, May 12, 2022 // cnet.com/tech/mobile/googles-promise-to-simplify-tech-puts-its-devices-everywhere/; Dixon C. What’s Strategic for Google? // cdixon (blog), Dec. 30, 2009 // cdixon.org/2009/12/30/whats-strategic-for-google.
211
Spolsky J. Strategy Letter V // Joel on Software (blog), June 12, 2002 // joelonsoftware.com/2002/06/12/strategy-letter-v/.
212
Цитата, обычно приписываемая американскому инвестору Чарли Мангеру. «Покажите мне стимулы, и я покажу вам результат», Reformed Broker (blog), Aug. 26, 2018 // thereformedbroker.com/2018/08/26/show-me-the-incentives-and-i-will-show-you-the-outcome/.
213
http://lib.ru/DPEOPLE/cluetrain.txt. Прим. ред.
214
Weinberger D., Searls D., Locke C. The Cluetrain Manifesto: The End of Business as Usual. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
215
Uniswap Foundation. Uniswap Grants Program Retrospective // June 20, 2022 // mirror.xyz/kennethng.eth/0WHWvyE4Fzz50aORNg3ixZMlvFjZ7frkqxnY4UIfZxo; Newar B. Uniswap Foundation Proposal Gets Mixed Reaction over $74M Price Tag // CoinTelegraph, Aug. 5, 2022 // cointelegraph.com/news/uniswap-foundation-proposal-gets-mixed-reaction-over-74m-price-tag.
216
What Is Compound in 5 Minutes // Cryptopedia, Gemini, June 28, 2022 // gemini.com/en-US/cryptopedia/what-is-compound-and-how-does-it-work.
217
Aguayo D. et al. MIT Roofnet: Construction of a Community Wireless Network // MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Oct. 2003 // pdos.csail.mit.edu/~biswas/sosp-poster/roofnet-abstract.pdf; Reardon M. Taking Wi-Fi power to the people // CNET, Oct. 27, 2006 // cnet.com/home/internet/taking-wi-fi-power-to-the-people/; Broyard B. ‘Welcome to the Mesh, Brother’: Guerrilla Wi-Fi Comes to NewYork // New York Times, July 16, 2021 // nytimes.com/2021/07/16/nyregion/nyc-mesh-community-internet.html.
218
Yahya A., Wuollet G., Lazzarin E. Investing in Helium // a16z crypto, Aug. 10, 2021 // a16zcrypto.com/content/announcement/investing-in-helium/.
219
Эзотерический (англ. esoteric) – созданный не для решения практических задач, а для исследования концепции. Прим. науч. ред.
220
C+Charge. C+Charge Launch Revolutionary Utility Token for EV Charging Station Management and Payments That Help Organize and Earn Carbon Credits for Holders, press release, April 22, 2022 // globenewswire.com/news-release/2022/04/22/2427642/0/en/C–Charge-Launch-Revolutionary-Utility-Token-for-EV–Charging-Station-Management-and-Payments-That-Help-Organize-and-Earn-Carbon-Credits-for-Holders.html; Swarm. Swarm, Ethereum’s Storage Network, Announces Mainnet Storage Incentives and Web3PC Inception // Dec. 21, 2022 // news.bitcoin.com/swarm-ethereums-storage-network-announces-mainnet-storage-incentives-and-web3pc-inception/; Pandey S.R., Nguyen L.D., Popovski P. FedToken: Tokenized Incentives for Data Contribution in Federated Learning, last modified Nov. 3, 2022 // arxiv.org/abs/2209.09775.
221
Penenberg A.L. PS: I Love You. Get Your Free Email at Hotmail // TechCrunch, Oct. 18, 2009 // techcrunch.com/2009/10/18/ps-i-love-you-get-your-free-email-at-hotmail/.
222
Clover J. Apple Reveals the Most Downloaded iOS Apps and Games of 2021 // MacRumors, Dec. 1, 2021 // macrumors.com/2021/12/02/apple-most-downloaded-apps-2021.
223
Liao R., Shu C. TikTok’s Epic Rise and Stumble // TechCrunch, Nov. 16, 2020 // techcrunch.com/2020/11/26/tiktok-timeline/.
224
Chen A. How Startups Die from Their Addiction to Paid Marketing // @andrewchen, по состоянию на 1 марта 2023 г. (публикация от 7 мая 2018 г.) // andrewchen.com/paid-marketing-addiction/.
225
Riani A. Are Paid Ads a Good Idea for Early-Stage Startups? // Forbes, April 2, 2021 // forbes.com/sites/abdoriani/2021/04/02/are-paid-ads-a-good-idea-for-early-stage-startups/; Braun W. You Need to Lose Money, but a Negative Gross Margin Is a Really Bad Idea // daphni chronicles (blog), Medium, Feb. 28, 2016 // medium.com/daphni-chronicles/you-need-to-lose-money-but-a-negative-gross-margin-is-a-really-bad-idea-82ad12cd6d96; Damani A. Negative Gross Margins Can Bury Your Startup // ShowMeDamani (blog), Aug. 25, 2020 // showmedamani.com/post/negative-gross-margins-can-bury-your-startup.
226
Действительно, компаний в смысле корпоративных сетей за блокчейн-проектами зачастую нет, но есть некоммерческие организации – Ethereum Foundation, например, – которые так или иначе стимулируют и направляют развитие сети. В этом есть элемент большей децентрализации принятия решений, чем в корпоративных сетях, но вряд ли здесь децентрализация абсолютно такого же уровня, как и у протокольных сетей. Прим. науч. ред.
227
Достаточно общее утверждение. Например, на выезде из международного аэропорта Эзейза, Буэнос-Айрес, висит огромный баннер сети Algorand. Прим. науч. ред.
228
Kay G. The History of Dogecoin, the Cryptocurrency That Surged After Elon Musk Tweeted About It but Started as a Joke on Reddit Years Ago // Business Insider, Feb. 9, 2021 // businessinsider.com/what-is-dogecoin-2013-12.
229
Форк (англ. fork – ответвление) – изменение протокола, ведущее к разветвлению блокчейна. Прим. науч. ред.
230
Dogecoin // Reddit, Dec. 8, 2013 // reddit.com/r/dogecoin/.
231
Glum J. To Have and to HODL: Welcome to Love in the Age of Cryptocurrency // Money, Oct. 20, 2021 // money.com/cryptocurrency-nft-bitcoin-love-relationships/.
232
Introducing Uniswap V3 // Uniswap (blog), March 23, 2021 // uniswap.org/blog/uniswap-v3.
233
Thompson C. DeFi Trading Hub Uniswap Surpasses $1T in Lifetime Volume // CoinDesk, May 25, 2022 // coindesk.com/business/2022/05/24/defi-trading-hub-uniswap-surpasses-1t-in-lifetime-volume/.
234
Dale B. Uniswap’s Retroactive Airdrop Vote Put Free Money on the Campaign Trail // CoinDesk, Nov. 3, 2020 // coindesk.com/business/2020/11/03/uniswaps-retroactive-airdrop-vote-put-free-money-on-the-campaign-trail/.
235
Levy A., Rodriguez S. These Airbnb Hosts Earned More Than $15,000 on Thursday After the Company Let Them Buy IPO Shares // CNBC, Dec. 10, 2020 // cnbc.com/2020/12/10/airbnb-hosts-profit-from-ipo-pop-spreading-wealth-beyond-investors.html; Gartenberg C. Uber and Lyft Reportedly Giving Some Drivers Cash Bonuses to Use Towards Buying IPO Stock // Verge, Feb. 28, 2019 // theverge.com/2019/2/28/18244479/uber-lyft-drivers-cash-bonus-stock-ipo-sec-rules.
236
Hayward A. Flow Blockchain Now ‘Controlled by Community,’ Says Dapper Labs // Decrypt, Oct. 20, 2021 // decrypt.co/83957/flow-blockchain-controlled-community-dapper-labs; Stephanian L., Turley C. Optimizing Your Token Distribution // Jan. 4, 2022 // lstephanian.mirror.xyz/kB9Jz_5joqbY0ePO8rU1NNDKhiqvzU6OWyYsbSA-Kcc.
237
Томас Соуэлл, цит. по Perry M.J. Quotations of the Day from Thomas Sowell // American Enterprise Institute, April 1, 2014 // aei.org/carpe-diem/quotations-of-the-day-from-thomas-sowell-2/.
238
For Amusement Only: The Life and Death of the American Arcade // Verge, Jan. 16, 2013 // theverge.com/2013/1/16/3740422/the-life-and-death-of-the-american-arcade-for-amusement-only.
239
Orland K. How EVE Online Builds Emotion out of Its Strict In-Game Economy // Ars Technica, Feb. 5, 2014 // arstechnica.com/gaming/2014/02/how-eve-online-builds-emotion-out-of-its-strict-in-game-economy/.
240
Hillis S. Virtual World Hires Real Economist // Reuters, Aug. 16, 2007 // reuters.com/article/us-videogames-economist-life/virtual-world-hires-real-economist-idUSN0925619220070816.
241
Стив Джобс, цит. по: Schlender B. The Lost Steve Jobs Tapes // Fast Company, April 17, 2012 // fastcompany.com/1826869/lost-steve-jobs-tapes.
242
Sundararajan S. Billionaire Warren Buffett Calls Bitcoin ‘Rat Poison Squared’ // CoinDesk, Sept. 13, 2021 // coindesk.com/markets/2018/05/07/billionaire-warren-buffett-calls-bitcoin-rat-poison-squared/.
243
«Игра на понижение» (англ. The Big Short) – фильм Адама Маккея, посвященный событиям ипотечного финансового кризиса 2007–2008 годов. Сценарий фильма основан на книге Майкла Льюиса «Большая игра на понижение. Тайные пружины финансовой катастрофы». Прим. ред.
244
Mohamed T. ‘Big Short’ Investor Michael Burry Slams NFTs with a Quote Warning ‘Crypto Grifters’ Are Selling Them as ‘Magic Beans’ // Markets, Business Insider, March 16, 2021 // markets.businessinsider.com/currencies/news/big-short-michael-burry-slams-nft-crypto-grifters-magic-beans-2021-3-1030214014.
245
Издана на русском языке: Перес К. Технологические революции и финансовой капитал. Динамика пузырей и периодов процветания. М.: Дело, 2013. Прим. ред.
246
Carlota Perez, Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages (Northampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar, 2014).
247
Gartner Hype Cycle Research Methodology // Gartner, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г. // gartner.com/en/research/methodologies/gartner-hype-cycle. (Gartner and Hype Cycle are registered trademarks of Gartner, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the U.S. and internationally and are used herein with permission. All rights reserved.)
248
Henton D., Held K. The dynamics of Silicon Valley: Creative destruction and the evolution of the innovation habitat // Social Science Information. 2013. Vol. 52 (4). Pp. 539–557 // journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0539018413497542.
249
Mazor D. Lessons from Warren Buffett: In the Short Run the Market Is a Voting Machine, in the Long Run a Weighing Machine // Mazor’s Edge (blog), Jan. 7, 2023 // mazorsedge.com/lessons-from-warren-buffett-in-the-short-run-the-market-is-a-voting-machine-in-the-long-run-a-weighing-machine/.
250
Churchill W. House of Commons speech, Nov. 11, 1947, цит. по Langworth R. Churchill By Himself: The Definitive Collection of Quotations. New York, N.Y.: PublicAffairs, 2008. Pp. 574.
251
Current Members and Testimonials // W3C, по состоянию на 2 марта 2023 г. // w3.org/Consortium/Member/List.
252
Introduction to the IETF // IETF, по состоянию на 2 марта 2023 г. // ietf.org/.
253
Russell A.L. ‘Rough Consensus and Running Code’ and the Internet-OSI Standards War // Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Annals of the History of Computing. 2006. Vol. 28. No. 3 // ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/1677461.
254
Cooke R. Wikipedia Is the Last Best Place on the Internet // Wired, Feb. 17, 2020 // wired.com/story/wikipedia-online-encyclopedia-best-place-internet/.
255
History of the Mozilla Project // Mozilla, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г. // mozilla.org/en-US/about/history/.
256
Vaughan-Nichols S. Firefox Hits the Jackpot with Almost Billion Dollar Google Deal // ZDNET, Dec. 22, 2011 // zdnet.com/article/firefox-hits-the-jackpot-with-almost-billion-dollar-google-deal/.
257
Novet J. Mozilla Acquires ReadIt-Later App Pocket, Will Open-Source the Code // VentureBeat, Feb. 27, 2017 // venturebeat.com/mobile/mozilla-acquires-read-it-later-app-pocket-will-open-source-the-code/; Sawers P. Mozilla Acquires the Team Behind Pulse, an Automated Status Updater for Slack // TechCrunch, Dec. 1, 2022 // techcrunch.com/2022/12/01/mozilla-acquires-the-team-behind-pulse-an-automated-status-update-tool-for-slack/.
258
Coldewey D. OpenAI Shifts from Nonprofit to ‘Capped-Profit’ to Attract Capital // TechCrunch, March 11, 2019 // techcrunch.com/2019/03/11/openai-shifts-from-nonprofit-to-capped-profit-to-attract-capital/.
259
Dwoskin E. Elon Musk Wants a Free Speech Utopia. Technologists Clap Back // The Washington Post, April 18, 2022 // washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/04/18/musk-twitter-free-speech/.
260
Hatmaker T. Jack Dorsey Says His Biggest Regret Is That Twitter Was a Company At All // TechCrunch, Aug. 26, 2022 // techcrunch.com/2022/08/26/jack-dorsey-biggest-regret/.
261
The Friend of a Friend (FOAF) Project // FOAF Project, 2008 // web.archive.org/web/20080904205214/http://www.foaf-project.org/projects; Target S. Friend of a Friend: The Facebook♦ That Could Have Been // Two-Bit History (blog), Jan. 5, 2020 // twobithistory.org/2020/01/05/foaf.html#fn:1.
262
Schonfeld E. StatusNet (Of Identi.ca Fame) Raises $875,000 to Become the WordPress of Microblogging // TechCrunch, Oct. 27, 2009 // techcrunch.com/2009/10/27/statusnet-of-identi-ca-fame-raises-875000-to-become-the-wordpress-of-microblogging/.
263
Anadiotis G. Manyverse and Scuttlebutt: A Human-Centric Technology Stack for Social Applications // ZDNET, Oct. 25, 2018 // zdnet.com/article/manyverse-and-scuttlebutt-a-human-centric-technology-stack-for-social-applications/.
264
McCracken H. Tim Berners-Lee Is Building the Web’s ‘Third Layer.’ Don’t Call It Web3 // Fast Company, Nov. 8, 2022 // fastcompany.com/90807852/tim-berners-lee-inrupt-solid-pods.
265
Ortutay B. Bluesky, championed by Jack Dorsey, was supposed to be Twitter 2.0. Can it succeed? // AP, June 6, 2023 // apnews.com/article/bluesky-twitter-jack-dorsey-elon-musk-invite-f2b4fb2fefd34f0149cec2d87857c766.
266
Barber G. Meta’s♦ Threads Could Make – or Break – the Fediverse // Wired, July 18, 2023 // wired.com/story/metas-threads-could-make-or-break-the-fediverse/.
267
Shankland S. I Want to Like Mastodon. The Decentralized Network Isn’t Making That Easy // CNET, Nov. 14, 2022 // cnet.com/news/social-media/i-want-to-like-mastodon-the-decentralized-network-isnt-making-that-easy/.
268
Lewis S.J. Federation Is the Worst of All Worlds // Field Notes (blog), July 10, 2018 // fieldnotes.resistant.tech/federation-is-the-worst-of-all-worlds/.
269
Gillmor S. Rest in Peace, RSS // TechCrunch, May 5, 2009 // techcrunch.com/2009/05/05/rest-in-peace-rss/; Schonfeld E. Twitter’s Internal Strategy LaidBare: To Be ‘the Pulse of the Planet // TechCrunch, July 16, 2009 // techcrunch.com/2009/07/16/twitters-internal-strategy-laid-bare-to-be-the-pulse-of-the-planet-2/.
270
HTTPS as a Ranking Signal // Google Search Central (blog), Aug. 7, 2014 // developers.google.com/search/blog/2014/08/https-as-ranking-signal; Love J. Google Delays Phasing Out Ad Cookies on Chrome Until 2024 // Bloomberg, July 27, 2022 // bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-27/google-delays-phasing-out-ad-cookies-on-chrome-until-2024?leadSource=uverify%20wall; Wakabayashi D. Google Dominates Thanks to an Unrivaled View of the Web // New York Times, Dec. 14, 2020 // nytimes.com/2020/12/14/technology/how-google-dominates.html.
271
Freeman J. The Tyranny of Structurelessness, 1972 // jofreeman.com/joreen/tyranny.htm.
272
Цитата Энди Гроува взята из публикации: Isaacson W. Andrew Grove: Man of the Year // Time, Dec. 29, 1997 // time.com/4267448/andrew-grove-man-of-the-year/.
273
Chow A.R. After FTX Implosion, Bahamian Tech Entrepreneurs Try to Pick Up the Pieces // Time, March 30, 2023 // time.com/6266711/ftx-bahamas-crypto/; Sen. Toomey P. (R-Pa.) Toomey: Misconduct, Not Crypto, to Blame for FTX Collapse // U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs, Dec. 14, 2022 // banking.senate.gov/newsroom/minority/toomey-misconduct-not-crypto-to-blame-for-ftx-collapse.
274
Brett J. In 2021, Congress Has Introduced 35 Bills Focused on U.S. Crypto Policy // Forbes, Dec. 27, 2021 // forbes.com/sites/jasonbrett/2021/12/27/in-2021-congress-has-introduced-35-bills-focused-on-us-crypto-policy/.
275
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. Kraken to Discontinue Unregistered Offer and Sale of Crypto Asset Staking-as-a-Service Program and Pay $30 Million to Settle SEC Charges. Press release, Feb. 9, 2023 // sec.gov/news/press-release/2023-25; Sutton S. Treasury: It’s Time for a Crypto Crackdown // Politico, Sept. 16, 2022 // politico.com/newsletters/morning-money/2022/09/16/treasury-its-time-for-a-crypto-crackdown-00057144; Yerushalmy J., Hern A. SEC cryptocrackdown: US regulator sues Binance and Coinbase // Guardian, June 6, 2023 // theguardian.com/technology/2023/jun/06/sec-crypto-crackdown-us-regulator-sues-binance-and-coinbase; Shukla S. The Cryptocurrencies Getting Hit Hardest Under the SECCrackdown // Bloomberg, June 13, 2023 // bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-13/these-are-the-19-cryptocurrencies-are-securities-the-sec-says.
276
Paxos. Paxos Will Halt Minting New BUSD Tokens // Feb. 13, 2023 // paxos.com/2023/02/13/paxos-will-halt-minting-new-busd-tokens/; New report shows 1 million tech jobs at stake in US due to regulatory uncertainty // Coinbase (blog), March 29, 2023 // coinbase.com/blog/new-report-shows-1m-tech-jobs-at-stake-in-us-crypto-policy.
277
Belanger A. America’s Slow-Moving, Confused Crypto Regulation Is Driving Industry out of US // Ars Technica, Nov. 8, 2022 // arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2022/11/Americas-slow-moving-confused-crypto-regulation-is-driving-industry-out-of-us/; Wilser J. US Crypto Firms Eye Overseas Move Amid Regulatory Uncertainty // Coindesk, May 27, 2023 // coindesk.com/consensus-magazine/2023/03/27/crypto-leaving-us/.
278
Framework for ‘Investment Contract’ Analysis of Digital Assets // U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2019 // sec.gov/corpfin/framework-investment-contract-analysis-digital-assets.
279
Jennings M. Decentralization for Web3 Builders: Principles, Models, How // a16z crypto, April 7, 2022 // a16zcrypto.com/posts/article/web3-decentralization-models-framework-principles-how-to/.
280
Watch GOP Senator and SEC Chair Spar Over Definition of Bitcoin // CNET highlights, Sept. 16, 2022 // youtube.com/watch?v=3H19OF3lbnA; Jennings M., Quintenz B. It’s time to move crypto from chaos to order // Fortune, July 15, 2023 // fortune.com/crypto/2023/07/15/its-time-to-move-crypto-from-chaos-to-order/; St. Laurent A. Despite Ripple, Crypto Projects Still Face Uncertainty and Risks // Bloomberg Law, July 31, 2023 // news.bloomberglaw.com/us-law-week/despite-ripple-crypto-projects-still-face-uncertainty-and-risks; Changing Tides or a Ripple in Still Water? Examining the SEC v. Ripple Ruling // Ropes & Gray (blog), July 25, 2023 // ropesgray.com/en/newsroom/alerts/2023/07/changing-tides-or-a-ripple-in-still-water-examining-the-sec-v-ripple-ruling; Solowey J., Schulp J.J, We Need Regulatory Clarity to Keep Crypto Exchanges Onshore and DeFi Permissionless // Cato Institute (blog), May 10, 2023 // cato.org/commentary/we-need-regulatory-clarity-keep-crypto-exchanges-onshore-defi-permissionless.
281
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission v. W. J. Howey Co. et al., 328 U.S. 293 (1946).
282
Framework for ‘Investment Contract’ Analysis of Digital Assets / U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 2019 // sec.gov/corpfin/framework-investment-contract-analysis-digital-assets.
283
Santillana Linares M.G. How the SEC’s Charge That Cryptos Are Securities Could Face an Uphill Battle // Forbes, Aug. 14, 2023 // forbes.com/sites/digital-assets/2023/08/14/how-the-secs-charge-that-cryptos-are-securities-could-face-an-uphill-battle/; Coghlan J. SEC lawsuits: 68 cryptocurrencies are now seen as securities by the SEC // Cointelegraph, June 6, 2023 // cointelegraph.com/news/sec-labels-61-cryptocurrencies-securities-after-binance-suit/.
284
Pan D. SEC’s Gensler Reiterates ‘Proof-of-Stake’ Crypto Tokens May Be Securities // Bloomberg, March 15, 2023 // bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-03-15/sec-s-gary-gensler-signals-tokens-like-ether-are-securities.
285
Hamilton J. U.S. CFTC Chief Behnam Reinforces View of Ether as Commodity // CoinDesk, March 28, 2023 // coindesk.com/policy/2023/03/28/us-cftc-chief-behnam-reinforces-view-of-ether-as-commodity/; Handagama S. U.S. Court Calls ETH a Commodity While Tossing Investor Suit Against Uniswap // CoinDesk, Aug. 31, 2023 // coindesk.com/policy/2023/08/31/us-court-calls-eth-a-commodity-while-tossing-investor-suit-against-uniswap/.
286
Shirzad F. The Crypto Securities Market is Waiting to be Unlocked. But First We Need Workable Rules // Coinbase (blog), July 21, 2022 // coinbase.com/blog/the-crypto-securities-market-is-waiting-to-be-unlocked-but-first-we-need-workable-rules.
287
Versprille A. House Stablecoin Bill Would Put Two-Year Ban on Terra-Like Coins // Bloomberg, Sept. 20, 2022 // bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-09-20/house-stablecoin-bill-would-put-two-year-ban-on-terra-like-coins; Asmakov A. New York Signs Two-Year Crypto Mining Moratorium into Law // Decrypt, Nov. 23, 2022 // decrypt.co/115416/new-york-signs-2-year-crypto-mining-moratorium-law.
288
Securities Clarity Act, H.R. 4451, 117th Cong. (2021); Token Taxonomy Act, H.R. 1628, 117th Cong. (2021).
289
Micklethwait J., Wooldridge A. The Company: A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea. New York: Modern Library, 2005; Halloran T. A Brief History of the Corporate Form and Why It Matters // Fordham Journal of Corporate and Financial Law, Nov. 18, 2018 // news.law.fordham.edu/jcfl/2018/11/18/a-brief-history-of-the-corporate-form-and-why-it-matters/.
290
Harris R. A New Understanding of the History of Limited Liability: An Invitation for Theoretical Reframing // Journal of Institutional Economics. 2020. Vol. 16. No. 5. Pp. 643–664 // cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-institutional-economics/article/new-understanding-of-the-history-of-limited-liability-an-invitation-for-theoretical-reframing/B12B69696AC81304A2738ADE4FFF4556.
291
Cook W.W. ‘Watered Stock’ – Commissions – ‘Blue Sky Laws’ – Stock Without Par Value // Michigan Law Review. 1921. Vol. 19. No. 6. Pp. 583–598 // doi.org/10.2307/1276746.
292
Артур Кларк, в предисловии к Laszlo E. Macroshift: Navigating the Transformation to a Sustainable World. Oakland, Calif.: Berrett-Koehler, 2001.
293
Alfred R. Dec. 19, 1974: Build Your Own Computer at Home! // Wired, Dec. 19, 2011 // wired.com/2011/12/1219altair-8800-computer-kit-goes-on-sale/.
294
Miller M.J. Project Chess: The Story Behind the Original IBM PC // PCMag, Aug. 12, 2021 // pcmag.com/news/project-chess-the-story-behind-the-original-ibm-pc.
295
Shedden D. Today in Media History: Lotus 1-2-3 Was the Killer App of 1983 // Poynter, Jan. 26, 2015 // poynter.org/reporting-editing/2015/today-in-media-history-lotus-1-2-3-was-the-killer-app-of-1983/.
296
Celebrating the NSFNET // NSFNET, Feb. 2, 2017, nsfnet-legacy.org/.
297
Calore M. April 22, 1993: Mosaic Browser Lights Up Web with Color, Creativity // Wired, April 22, 2010 // wired.com/2010/04/0422mosaic-web-browser/.
298
McCulloch W., Pitts W. A Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity // Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics. 1943. Vol. 5. Pp. 115–133.
299
Turing A. Computing Machinery and Intelligence // Mind. Oct. 1950. N.s. Vol. 59. No. 236. Pp. 433–460 // phil415.pbworks.com/f/TuringComputing.pdf.
300
Dixon R. Unleashing the Power of GPUs for Deep Learning: A Game-Changing Advancement in AI // DevX, July 6, 2023 // devx.com/news/unleashing-the-power-of-gpus-for-deep-learning-a-game-changing-advancement-in-ai/.
301
Kelly K. 1,000 True Fans // The Technium (blog), March 4, 2008 // kk.org/thetechnium/1000-true-fans/.
302
Патрон – человек в Древнем Риме (от лат. patronus – «защитник, покровитель»), лицо, бравшее под свое покровительство малоимущих или неполноправных граждан (клиентов). Прим. ред.
303
Wong B., Bottorff C. Average Salary by State in 2023 // Forbes, Aug. 23, 2023 // forbes.com/advisor/business/average-salary-by-state/.
304
Издана на русском языке: Клайн Э. Первому игроку приготовиться. М.: АСТ, 2021. Прим. ред.
305
Neal Stephenson, Snow Crash (New York: Bantam Spectra, 1992).
306
Издана на русском языке: Стивенсон Н. Лавина. М.: fanzon, 2019. Прим. ред.
307
Takahashi D. Epic’s Tim Sweeney: Be Patient. The Metaverse Will Come. And It Will Be Open // VentureBeat, Dec. 16, 2016 // venturebeat.com/business/epics-tim-sweeney-be-patient-the-metaverse-will-come-and-it-will-be-open/.
308
Madden NFL – серия симуляторов американского футбола, выпускаемая издательством Electronic Arts с 1988 года. Call of Duty – серия компьютерных игр в жанре шутера от первого лица, выпускаемая американской компанией Activision с 2003 года. Прим. ред.
309
Tack D. The Subscription Transition: MMORPGs and Free-to-Play // Forbes, Oct. 9, 2013 // forbes.com/sites/danieltack/2013/10/09/the-subscription-transition-mmorpgs-and-free-to-play/.
310
Orland K. The Return of the $70 Video Game Has Been a Long Time Coming // Ars Technica, July 9, 2020 // arstechnica.com/gaming/2020/07/the-return-of-the-70-video-game-has-been-a-long-time-coming/.
311
Clark M. Fortnite Made More Than $9 Billion in Revenue in Its First Two Years // Verge, May 3, 2021 // theverge.com/2021/5/3/22417447/fortnite-revenue-9-billion-epic-games-apple-antitrust-case; Thomas I. How Free-to-Play and In-Game Purchases Took Over the Video Game Industry // CNBC, Oct. 6, 2022 // cnbc.com/2022/10/06/how-free-to-play-and-in-game-purchases-took-over-video-games.html.
312
Savov V. Valve Is Letting Money Spoil the Fun of Dota 2 // Verge, Feb. 16, 2015 // theverge.com/2015/2/16/8045369/valve-dota-2-in-game-augmentation-pay-to-win.
313
Richter F. Video Games Beat Blockbuster Movies out of the Gate // Statista, Nov. 6, 2018 // statista.com/chart/16000/video-game-launch-sales-vs-movie-openings/.
314
Witkowski W. Videogames Are a Bigger Industry Than Movies and North American Sports Combined, Thanks to the Pandemic // MarketWatch, Dec. 22, 2020 // marketwatch.com/story/videogames-are-a-bigger-industry-than-sports-and-movies-combined-thanks-to-the-pandemic-11608654990.
315
Rousseau J. Newzoo: Revenue Across all Video Game Market Segments Fell in 2022 // GamesIndustry.biz, May 30, 2023 // gamesindustry.biz/newzoo-revenue-across-all-video-game-market-segments-fell-in-2022.
316
Wolf J. Evo: A Oral History of Super Smash Bros. Melee // ESPN, July 12, 2017 // espn.com/esports/story/_/id/19973997/evolution-championship-series-melee-oral-history-evo.
317
Maxwell A. How Big Music Threatened Startups and Killed Innovation // Torrent Freak (blog), July 9, 2012 // torrentfreak.com/how-big-music-threatened-startups-and-killed-innovation-120709/.
318
Kravets D. Dec. 7, 1999: RIAA Sues Napster // Wired, Dec. 7, 2009 // wired.com/2009/12/1207riaa-sues-napster/; Carrier M.A. Copyright and Innovation: The Untold Story // Wisconsin Law Review. 2012. Pp. 891–962 // researchgate.net/publication/256023174_Copyright_and_Innovation_The_Untold_Story.
319
Pitchbook data. По состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г.
320
Nakamura Y. Peak Video Game? Top Analyst Sees Industry Slumping in 2019 // Bloomberg, Jan. 23, 2019 // bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/peak-video-game-top-analyst-sees-industry-slumping-in-2019.
321
The Recording Industry Association of America. U.S. Music Revenue Database // Sept. 1, 2023 // riaa.com/u-s-sales-database/. (Примечание: данные по доходам музыкальной индустрии США на графике экстраполированы на весь мир.)
322
The State of Music/Web3 Tools for Artists // Water & Music, Dec. 15, 2021 // waterandmusic.com/the-state-of-music-web3-tools-for-artists/; Hogan M. How NFTs Are Shaping the Way Music Sounds // Pitchfork, May 23, 2022 // pitchfork.com/features/article/how-nfts-are-shaping-the-way-music-sounds/.
323
Meyers A. A music artist says Apple Music pays her 4 times what Spotify does per stream, and it shows how wildly royalty payments can vary between services // Business Insider, Jan. 10, 2020 // businessinsider.com/how-apple-music-and-spotify-pay-music-artist-streaming-royalties-2020-1; Expressing the sense of Congress that it is the duty of the Federal Government to establish a new royalty program to provide income to featured and non-featured performing artists whose music or audio content is listened to on streaming music services, like Spotify // H.Con.Res. 102, 177th Cong. (2022) // congress.gov/bill/117th-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/102/text.
324
Top 10 Takeaways // Loud & Clear, Spotify // loudandclear.byspotify.com/.
325
Chapple J. Music Merch Sales Boom Amid Bundling Controversy // IQ, July 4, 2019 // iq-mag.net/2019/07/music-merch-sales-boom-amid-bundling-controversy/.
326
U.S. Video Game Sales Reach RecordBreaking $43.3 Billion in 2018 // Entertainment Software Association, Jan. 23, 2019 // theesa.com/news/u-s-video-game-sales-reach-record-breaking-43-4-billion-in-2018/.
327
Достоверная нейтральность – термин, предложенный Виталиком Бутериным. Быть нейтральной системой – значит не давать никаким участникам привилегий относительно других участников. Это свойство участник может доказуемо проверить извне. Самый простой способ быть достоверно нейтральной системой – опубликовать правила, по которым система работает. Прим. науч. ред.
328
Chow A.R. Independent Musicians Are Making Big Money from NFTs. Can They Challenge the Music Industry? // Time, Dec. 2, 2021 // time.com/6124814/music-industry-nft/.
329
Entriken W. et al. ERC-721: Non-Fungible Token Standard // Ethereum.org, Jan. 24, 2018, eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-721/.
330
Nansen Query data, по состоянию на 21 сентября 2023 г., nansen.ai/query/; Flipside data, по состоянию на 21 сентября 2023 г., flipsidecrypto.xyz/.
331
Worldwide advertising revenues of YouTube as of 1st quarter 2023 // Statista, по состоянию на 21 сентября 2023 г. // statista.com/statistics/289657/youtube-global-quarterly-advertising-revenues/.
332
Keishin Armstrong J. How Sherlock Holmes Changed the World // BBC, Jan. 6, 2016.
333
Бывшая сотрудница телестудии Эрика Леонард (настоящее имя Э. Л. Джеймс) зачитывалась романами «сумеречной саги» Стефани Майер, а потом решила сама что-нибудь написать. Прим. ред.
334
Why Has Jar Jar Binks Been Banished from the Star Wars Universe? // The Guardian, Dec. 7, 2015 // theguardian.com/film/shortcuts/2015/dec/07/jar-jar-binks-banished-from-star-wars-the-force-awakens.
335
Victim of Wikipedia: Microsoft to Shut Down Encarta // Forbes, March 30, 2009 // forbes.com/2009/03/30/microsoft-encarta-wikipedia-technology-paidcontent.html.
336
Top Website Rankings // Similarweb, по состоянию на 1 сентября 2023 г. // similarweb.com/top-websites/.
337
Tsotsis A. Inspired by Wikipedia, Quora Aims for Relevancy With Topic Groups and Reorganized Topic Pages // TechCrunch, June 24, 2011 // techcrunch.com/2011/06/24/inspired-by-wikipedia-quora-aims-for-relevancy-with-topic-groups-and-reorganized-topic-pages/.
338
Sheffield C. ‘Fantasy Hollywood’ – Crypto and Community-Owned Characters // a16z crypto, June 15, 2021 // a16zcrypto.com/posts/article/crypto-and-community-owned-characters/.
339
Bodow S. The Money Shot // Wired, Sept. 1, 2001 // wired.com/2001/09/paypal/.
340
McCambley J. The First Ever Banner Ad: Why Did It Work So Well? // Guardian, Dec. 12, 2013 // theguardian.com/media-network/media-network-blog/2013/dec/12/first-ever-banner-ad-advertising.
341
Rampell A. Twitter post, Sept. 2018, 6:39 p.m., twitter.com/arampell/status/1042226753253437440.
342
Свертка (англ. Rollup) – способ «упаковывания» транзакций в блок таким образом, что, например, для каждых 100 транзакций сети второго уровня будет создана только 1 транзакция в основной сети. Прим. науч. ред.
343
Idris A., Karombo T. Stablecoins Find a Use Case in Africa’s Most Volatile Markets // Rest of World, Aug. 19, 2021 // restofworld.org/2021/stablecoins-find-a-use-case-in-africas-most-volatile-markets/.
344
Melinek J. Investors Focus on DeFi as It Remains Resilient to Crypto Market Volatility // TechCrunch, July 26, 2022 // techcrunch.com/2022/07/26/investors-focus-on-defi-as-it-remains-resilient-to-crypto-market-volatility/.
345
Elias J. Google ‘Overwhelmingly’ Dominates Search Market, Antitrust Committee States // CNBC, Oct. 6, 2020 // cnbc.com/2020/10/06/google-overwhelmingly-dominates-search-market-house-committee-finds.html.
346
Dave P. United States vs Google vindicates old antitrust gripes from Microsoft // Reuters, Oct. 21, 2020 // reuters.com/article/us-tech-antitrust-google-microsoft-idCAKBN27625B.
347
Feiner L. Google Will Pay News Corp for the Right to Showcase Its News Articles // CNBC, Feb. 17, 2021 // cnbc.com/2021/02/17/google-and-news-corp-strike-deal-as-australia-pushes-platforms-to-pay-for-news.html.
348
Honan M. Jeremy Stoppelman’s Long Battle with Google Is Finally Paying Off // BuzzFeed News, Nov. 5, 2019 // buzzfeednews.com/article/mathonan/jeremy-stoppelman-yelp.
349
McDuling J. The Former Mouthpiece of Apartheid Is Now One of the World’s Most Successful Tech Investors // QZ, Jan. 9, 2014 // qz.com/161792/naspers-africas-most-fascinating-company.
350
Cleland S. Google’s ‘Infringenovation’ Secrets // Forbes, Oct. 3, 2011 // forbes.com/sites/scottcleland/2011/10/03/googles-infringenovation-secrets/.
351
AI Companies Ask U.S. Court to Dismiss Artists’ Copyright Lawsuit // Reuters, April 19, 2023 // reuters.com/legal/ai-companies-ask-us-court-dismiss-artists-copyright-lawsuit-2023-04-19/.
352
Shakir U. Reddit’s Upcoming API Changes Will Make AI Companies Pony Up // Verge, April 18, 2023 // theverge.com/2023/4/18/23688463/reddit-developer-api-terms-change-monetization-ai.
353
Frenkel S., Thompson S.A. ‘Not for Machines to Harvest’: Data Revolts Break Out Against A.I. // New York Times, July 15, 2023 // nytimes.com/2023/07/15/technology/artificial-intelligence-models-chat-data.html.
354
Ryan-Mosley T. Junk Websites Filled with AI-Generated Text Are Pulling in Money from Programmatic Ads // MIT Technology Review, June 26, 2023 // technologyreview.com/2023/06/26/1075504/junk-websites-filled-with-ai-generated-text-are-pulling-in-money-from-programmatic-ads/.
355
Barber G. AI Needs Your Data – and You Should Get Paid for It // Wired, Aug. 8, 2019 // wired.com/story/ai-needs-data-you-should-get-paid/; Ulloa J. Newsom Wants Companies Collecting Personal Data to Share the Wealth with Californians // Los Angeles Times, May 5, 2019 // latimes.com/politics/la-pol-ca-gavin-newsom-california-data-dividend-20190505-story.html.
356
Издана на русском языке: Дик Ф. Мечтают ли андроиды об электроовцах? М.: Like Book, 2022. Прим. ред.
357
«Бегущий по лезвию» (англ. Blade Runner) – художественный фильм, снятый режиссером Ридли Скоттом в 1981 году с Харрисоном Фордом в главной роли. Прим. ред.
358
Halpern S. Congress Really Wants to Regulate A.I., but No One Seems to Know How // New Yorker, May 20, 2023 // newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/congress-really-wants-to-regulate-ai-but-no-one-seems-to-know-how.
359
Fung B. Microsoft Leaps into the AI Regulation Debate, Calling for a New US Agency and Executive Order // CNN, May 25, 2023 // cnn.com/2023/05/25/tech/microsoft-ai-regulation-calls/index.html.
360
Paul K. Letter Signed by Elon Musk Demanding AI Research Pause Sparks Controversy // Guardian, April 1, 2023 // theguardian.com/technology/2023/mar/31/ai-research-pause-elon-musk-chatgpt.
361
Blueprint for an AI Bill of Rights // White House, Oct. 2022 // whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Blueprint-for-an-AI-Bill-of-Rights.pdf; Perrigo B., Gordon A. E.U. Takes a Step Closer to Passing the World’s Most Comprehensive AI Regulation // Time, June 14, 2023 // time.com/6287136/eu-ai-regulation/; European Commission. Proposal for a Regulation Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence // Shaping Europe’s Digital Future, April 21, 2021 // digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/proposal-regulation-laying-down-harmonised-rules-artificial-intelligence.
362
Парафраз цитаты, обычно приписываемой Антуану де Сент-Экзюпери, Quote Investigator (blog), Aug. 25, 2015 // quoteinvestigator.com.