(Profil, 22.11.2010).
On 27h November 2010 in Engelsky region in the Saratovskaya area ten participants of organized criminal community were detained. They had com-mited many felonies, including murders in the 1990s, at the request chapters of the head of the administration of the region, Michail Lysenko. Other representatives of the administration of the region also took part in the activities of the organized criminal group. The group was also well armed (http://news.mail.ru/incident/4860592/).
The advisor of the chairman of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, a retired general-major of the militia, Professor Vladimir Ovchinsky spoke on the radio «Liberty» on 19 November 2010: «The situation with organized forms of criminality is critical… If in 1990s organized criminal groups struggled for power, they now control the authorities from the inside». The Head of the Central electoral commission of Russian Federation, Mr. Vladimir Churov, has said recently: «the attempts of the criminal structures go as far as to get their candidate onto the election list and even to participate in the electoral commissions».
Moreover, the Ex-President of the Russian Federation Mr. D. Medve-dev spook about «the joining of the police bodies and organs of power with the criminal world»[497]. And the Chairman of the Constitutional Court of Russia Prof. V. Zor'kin write: «the joining of the authorities with crime… is not unique… Our state will change from being criminalizing to being criminal»[498].
Of course, it caused unrest and increased competition in the criminal world. As result on 12.09.2009 Vyacheslav Ivan'kov («Yaponchik») was killed, and Asian Usoyan («Grandparent Hasan») was gravely wouded on 16.09.2010.
It is to difficult to understand it all, eapecially for someone who does not live in Russia, and has not studied the problem of authorities, police bodies and organized crime. There is no organized crime in the traditional understanding of the term. This is criminalizing police body (certainly, not all policemen), «legal» criminalizing business, institutions of power, which joined with the leaders of criminal organizations.
What are the causes of the development of the «new type» of organized crime in Russia? Here are some reasons for this:
• There is enormous social-economic inequality.
• A very big part of population (more than 70 %) is very poor.
• Many young people do not have work, education, profession or money.
• There are many goods and service in contemporary Russia (expensive motor vehicles, expensive restaurants, possibility to cross the border, and so on), but the majority of the population has no access to them.
• There is rampant corruption of all state organs including the police.
IV. Conclusion
There is new state, a new form of the Russian organized crime. It is an amalgamation, union of criminal organizations, business (legal and semi-legal), power structures and police. The indivisible network of criminal, political, business and police structures control the country, its regions, and decide the fate of the country.
The main problem is: It is unrealistic to expect real and successful action against organized crime during the economic, financial, social and political crisis and real instability, and in the face of total corruption among all the power structures (federal and regional), the police and the courts.
References
Abadinsky, H. (1994), Organized Crime. Chicago, Nelson Hall, 4th edn.
Albanese, J. (2000), Organized Crime: The Mafia Mystique. In: J. She-ley (Ed.) Criminology. A Contemporary Handbook. Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Arlacchi, P. (1986), Mafia Business. The Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism. London, Verso.
Becker, Gary (1987). Economic Analysis and Human Behaviour. Advances in Behavioural Sciences. Norwood (NY): Ablew Publishing Corporation. Vol. 1.: 3-17.
Block, A. (1994), Space, Time and Organized Crime. New York, Transaction Publishers.
Crime and Delinquency. Statistical Review (2009). Moscow: MVD, MJ (in Russian).
Finer, C, Nellis, M. (Eds.) (1998) Crime and Social Exclusion. Blackwell Publishers Ltd.
Gilinskiy, Y. (1997), Organized Crime in Russia: Theory and Practice, Security Journal, 9, 165-69.
Gilinskiy, Y. (1998), Organised Crime: The Russian and World Perspective. In: K. Aromaa (Ed.) The Baltic Region. Insights in Crime and Crime Control. Oslo: Pax Forlag A/S, 168-182.
Gilinskiy, Y. (1998a), Economic Crime in Contemporary Russia, European Financial Services Law, 5, 60-5.
Gilinskiy, Y. (2002), Organized Crime: A Perspective from Russia. In: J. Albanese, D. Das and A. Verma (Eds.) Organized Crime: World Perspectives. NJ: Prentice Hall, 146-164.
Gilinskiy, Y. (2006) Crime in Contemporary Russia, European Journal of Criminology. Vol 3, 3: 259-292.
Gilinskiy, Y, Kostjukovsky, Y (2004), From Thievish Artel to Criminal Corporation: the History of Organised Crime in Russia. In: С Fijnaut, L. Paoli (Eds.) Organised Crime in Europe. Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond. Springer. Vol. 4: 181-202.
Harrendorf S., Heiskanen M., Malby S. (Eds.) (2010) International Statistics on Crime and Justice. Helsinki: HEUNI.
Lenoir, R. (1974) Les exclus, unfrangais sur dix. Paris: Seuil.
Smith, D. (1975), The Mafia Mystique. New York, Basic Books.
Young, J. (1999) The Exclusive Society: Social Exclusion, Crime and Difference in Late Modernity. SAGE Publications.
Internet resources
URL: http://www.abird.ru/articles/unemployment
URL: http://www.nplc.lt/centrov/reng/ren014/ren014.aspx
URL: http://crimpravo.ru/page/mvdstatistic/
URL: http://www.mvd.ru/stats/
URL: http://vsekommentarii.com/news/2010/02/16/2039564.htm
URL: http://news.mail.ru/incident/4860592/
The Criminal Justice System and Police in Russia: General Overview[499]
Introduction
Criminal justice and police systems are the result of the common social, economical, cultural, and political state. The contemporary Russian criminal justice system and police have complicated history. There are two main sources of the system: first, the old Tsar's system as part of the so-called continental legal system and second, the Soviet „socialistic“ system.
It is clear that the communist regime was absolutely terrible. As a result of the unique experiment to establish a social utopia, the country was thrown onto the path of civilization[500].
Gorbachev's «Perestroika» (reconstruction) was a necessary attempt to save the power structures by way of reform. A similar attempt was by Khrushchev (the «Thaw»). However, every attempt finished with the political death of its propagators and was followed by stagnation or reaction. With all due credit to Gorbachev, his reforms turned out to be the most radical (freedom of speech, freedom of the press, the multi-party system, the right to hold private property, the lifting of the Iron Curtain, the release of those states occupied by Stalin – Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, etc.). However these reform did not bring an end to the Soviet nightmare.
The disintegration of production and economy continuing. Power still returned to the ruling nomenclature (with new «oligarchs» and criminals); corruption, common in Russia, has taken on a monumental role in all organs of power, establishment and law-enforcement bodies; crisis in the health, education, transport and other social services; crises of spirituality and morality continues; and the militarization of economics and politics also continue.
There is now a growth in the role (importance) of the power structures – FSB (the former KGB), MIA (Ministry of Internal Affairs), and other. The war in Chechnya is a terrifying evidence of neo-totalitarianism. The country also permits human rights abuses on a large scale, particularly in the army and those penal institutions where tyranny and torture dominate (Abramkin, 1998; Christie, 2000: 79-90; Index on Censorship, 1999; Walmsley, 1996: 358-386). Nationalist, anti-Semitic and neofascist groups operate with impunity and meet with no resistance. Attacks against mass media in opposition began in 1999-2000 and continues to date.
The ever-growing economic polarization of the population – visible in the stark contrast between the poor majority and the nouveau riche minority (the «New Russian») – is a guaranteed source of continuing social conflict. The official unemployment rates in Russia were as follows: 1992 – 4.8 % of the able-bodied population; 1993 – 5.5 %; 1994 – 7.4 %; 1995 – 8.9 %; 1996 – 9.6 %; 1997 – 11.9 %; 1998 – 13.3 %; 2003 – 8.9 % (Human Development Report, 1999: 57; Questions of Statistic, 2004: 31). Today, unemployment in Russia stands at 5.2 %. From 2002 to 20 12 the average unemployment rare was 8.3 % (Trading Economics 2013).
Technological backwardness and the absence of competition in domestic production and the service sectors have manifested themselves in the course of the reforms. A consequence of this is the inferiority complex of employees, their de-qualification, marginalization and lumpenization. The excluded population in the face of corruption engages in deviances, including crime