265. Kakuda T. Neuroprotective effects of theanine and its preventive effects on cognitive dysfunction. Pharmacol Res. 2011;64:162–68. https://europepmc.org/article/med/21477654
266. Yamada T, Terashima T, Okubo T, Juneja LR, Yokogoshi H. Effects of theanine, r-glutamylethylamide, on neurotransmitter release and its relationship with glutamic acid neurotransmission. Nutr Neurosci. 2005;8:219–26. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16493792/
267. Kobayashi K, Nagato Y, Aoi N, Juneja LR, Kim M, Yamamoto T, et al. Effects of L-theanine on the release of alpha-brain waves in human volunteers. Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan. 1998. http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=JP1998003883
268. Juneja LR, Chu D-C, Okubo T, Nagato Y, Yokogoshi H. L-theanine – a unique amino acid of green tea and its relaxation effect in humans. Trends Food Sci Technol. 1999;10:199–204. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/ abs/pii/S0924224499000448
269. Nobre AC, Rao A, Owen GN. L-theanine, a natural constituent in tea, and its effect on mental state. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 2008;17 Suppl 1:167–68. https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18296328/
270. Gomez-Ramirez M, Kelly SP, Montesi JL, Foxe JJ. The effects of L-theanine on alpha-band oscillatory brain activity during a visuo-spatial attention task. Brain Topogr. 2009;22:44–51. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18841456/
271. Higashiyama A, Htay HH, Ozeki M, Juneja LR, Kapoor MP. Effects of l-theanine on attention and reaction time response. J Funct Foods. 2011;3:171–78. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/ S1756464611000351
272. Dietz C, Dekker M. Effect of green tea phytochemicals on mood and cognition. Curr Pharm Des. 2017;23:2876–905. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28056735/
273. Williams JL, Everett JM, D’Cunha NM, Sergi D, Georgousopoulou EN, Keegan RJ, et al. The effects of green tea amino acid L-theanine consumption on the ability to manage stress and anxiety levels: a systematic review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 2020;75:12–23. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31758301/
274. Lyon MR, Kapoor MP, Juneja LR. The effects of L-theanine (Suntheanine®) on objective sleep quality in boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Altern Med Rev. 2011;16:348–54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 22214254/
275. Kim S, Jo K, Hong K-B, Han SH, Suh HJ. GABA and l-theanine mixture decreases sleep latency and improves NREM sleep. Pharm Biol. 2019;57:65–73. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30707852/
276. Jang H-S, Jung JY, Jang I-S, Jang K-H, Kim S-H, Ha J-H, et al. L-theanine partially counteracts caffeine-induced sleep disturbances in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2012;101:217–21. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 22285321/
277. Kakuda T, Nozawa A, Unno T, Okamura N, Okai O. Inhibiting effects of theanine on caffeine stimulation evaluated by EEG in the rat. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem. 2000;64:287–93. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 10737183/
278. Shinjyo N, Waddell G, Green J. Valerian root in treating sleep problems and associated disorders – a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Evid Based Integr Med. 2020;25:2515690X20967323. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 33086877/
279. Thapa BR. Health factors in colostrum. Indian J Pediatr. 2005;72:579–81. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16077241/
280. Sienkiewicz M, Szymańska P, Fichna J. Supplementation of bovine colostrum in inflammatory bowel disease: benefits and contraindications. Adv Nutr. 2020;12:533–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/advances/nmaa120
281. Li J, Xu Y-W, Jiang J-J, Song Q-K. Bovine colostrum and product intervention associated with relief of childhood infectious diarrhea. Sci Rep. 2019;9:3093. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-39644-x
282. Marchbank T, Davison G, Oakes JR, Ghatei MA, Patterson M, Moyer MP, et al. The nutriceutical bovine colostrum truncates the increase in gut permeability caused by heavy exercise in athletes. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2011;300:G477–84. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 21148400/
283. Davison G, Marchbank T, March DS, Thatcher R, Playford RJ. Zinc carnosine works with bovine colostrum in truncating heavy exercise-induced increase in gut permeability in healthy volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;104:526–36. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27357095/
284. March DS, Jones AW, Thatcher R, Davison G. The effect of bovine colostrum supplementation on intestinal injury and circulating intestinal bacterial DNA following exercise in the heat. Eur J Nutr. 2019;58:1441–51. https:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6561991/
285. Hałasa M, Maciejewska D, Baśkiewicz-Hałasa M, Machaliński B, Safranow K, Stachowska E. Oral supplementation with bovine colostrum decreases intestinal permeability and stool concentrations of zonulin in athletes. Nutrients. 2017;9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9040370
286. Achamrah N, Déchelotte P, Coëffier M. Glutamine and the regulation of intestinal permeability: from bench to bedside. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20:86–91. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27749689/
287. Rao R, Samak G. Role of glutamine in protection of intestinal epithelial tight junctions. J Epithel Biol Pharmacol. 2012;5:47–54. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25810794/
288. Potsic B, Holliday N, Lewis P, Samuelson D, DeMarco V, Neu J. Glutamine supplementation and deprivation: effect on artificially reared rat small intestinal morphology. Pediatr Res. 2002;52:430–36. https://www.nature.com/articles/pr2002202
289. Lima AAM, Brito LFB, Ribeiro HB, Martins MCV, Lustosa AP, Rocha EM, et al. Intestinal barrier function and weight gain in malnourished children taking glutamine supplemented enteral formula. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2005;40:28–35. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15625423/
290. Hulsewé KWE, van Acker BAC, Hameeteman W, van der Hulst RRWJ, Vainas T, Arends J-W, et al. Does glutamine-enriched parenteral nutrition really affect intestinal morphology and gut permeability? Clin Nutr. 2004;23:1217– 25. https://www.academia.edu/23494101/Does_glutamine-enriched_parenteral_nutrition_really_affect_intestinal_morphology_and_gut _permeability
291. Zuhl M, Dokladny K, Mermier C, Schneider S, Salgado R, Moseley P. The effects of acute oral glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced gastrointestinal permeability and heat shock protein expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Cell Stress Chaperones. 2015;20:85–93. https:// pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25062931/
292. Pugh JN, Sage S, Hutson M, Doran DA, Fleming SC, Highton J, et al. Glutamine supplementation reduces markers of intestinal permeability during running in the heat in a dose-dependent manner. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2017;117:2569–77. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29058112/
293. L’Huillier C, Jarbeau M, Achamrah N, Belmonte L, Amamou A, Nobis S, et al. Glutamine, but not branched-chain amino acids, restores intestinal barrier function during activity-based anorexia. Nutrients. 2019;11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061348
294. Slavin JL, Greenberg NA. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum: clinical nutrition uses. Nutrition. 2003;19:549–52. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 12781858/
295. Quartarone G. Role of PHGG as a dietary fiber: a review article. Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2013;59:329–40. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ 24212352/
296. Giannini EG, Mansi C, Dulbecco P, Savarino V. Role of partially hydrolyzed guar gum in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome. Nutrition. 2006;22:334–42. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16413751/
297. Polymeros D, Beintaris I, Gaglia A, Karamanolis G, Papanikolaou IS, Dimitriadis G, et al. Partially hydrolyzed guar gum accelerates colonic transit time and improves symptoms in adults with chronic constipation. Dig Dis Sci. 2014;59:2207–14. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24711073/
298. Parisi G, Bottona E, Carrara M, Cardin F, Faedo A, Goldin D, et al. Treatment effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on symptoms and quality of life of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. A multicenter randomized open trial. Dig Dis Sci. 2005;50:1107–12. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15986863/
299. Niv E, Halak A, Tiommny E, Yanai H, Strul H, Naftali T, et al. Randomized clinical study: partially hydrolyzed guar gum (PHGG) versus placebo in the treatment of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Nutr Metab. 2016;13:10. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26855665/
300. Yasukawa Z, Inoue R, Ozeki M, Okubo T, Takagi T, Honda A, et al. Effect of repeated consumption of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on fecal characteristics and gut microbiota: a randomized, double-blind, placebocontrolled, and parallel-group clinical trial. Nutrients. 2019;11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11092170.
301. Reider SJ, Moosmang S, Tragust J, Trgovec-Greif L, Tragust S, Perschy L, et al. Prebiotic effects of partially hydrolyzed guar gum on the composition and function of the human microbiota – results from the PAGODA Trial. Nutrients. 2020;12. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/ PMC7281958/
302. Skrovanek S, DiGuilio K, Bailey R, Huntington W, Urbas R, Mayilvaganan B, et al. Zinc and gastrointestinal disease. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2014;5:496–513. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25400994/
303. Siva S, Rubin DT, Gulotta G, Wroblewski K, Pekow J. Zinc deficiency is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2017;23:152–57. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27930412/
304. Sturniolo GC, Di Leo V, Ferronato A, D’Odorico A, D’Incа R. Zinc supplementation tightens “leaky gut” in Crohn’s disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2001;7:94–98. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11383597/
305. Sturniolo GC, Fries W, Mazzon E, Di Leo V, Barollo M, D’inca R. Effect of zinc supplementation on intestinal permeability in experimental colitis. J Lab Clin Med. 2002;139:311–15. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032492/