Комментарии
1
Harry F. Harlow, Margaret Kuenne Harlow, Donald R. Meyer, «Learning Motivated by a Manipulation Drive,» Journal of Experimental Psychology (1950), p. 231.
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Harlow, Harlow, and Meyer, p. 233–234.
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Harry F. Harlow, «Motivation as a Factor in the Acquisition of New Responses,» In Current Theory and Research on Motivation, (University of Nebraska Press, 1953), p. 46.
4
Харлоу в определенной степени стал частью научного истеблишмента. Он получил Национальную медаль за научные заслуги и стал президентом Американской психологической ассоциации. Чтобы узнать больше о жизни и работе Г. Харлоу, см.: Deborah Blum. Love at Goon Park: Harry Harlow and the Science of Affection (Perseus, 2002); Jim Ottaviani & Dylan Meconis. Wire Mothers: Harry Harlow and the Science of Love (G. T. Labs, 2007).
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Edward L. Deci, «Effects of Externally Mediated Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1971). Vol. 18, p. 114.
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Edward L. Deci, «Intrinsic Motivation, Extrinsic Reinforcement, and Inequity,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology (1972). Vol. 22, p. 119–120.
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«Important Notice: MSN Encarta to be Discontinued,» Microsoft press release (30 March 2009); Ina Fried, «Microsoft closing the book on Encarta,» CNET News (30 March 2009); «Microsoft to Shut Encarta as Free Sites Alter Market,» The Wall Street Journal (31 March 2009). Данные о Wikipedia см.: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About.
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Karim R. Lakhani & Robert G. Wolf, «Why Hackers Do What They Do: Understanding Motivation and Effort in Free / Open Source Software Projects,» in Perspectives on Free and Open Software, edited by J. Feller, B. Fitzgerald, S. Hissam, and K. Lakhani (MIT Press, 2005), p. 3 and p. 12.
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Jurgen Blitzer, Wolfram Schrettl, Philipp J. H. Schroeder, «Intrinsic Motivation in Open Source Software Development,» Journal of Comparative Economics, Vol. 35 (2007).
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«Vermont Governor Expected to Sign Bill on Charity-Business Hybrid,» The Chronicle of Philanthropy, News Updates (21 April 2008).
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Юнус М. Создавая мир без бедности. — М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2010. (Muhammad Yunnus, Creating a World without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. Public Affairs, 2007, p. 23; Aspen Institute, Fourth Sector Concept Paper. Fall 2008; «B Corporation,» MIT Sloan Management Review. 11 December 2008; http://www.bcorporation.net/declaration).
12
Stephanie Strom, «Businesses Try to Make Money and Save the World,» The New York Times (6 May 2007).
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Colin Camerer, «Behavioral economics: Reunifying psychology and economics,» Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 96, September 1999.
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Bruno S. Frey, Not Just for the Money: An Economic Theory of Personal Motivation (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1997), p. 118–119. См. также: Bruno S. Frey & Alois Stutzer, Happiness & Economics (Princeton University Press, 2002).
15
Bradford C. Johnson, James M. Manyika, Lareina A. Yee, «The next revolution in interaction,» McKinsey Quarterly (No. 4, 2005).
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См.: Дэниел Пинк. Новый мозг. Почему правое полушарие будет править миром?, «РИПОЛ классик», 2014 / Daniel H. Pink, A Whole New Mind: Why Right Brainers Will Rule the Future (Riverhead Books, 2006).
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Theresa Amabile, Creativity in Context (Westview, 1996), p. 119. Амабайл также отмечает, что правильное и осмотрительное использование внешних стимулов может поощрять творчество. Подробнее я буду говорить об этом в главе 2.
18
Telework Trendlines 2009, данные подготовлены The Dieringer Research Group Inc и опубликованы WorldatWork (February 2009).
19
Твен М. Приключения Тома Сойера. — М.: АСТ, 2010. (Mark Twain, The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. Oxford University Press, 1998, p. 23).
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Mark Lepper, David Greene, Robert Nisbett, «Undermining children’s intrinsic interest with extrinsic rewards: A test of the «overjustification» hypothesis,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 28 (1973).
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Edward L. Deci, Richard M. Ryan, & Richard Koestner, «A Meta-Analytic Review of Experiments Examining the Effects of Extrinsic Rewards on Intrinsic Motivation,» Psychological Bulletin. Vol. 125, No. 6 (1999)
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Jonmarshall Reeve, Understanding Motivation and Emotion, fourth edition (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2005), p. 143.
23
Dan Ariely, Uri Gneezy, George Lowenstein, and Nina Mazar, «Large Stakes and Big Mistakes,» Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Working Paper No. 05–11 (23 July 2005). Краткий обзор этого и других исследований Дэна Ариэли можно найти в статье: «What’s the Value of a Big Bonus?» The New York Times (20 November 2008).
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«LSE: When performance-related pay backfires,» The Financial (25 June 2009).
25
Sam Glucksberg, «The influence of strength of drive on functional fixedness and perceptual recognition,» Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 63 (1962); Sam Glucksberg, «Problem Solving: Response Competition Under the Influence of Drive,» Psychological Reports. Vol. 15 (1964).
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Theresa M. Amabile, Elise Phillips, & Marry Ann Collins, «Person and Environment in Talent Development: The Case of Creativity,» in Talent Development: Proceedings from the 1993 Henry B. and Jocelyn Wallace National Research Symposium on Talent Development, edited by Nicholas Colangelo, Susan G. Assouline, and DeAnn L. Ambroson (Ohio Psychology Press, 1993), p. 273–274.
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Jean Kathryn Carney, «Intrinsic Motivation and Artistic Success,» The University of Chicago (unpublished dissertation, 1986); J. W. Getzels and Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, The Creative Vision: A longitudinal study of problem-finding in art (Wiley Interscience, 1976).
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Theresa M. Amabile, Creativity in Context (Westview Press, 1996), p. 119; James C. Kaufman (ed) and Robert J. Sternberg (ed), The International Handbook of Creativity (Cambridge University Press, 2006), p. 18.
29
Richard Titmuss, The Gift Relationship: From Human Blood to Social Policy, Expanded and Updated Edition, edited by Ann Oakley and John Ashton (The New Press, 1997).
30
Carl Mellstrom & Magnus Johannesson, «Crowding Out in Blood Donation: Was Titmuss Right?» Journal of the European Economic Association. Vol. 6. No. 4 (June 2008).
31
В ходе другого исследования было обнаружено, что денежное поощрение оказывалось особенно неэффективным в том случае, если благотворительный акт носил публичный характер. См.: Dan Ariely, Anat Bracha, & Stephan Meier, «Doing Good or Doing Well? Image Motivation and Monetary Incentives in Behaving Prosocially,» Federal Reserve Bank of Boston Working Paper No. 07–9 (August 2007).
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Bruno S. Frey, Not Just for the Money: An Economic Theory of Personal Motivation (Edward Elgar Publishing, 1997), p. 84.
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Nicola Lacetera & Mario Macias, «Motivating Altruism: A Field Study,» Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Paper No. 3770 (October 28, 2008).
34
Lisa D. Ordonez, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Adam D. Galinsky, & Max H. Braverman, «Goals Gone Wild: The Systematic Side Effects of Over-Prescribing Goal Setting,» Harvard Business School Working Paper No. 09–083 (February 2009).
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Peter Applebome, «When Grades Are Fixed in College-Entrance Derby,» The New York Times (7 March 2009).
36
Uri Gneezy & Aldo Rustichini, «A Fine is a Price,» Journal of Legal Studies, vol. XXIX (January 2000).
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Gneezy & Rustichini, p. 3 & p. 7 (выделено мной).
38
Anton Souvorov, «Addiction to Rewards,» презентация, представленная на European Winter Meeting Эконометрического общества, 25 октября 2003. Бюллетень доступен по адресу: http://www.cemfi.es/research/conferences/ewm/Anton/addict_new6.pdf.
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Brian Knutson, Charles M. Adams, Grace W. Fong, and Daniel Hommer, «Anticipation of Increasing Monetary Reward Selectively Recruits Nucleus Accumbens,» The Journal of Neuroscience. Vol. 21 (2001).
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Camelia M. Kuhnen and Brian Knutson, «The Neural Basis of Financial Risk Taking,» Neuron. Vol. 47 (September 2005).
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Mei Cheng, K. R. Subramanyam, Yuan Zhang, «Earnings Guidance and Managerial Myopia,» SSRN Working Paper. No. 854 515 (November 2005).
42
Lisa D. Ordonez, Maurice E. Schweitzer, Adam D. Galinsky, & Max H. Braverman, «Goals Gone Wild: The Systematic Side Effects of Over-Prescribing Goal Setting,» Harvard Business School Working Paper. No. 09–083 (February 2009).
43
Roland Benabou and Jean Tirole, «Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation,» Review of Economic Studies. Vol. 70 (2003).
44
Edward L. Deci, Richard Koestner, & Richard M. Ryan, «Extrinsic Rewards and Intrinsic Motivation in Education: Reconsidered Once Again,» Review of Educational Research. Vol. 71. No. 1 (Spring 2001).
45
Dan Ariely, «What’s the Value of a Big Bonus?» The New York Times (20 November 2008)
46
Theresa Amabile, Creativity in Context (Westview, 1996), p. 175.
47
Deci, Ryan, and Koestner.
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Theresa Amabile, Creativity in Context (Westview, 1996), p. 117.
49
Deci, Ryan, and Koestner.
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Amabile, p. 119.
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Richard M. Ryan & Edward L. Deci, Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Weil- Being, American Psychologist. Vol. 55, January 200, p. 68.
52
Meyer Friedman, M. D. & Ray H. Rosenman, M. D., Type A Behavior and Your Heart (Alfred A. Knopf, Inc., 1974), p. 4.
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Friedman & Rosenman, p. 70.
54
Douglas McGregor, The Human Side of Enterprise: 25th Anniversary Printing (McGraw-Hill, 1985), p. 33–34.
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Ryan & Deci, American Psychologist (January 2000).
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Edward L. Deci and Richard M. Ryan, «Facilitating Optimal Motivation and Psychological Well-Being Across Life’s Domains,» Canadian Psychology, Vol. 49, No. 1 (Feb. 2008).
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Valery Chirkov, Richard M. Ryan, Youngmee. Kim, & Ulas Kaplan, «Differentiating autonomy from individualism and independence: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization of cultural orientations and well-being,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 84 (January 2003). Joe Devine, Laura Camfield, and Ian Gough, «Autonomy or Dependence — or Both? Perspectives from Bangladesh,» Journal of Happiness Studies. Vol. 9. No. 1 (January 2008).
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Deci & Ryan, Canadian Psychology.
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Paul P. Baard, Edward L. Deci & Richard M. Ryan, «Intrinsic Need Satisfaction: A Motivational Basis of Performance and Well-Being in Two Work Settings,» Journal of Applied Social Psychology. Vol. 34 (2004).
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Francis Green, Demanding Work: The Paradox of Job Quality in the Affluent Economy (Princeton University Press, 2006).
61
«Atlassian’s 20% Time Experiment,» Atlassian Developer Blog, post by Mike Cannon-Brookes on 10 March 2008.
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Цит. по: Harvard Business Essentials: Managing Creativity and Innovation (Harvard Business School Publishing Company, 2003), p. 109.
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Цит. по: Ben Casnocha, «Success on the Side,» The American: The Journal of the American Enterprise Institute (April 2009). Прекрасный анализ принятой в компании 3M практики приводится в кн.: Коллинз Д., Поррас Д. Построенные навечно. — М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2005. (James C. Collins & Jerry L. Porras, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies. Harper Business Essentials, 2002).
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Erin Hayes, «Google’s 20 Percent Factor,» ABC News (12 May 2008).
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V. Dion Hayes, «What Nurses Want,» Washington Post (13 September 2008).
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Селигман М. В поисках счастья. — М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2011. (Martin Seligman, Authentic Happiness: Using the New Positive Psychology to Realize Your Potential for Lasting Fulfillment. Free Press, 2004, p. 178). Paul R. Verkuil, Martin Seligman, & Terry Kang, «Countering Lawyer Unhappiness: Pessimism, Decision Latitude and the Zero-Sum Dilemma Cardozo Law School, Public Research Paper. No. 19 (September 2000).
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Kennon M. Sheldon & Lawrence S. Krieger, «Understanding the Negative Effects of Legal Education on Law Students: A Longitudinal Test of Self- Determination Theory,» Personality and Social Psychology bulletin. Vol. 33 (June 2007).
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William H. Rehnquist, The Legal Profession Today, 62 Ind. L.J. 151, 153 (1987).
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Jonathan D. Glater, «Economy Pinches the Billable Hour at Law Firms,» The New York Times (29 January 2009).
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Cali Ressler & Jody Thompson, Why Work Sucks and How to Fix It (Portfolio, 2008).
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Tamara J. Erickson, Task, Not Time: Profile of a Gen Y Job, Harvard Business Review (Feb. 2008).
72
Diane Brady & Jena McGregor, «Customer Service Champs,» BusinessWeek (2 March 2009).
73
Martha Frase-Blunt, «Call Centers Come Home,» HR Magazine (January 2007); Ann Bednarz, «Call centers are heading for home,» Network World (30 January 2006).
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Paul Restuccia, «What will jobs of the future be? Creativity, self-direction valued,» Boston Herald (12 Feb. 2007). Gary Hamel, The Future of Management (Harvard Business School Press, 2007).
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Julie Bick, «The Google Way: Give Engineers Room,» The New York Times (21 October 2007).
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См., например: S. Parker, T. Wall, and P. Hackson, «That’s Not My Job: Developing Flexible Employee Work Orientations,» Academy of Management Journal (1997).
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Marylene Gagne & Edward L. Deci, «Self-Determination theory and work motivation,» Journal of Organizational Behavior (2005).
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Jack Zenger, Joe Folkman, & Scott Edinger, «How Extraordinary Leaders Double Profits,» Chief Learning Officer (July 2009).
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Rick Kirkland, ed., What Matters? Ten Questions That Will Shape Our Future, McKinsey Management Institute 2009, p. 80.
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Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play, 25th Anniversary Edition (Jossey-Bass, 2000), p. xix.
81
Ann March, «The Art of Work,» Fast Company (August 2005).
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Это мнение было высказано и Чиксентмихайи, и Энн Марч. См.: «The Art of Work,» Fast Company (August 2005).
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Henry Sauerman & Wesley Cohen, «What Makes Them Tick? Employee Motives and Firm Innovation,» NBER Working Paper. No. 14 443 (October 2008).
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Amy Wrzesniewski & Jane E. Dutton, «Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees As Active Crafters Of Their Work,» Academy of Management Review. Vol. 26 (2001)
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Carol S. Dweck, Self -Theories: Their Role in Motivation, Personality, and Development (Psychology Press, 2000), p. 17.
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Carol S. Dweck, p. 17.
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Angela L. Duckworth, Christopher Peterson, Michael D. Matthews and Dennis R. Kelly, «Grit: Perserverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 92 (January 2007).
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K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, & Clemens Tesch Romer, «The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance,» Psychological Review. Vol. 100 (December 1992).
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Geoff Colvin, Talented is Overrated: What Really Separates World-Class Performers from Everybody Else (Portfolio, 2009); Malcolm Gladwell, Outliers: The Story of Success (Little Brown, 2009).
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Daniel F. Chambliss, «The Mundanity of Excellence: An Ethnographic Report on Stratification and Olympic Swimmers,» Sociological Theory (1989).
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Angela L. Duckworth, Christopher Peterson, Michael D. Matthews and Dennis R. Kelly, «Grit: Perserverance and Passion for Long-Term Goals,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. Vol. 92 (January 2007).
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Carol S. Dweck, p. 41.
93
Clyde Haberman, «David Halberstam, 73, Reporter and Author, Dies,» The New York Times (24 April 2007).
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Цит. по: David Galenson, Painting Outside the Lines: Patterns of Creativity in Modern Art (Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 53. См. также: Daniel H. Pink, «What Kind of Genius Are You?» Wired (July 2006).
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Это исследование детально описано в книге Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, Beyond Boredom and Anxiety.
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Mihalyi Csikszentmihalyi, Op.cit., p. 190.
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United Nations Statistics Division, Gender Info 2007, Table 3a (2007). http://www.devinfo.info/genderinfo/.
98
«Oldest Boomers Turn 60,» U. S. Census Bureau Facts for Features. No. CB06-FFSE.01–2 (3 January 2006).
99
Gary Hamel, «Moon Shots for Management,» Harvard Business Review (February 2009).
100
Sylvia Hewlett, «The ‘Me’ generation gives way to the ‘We’ generation,» Financial Times (19 June 2009).
101
Marjorie Kelly, «Not Just For Profit,» strategy+business, Issue 54, Spring 2009, p. 5.
102
Kelly Holland, «Is It Time to Re-Train B-Schools?» The New York Times (14 March 2009); Katharine Mangan, «Survey Finds Widespread Cheating in M. B. A. Programs,» The Chronicle of Higher Education (19 September 2006).
103
См. клятву MBA на сайте: http://mbaoath.org/about/history.
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Gary Hamel, «Moon Shots for Management,» Harvard Business Review (February 2009).
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Robert B. Reich, «The ‘Pronoun Test’ for Success,» Washington Post (28 July 1993).
106
«Evaluating Your Business Ethics: A Harvard professor explains why good people do unethical things,» Gallup Management Journal (12 June 2008).
107
Elizabeth W. Dunn, Lara B. Ankin & Michael I. Norton, «Spending Money on Others Promotes Happiness,» Science. Vol. 21 (March 2008).
108
Drake Bennett, «Happiness: A buyer’s guide,» Boston Globe (23 August 2009).
109
Tait Shanafelt, et al, «Career fit and burnout among academic faculty,» Archives of Internal Medicine (May 2009).
110
Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan, & Edward L. Deci, «The path taken: Consequences of attaining intrinsic and extrinsic aspirations,» Journal of Research in Personality. Vol. 43 (2009).
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Niemiec, Ryan, & Deci (2009).