Еда для радости. Записки диетолога — страница 19 из 20

Глава 11. Ешьте полезный жир! (Но без фанатизма.)

Насыщенные, ненасыщенные, трансжиры

1. Food Fact Sheet. Fats. The British Dietetic Association. 2018 (https://www.bda.uk.com/uploads/assets/84f584f6-9294-4a5f-8012bf20e7bedd56/Fat-food-fact-sheet.pdf).

2. Mozaffarian D. Dietary fat. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dietary-fat).

3. Oils and Fats. Institute of Food Science and Technology. 2017 (https://www.ifst.org/resources/information-statements/oils-and-fats).

4. WHO plan to eliminate industrially-produced trans-fatty acids from global food supply. WHO. 2018 (https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/14–05–2018-who-plan-to-eliminate-industrially-produced-trans-fatty-acids-from-global-food-supply).

5. О нормировании содержания трансизомеров жирных кислот в продуктах питания. “Гарант. ру”. 2018 (https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/71761362/).

Жиры в еде и в организме

6. Sizer F., Whitney E. Nutrition: Concepts and Controversies (13th ed.). Brooks Cole, 2013.

7. Rosenson R. S. Lipoprotein classification, metabolism, and role in atherosclerosis. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lipoprotein-classification-metabolism-and-role-in-atherosclerosis).

8. Tangney C. C., Rosenson R. S. Lipid management with diet or dietary supplements. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lipid-management-with-diet-or-dietary-supplements).

9. Hooper L., Martin N., Abdelhamid A., Davey Smith G. Reduction in saturated fat intake for cardiovascular disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2015; (6): CD011737.

10. Scientific Report of the 2015 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee. Washington, DC: DHHS/USDA, 2015 (https://ods.od.nih.gov/pubs/2015_DGAC_Scientific_Report.pdf).

11. Anderson C. A., Appel L. J. Dietary modification and CVD prevention: a matter of fat. JAMA. 2006; 295(6): 693–695.

12. Mozaffarian D. Dietary fat. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/dietary-fat).

Скандальная пальма

13. Сизов А. Место под пальмой: должны ли потребители знать о еде все. “РБК”. 2016 (https://www.rbc.ru/opinions/society/25/04/2016/571de3e59a7947477f4526c6).

14. Шилина Н. М. Экспертный взгляд на роль жиров в детском питании. “Педиатрическая фармакология”. 2014; 11(1): 38–42.

15. О введении в действие Санитарных правил. Постановление № 36 Главного государственного санитарного врача РФ (ред. от 06.07.2011). 2011 (http://www.consultant.ru/document/conshttps://www.miloserdie.ru/article/nervnaya-anoreksiya-ne-nachinaetsya-ot-togo-chto-kto-to-skazal-ty-tolstayadoc_LAW_5214/).

16. Tullis P. How the world got hooked on palm oil. The Guardian. 2019 (https://www.theguardian.com/news/2019/feb/19/palm-oil-ingredient-biscuits-shampoo-environmental).

17. Технический регламент Таможенного союза 024/2011 на масложировую продукцию. Комиссия Таможенного союза. 2011 (http://www.tehreg.ru/TP_TC/TP_TC_024_2011/TP_TC_024_2011.htm).

18. Voon P. T., Lee S. T., Ng T. et al. Intake of Palm Olein and Lipid Status in Healthy Adults: A Meta-Analysis. Advances in nutrition. 2019; 10(4): 647–659.

19. Oils and Fats. Institute of Food Science and Technology. 2017 (https://www.ifst.org/resources/information-statements/oils-and-fats).

Кокосовое масло: а был ли суперфуд?

20. St-Onge M. P., Jones P. J. Greater rise in fat oxidation with medium-chain triglyceride consumption relative to long-chain triglyceride is associated with lower initial body weight and greater loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue. International journal of obesity and related metabolic disorders. 2003; 27(12): 1565–1571.

21. Coconut Oil. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health (https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/food-features/coconut-oil/).

Скажите точно, на чем жарить!

22. Choosing cooking oils. The National Heart Foundation of New Zealand. 2018 (https://www.heartfoundation.org.nz/about-us/news/blogs/choosing-cooking-oils).

23. Sanchez-Muniz F. J. Oils and fats: changes due to culinary and industrial processes. International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. 2006; 76(4): 230–237.

24. Casal S., Malheiro R., Sendas A. et al. Olive oil stability under deep-frying conditions. Food and chemical toxicology. 2010; 48(10): 2972–2979.

25. Eating fried foods tied to increased risk of diabetes, heart disease. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 2014 (https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/eating-fried-foods-tied-to-increased-risk-of-diabetes-and-heart-disease/).

26. Healthier takeaways. NHS. 2018 (https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/healthier-takeaways).

27. Gadiraju T. V., Patel Y., Gaziano J. M. et al. Fried Food Consumption and Cardiovascular Health: A Review of Current Evidence. Nutrients. 2015; 7(10): 8424–8430.

28. Cahill L. E., Pan A., Chiuve S. E. et al. Fried-food consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and coronary artery disease: a prospective study in 2 cohorts of US women and men. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2014; 100(2): 667–675.

29. Chemicals in Meat Cooked at High Temperatures and Cancer Risk. National Cancer Institute. 2017 (https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/causes-prevention/risk/diet/cooked-meats-fact-sheet).

Модное течение – кетогенная диета

30. Schwenke K. D. Justus von Liebig and nutrition science – reflections on his animal chemistry in the light of science history (part 1). Ernährungs Umschau. 2003; 50(2): 54.

31. Шелл Э. Р. Голодный ген. СПб.: “Амфора”, 2004.

32. Banting W. Letter on Corpulence Addressed to the Public. The Project Gutenberg. 2018 (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/57545/57545-h/57545-h.htm).

33. Morrissy-Swan T. Arsenic, tapeworms, and cigarettes: the ten weirdest fad diets of all time. The Telegraph. 2018 (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/health-fitness/nutrition/arsenic-tapeworms-cigarettes-ten-weirdest-fad-diets-time/).

34. Devkota B. P. Ketones. Medscape. 2015 (https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2087982-overview).

35. Kossoff E. Ketogenic dietary therapies for the treatment of epilepsy. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ketogenic-dietary-therapies-for-the-treatment-of-epilepsy).

36. Neal E. G., Chaffe H., Schwartz R. H. et al. A randomized trial of classical and medium-chain triglyceride ketogenic diets in the treatment of childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2009; 50(5): 1109–1117.

37. Sharma S., Sankhyan N., Gulati S., Agarwala A. Use of the modified Atkins diet for treatment of refractory childhood epilepsy: a randomized controlled trial. Epilepsia. 2013; 54(3): 481–486.

38. Kossoff E. H., Zupec-Kania B. A., Auvin S. et. al. Optimal clinical management of children receiving dietary therapies for epilepsy: Updated recommendations of the International Ketogenic Diet Study Group. Epilepsia open. 2018; 3(2): 175–192.

Радости кетоза и прочий биохакинг

39. Last A. R., Wilson S. A. Low-carbohydrate diets. American family physician. 2006; 73(11): 1942–1948.

40. Stern L., Iqbal N., Seshadri P. et. al. The effects of low-carbohydrate versus conventional weight loss diets in severely obese adults: one-year follow-up of a randomized trial. Annals of internal medicine. 2004; 140(10): 778–785.

41. Mazidi M., Katsiki N., Mikhailidis D. P. et. al. Lower carbohydrate diets and all-cause and cause-specific mortality: a population-based cohort study and pooling of prospective studies. European heart journal. 2019; 40(34): 2870–2879.

42. Crislip M. Causation and Hill’s Criteria. Science-Based Medicine. 2010 (https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/causation-and-hills-criteria/).

Диета, которая перестроит мозг?

43. Do You Recommend a Ketogenic Diet to Your Patients? Medscape. 2019 (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/913346).

44. Freedhoff Y. The Low-Carb Community Is Its Own Worst Enemy. Medscape. 2019 (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/916329).

45. Joshi S., Ostfeld R. J., McMacken M. The Ketogenic Diet for Obesity and Diabetes-Enthusiasm Outpaces Evidence. JAMA internal medicine. 2019; 179(9): 1163–1164.

46. Napoli E., Dueñas N., Giulivi C. Potential therapeutic use of the ketogenic diet in autism spectrum disorders. Frontiers in pediatrics. 2014; 2: 69.

47. Hyman S. L., Levy S. E., Myers S. M. Identification, Evaluation, and Management of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pediatrics. 2020; 145(1): e20193447.

48. Robinson M., Brodwin E. The startup behind chewable coffee is launching a performance-enhancing ‘superhuman fuel’ – we gave it a try. Business Insider Singapore. 2017 (https://www.businessinsider.sg/what-is-ketone-ester-ketosis-hvmn-2017–10/?r=US&IR=T).

И еще (не)много исследований

49. Gardner C. D., Trepanowski J. F., Del Gobbo L. C. et al. Effect of Low-Fat vs Low-Carbohydrate Diet on 12-Month Weight Loss in Overweight Adults and the Association With Genotype Pattern or Insulin Secretion: The DIETFITS Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018; 319(7): 667–679.

50. Busko M. It’s a Draw! Low-Fat or Low-Carb Diets Equally Good, Finds Study. Medscape. 2018 (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/892859).

Глава 12. Рыба или таблетка?

Гренландский парадокс

1. Bang H. O., Dyerberg J., Nielsen A. B. Plasma lipid and lipoprotein pattern in Greenlandic West-coast Eskimos. The Lancet. 1971; 1(7710): 1143–1145.

2. Bang H. O., Dyerberg J., Hjøorne N. The composition of food consumed by Greenland Eskimos. Acta medica Scandinavica. 1976; 200(1–2): 69–73.

3. Higdon J., Drake V. J., Angelo G. et al. Essential Fatty Acids. Oregon State University. 2020 (https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/other-nutrients/essential-fatty-acids#-authors-reviewers).

4. What We Eat in America, NHANES2015–2016. USDA. 2018 (https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400530/pdf/1516/Table_1_NIN_GEN_15.pdf).

5. Burdge G. C., Calder P. C. Conversion of alpha-linolenic acid to longer-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in human adults. Reproduction, nutrition, development. 2005; 45(5): 581–597.

6. Gabbs M., Leng S., Devassy J. G. et al. Advances in Our Understanding of Oxylipins Derived from Dietary PUFAs. Advances in nutrition. 2015; 6(5): 513–540.

7. James M., Proudman S., Cleland L. Fish oil and rheumatoid arthritis: past, present and future. The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2010; 69(3): 316–323.

8. Omega-3 Fatty Acids. Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. NIH. 2019 (https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3FattyAcids-HealthProfessional/).

9. Fumagalli M., Moltke I., Grarup N.et al. Greenlandic Inuit show genetic signatures of diet and climate adaptation. Science. 2015; 349(6254): 1343–1347.

10. Sanders R. What the Inuit can tell us about omega-3 fats and ‘paleo’ diets. Berkeley News. 2015 (https://news.berkeley.edu/2015/09/17/what-the-inuit-can-tell-us-about-omega-3-fats-and-paleo-diets/).

Знайте рыбу в лицо

11. Mozaffarian D., Rimm E. B. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA. 2006; 296(15): 1885–1899.

12. Fish, salmon, pink, cooked, dry heat. U. S. Department of Agriculture. 2019 (https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/172001/nutrients). – Данные о пищевой ценности и содержании питательных веществ в запеченной горбуше.

13. Fish, mackerel, Pacific and jack, mixed species, cooked, dry heat. U. S. Department of Agriculture. 2019 (https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/171994/nutrients). – Данные о пищевой ценности и содержании питательных веществ в запеченной скумбрии.

14. Schmidt-Nielsen K. Animal Physiology: Adaptation and Environment (5th ed.) Cambridge University Press, 1997.

15. Ross A. C. Modern nutrition in health and disease (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.

16. Fish and shellfish. NHS. 2018 (https://www.nhs.uk/live-well/eat-well/fish-and-shell-fish-nutrition/). – Дополнительная информация о рыбе и морепродуктах на сайте Национальной службы здравоохранения Британии.

17. Vollwertig essen und trinken nach den 10 Regeln der DGE. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Ernährung e. V. (http://www.dge.de/ernaehrungspraxis/vollwertige-ernaehrung/10-regeln-der-dge/). – Рекомендации Немецкого общества здорового питания.

18. Safe use of fish. Finnish Food Authority. 2019 (https://www.ruokavirasto.fi/en/private-persons/information-on-food/instructions-for-safe-use-of-foodstuffs/safe-use-of-foodstuffs/safe-use-of-fish/). – Рекомендации Финского агентства по продовольственной безопасности по поводу рыбы.

19. 2015–2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans (8th ed.). U. S. Department of Health and Human Services and U. S. Department of Agriculture, 2015 (http://health.gov/dietaryguidelines/2015/guidelines/).

20. Weekly servings of fish to achieve 250 mg/day of EPA + DHA. UpToDate. 2017 (https://sa1s3.patientpop.com/assets/docs/177977.pdf).

21. Corliss J. Finding omega-3 fats in fish: Farmed versus wild. Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 2015 (https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/finding-omega-3-fats-in-fish-farmed-versus-wild-201512238909).

22. Toppe J. Farmed fish: a major provider or a major consumer of omega-3 oils? Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (http://www.fao.org/in-action/globefish/fishery-information/resource-detail/en/c/338773/).

23. Advice about Eating Fish. FDA. 2019 (https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/advice-about-eating-fish).

24. Questions & Answers from the FDA/EPA Advice about Eating Fish for Women Who Are or Might Become Pregnant, Breastfeeding Mothers, and Young Children. FDA. 2019 (https://www.fda.gov/food/consumers/questions-answers-fdaepa-advice-about-eating-fish-women-who-are-or-might-become-pregnant).

25. Управление Роспотребнадзора по г. Москве контролирует безопасность рыбы и морепродуктов. Роспотребнадзор. 2019 (http://77.rospotrebnadzor.ru/index.php/san-epid/40-2009-08-20-06-08-14/7376-upravlenie-rospotrebnadzora-pog-moskve-kontroliruet-bezopasnost-ryby-i-moreproduktov).

Это вкусно и полезно

26. Is Fish Smelly? American Society for Nutrition. 2011 (https://nutrition.org/is-fish-smelly/).

27. ГОСТ 32366–2013 “Межгосударственный стандарт. Рыба мороженая. Технические условия (с Поправкой)”. М.: “Стандартинформ”, 2014 (http://docs.cntd.ru/document/1200105891).

28. Технический регламент Евразийского экономического союза “О безопасности рыбы и рыбной продукции” (ТР ЕАЭС 040/2016). Евразийская экономическая комиссия. 2016 (http://docs.cntd.ru/document/420394425).

29. Is it okay to eat fish every day? Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health. 2015 (https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/news/hsph-in-the-news/is-it-okay-to-eat-fish-every-day).

30. Weintraub K. Ask Well: Canned vs. Fresh Fish. The New York Times. 2015 (https://well.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/10/07/ask-well-canned-vs-fresh-fish-2).

31. Kołakowska A., Stypko K., Domiszewski Z. et al. Canned cod liver as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, with a reference to contamination. Die Nahrung. 2002; 46(1): 40–45.

Волшебная пилюля? Дайте две!

32. Mozaffarian D. Fish oil: Physiologic effects and administration. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/fish-oil-physiologic-effects-and-administration).

33. Greenberg P. Fool’s gold: what fish oil is doing to our health and the planet. The Guardian. 2018 (https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/jul/25/fish-oil-hype-health-planet-supplements-study-no-benefit).

34. Mikulic M. Global omega-3 supplement market size 2016 vs. 2025. Statista. 2017 (https://www.statista.com/statistics/758383/omega-3-supplement-market-size-worldwide/#statisticContainer).

35. Мотова Е. Говорят, для здоровья нужно принимать омегу-3. Правда? Meduza. 2020 (https://meduza.io/cards/govoryat-dlya-zdorovya-nuzhno-prinimat-omegu-3-pravda).

36. Omega-3 Fatty Acids. NIH. 2019 (https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Omega3Fat-tyAcids-HealthProfessional/).

37. Kwak S. M., Myung S. K., Lee Y. J., Seo H. G. Korean Meta-analysis Study Group. Efficacy of omega-3 fatty acid supplements (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Archives of internal medicine. 2012; 172(9): 686–694.

38. Chowdhury R., Stevens S., Gorman D. et al. Association between fish consumption, long chain omega 3 fatty acids, and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2012; 345: e6698.

39. Aung T., Halsey J., Kromhout D. et al. Associations of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplement Use With Cardiovascular Disease Risks: Meta-analysis of 10 Trials Involving 77 917 Individuals. JAMA cardiology. 2018; 3(3): 225–234.

40. Chowdhury R., Warnakula S., Kunutsor S. et al. Association of dietary, circulating and supplement fatty acids with coronary risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine. 2014; 160(6): 398–406.

41. Abdelhamid A. S., Brown T. J., Brainard J. S. et al. Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. The Cochrane database of systematic reviews. 2018; 7(7): CD003177.

42. VASCEPA. FDA. 2019 (https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2019/202057s035lbl.pdf). – Инструкция по применению препарата “Васцепа”.

43. Brooks M. Two Fish-Oil Candidates Fail Late-Stage Tests. Medscape. 2020 (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/923823).

БАДы не лечат. (Спойлер: и не должны.)

44. Rapaport L. Herbal and Dietary Supplements Tied to Liver Damage. Medscape. 2016 (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/869907).

45. Гигиенические требования к организации производства и оборота биологически активных добавок к пище (БАД). Минздрав. 2003 (http://www.registrbad.ru/bad/index.php?id=30).

46. Маркировка и оформление лекарственных средств // Федеральный закон № 86-ФЗ “О лекарственных средствах”. 1998 (с изменениями от 2 января 2000 г. и 30 декабря 2001 г.) (https://base.garant.ru/3959107/7a58987b486424ad79b62aa427dab1df/).

47. Саркисян Д. БАДы – шарлатанство или все-таки они помогают? Омега-3 – хорошее средство? Важные вопросы о биологически активных добавках. Meduza. 2018 (https://meduza.io/feature/2018/05/12/bady-sharlatanstvo-ili-vse-taki-oni-pomogayut-omega-3-horoshee-sredstvo).

48. Garcia J. Undeclared Drugs Common in OTC Supplements, FDA Data Show. Medscape. 2018 (https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/903330).

49. Navarro V. J., Khan I., Björnsson E., Seeff L. B., Serrano J., Hoofna-gle J. H. Liver injury from herbal and dietary supplements. Hepatology. 2017; 65(1): 363–373.

50. Skulas-Ray A. C., Wilson P., Harris W. S. et al. Omega-3 Fatty Acids for the Management of Hypertriglyceridemia: A Science Advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2019; 140(12): e673–e691.

51. Hu Y., Hu F. B., Manson J. E. Marine Omega-3 Supplementation and Cardiovascular Disease: An Updated Meta-Analysis of 13 Randomized Controlled Trials Involving 127 477 Participants. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2019; 8(19): e013543.

52. Sleight P., Weissberg P., Samani N. et al. Effects of n-3 Fatty Acid Supplements in Diabetes Mellitus. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2018; 379(16): 1540–1550.

53. Manson J. E., Cook N. R., Lee I. M. et al. Marine n-3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2019; 380(1): 23–32.

54. Kitessa S. M., Abeywardena M., Wijesundera C. et al. DHA-containing oilseed: a timely solution for the sustainability issues surrounding fish oil sources of the health-benefitting long-chain omega-3 oils. Nutrients. 2014; 6(5): 2035–2058.

55. Trikalinos T. A., Lee J., Moorthy D. et al. Effects of Eicosapentanoic Acid and Docosahexanoic Acid on Mortality Across Diverse Settings: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials and Prospective Cohorts. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. 2012; 4(17): 1–23.

56. Arnett D. K., Blumenthal R. S., Albert M. A. et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019; 140(11): e596–e646.

Глава 13. Мясо и соль

Мясные войны

1. Macrae F. Colorectal cancer: Epidemiology, risk factors, and protective factors. Up-ToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/colorectal-cancer-epidemiology-risk-factors-and-protective-factors#H93030307).

2. Белков С. О дыме без огня. “Мясной эксперт”. 2019 (https://meat-expert.ru/articles/216-o-dyme-bez-ognya).

3. Micha R., Shulkin M. L., Peñalvo J. L. et al. Etiologic effects and optimal intakes of foods and nutrients for risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: Systematic reviews and meta-analyses from the Nutrition and Chronic Diseases Expert Group (NutriCoDE). PloS One. 2017; 12(4): e0175149.

4. Mozaffarian D. Should you avoid meat for good health? How to slice off the facts from the fiction. The Conversation. 2019 (https://theconversation.com/should-you-avoid-meat-for-good-health-how-to-slice-off-the-facts-from-the-fiction-127958).

5. Ritchie H., Roser M. Meat and Dairy Production. Our World in Data. 2017 (https://ourworldindata.org/meat-production).

6. Neuenschwander M., Ballon A., Weber K. S. et al. Role of diet in type 2 diabetes incidence: umbrella review of meta-analyses of prospective observational studies. BMJ. 2019; 366: l2368.

7. Limit red and processed meat. Eat no more than moderate amounts of red meat and little, if any, processed meat. World Cancer Research Found and American Institute for Cancer Research. 2018 (https://www.wcrf.org/dietandcancer/recommendations/limit-red-processed-meat).

Гормоны и антибиотики в мясе

8. Gerber P. J., Steinfeld H., Henderson B. et al. Tackling climate change through livestock – A global assessment of emissions and mitigation opportunities. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). 2013 (http://www.fao.org/3/a-i3437e.pdf).

9. Dowling L., Dunn L. Organic, grass fed and hormone-free: does this make red meat any healthier? The Conversation. 2018 (https://theconversation.com/organic-grass-fed-and-hormone-free-does-this-make-red-meat-any-healthier-92119).

10. Howe P., Buckley J., Meyer B. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in red meat. Nutrition & Dietetics. 2007; 64(s4): S135–S139.

11. Hormonal growth promotants in beef. Food Standards Australia & New Zealand. 2011 (https://www.foodstandards.gov.au/consumer/generalissues/hormonalgrowth/Pages/default.aspx).

12. Устойчивость к антибиотикам. ВОЗ. 2020 (https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance).

13. Европейский стратегический план действий по проблеме устойчивости к антибиотикам. ВОЗ. 2011 (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/147737/wd14R_AntibioticResistance_111383_lko.pdf).

14. О максимально допустимых уровнях остатков ветеринарных лекарственных средств (фармакологически активных веществ), которые могут содержаться в непереработанной пищевой продукции животного происхождения, в том числе в сырье, и методиках их определения. Евразийская экономическая комиссия. 2018 (http://www.consultant.ru/cons/cgi/online.cgi?req=doc&base=LAW&n=291077&-fld=134&dst=1000000001,0&rnd=0.3076139055051761#09516599929840983).

15. Организация системы контроля инфекционных болезней птиц, применения антимикробных препаратов и выпуска безопасной продукции птицеводства. СПб.: “Здоровье животных”, 2018 (https://spbgavm.ru/wp-content/uploads/2018/09/Организация-системы-контроля. pdf).

16. Карабут Т. Антибиотики пытаются взять под контроль. Решение ЕЭК о содержании ветпрепаратов в животном сырье вступило в силу. “Агроинвестор”. 2018 (https://www.agroinvestor.ru/technologies/article/30549-antibiotiki-pytayutsya-vzyat-pod-kontro/).

17. Загоровская В. Интервью со Светланой Щепеткиной, руководителем научного консультационного центра по разработке и трансферу системных технологий в ветеринарии и сельском хозяйстве ФГБОУ ВО СПбГАВМ. “Мясной эксперт”. 2019 (https://meat-expert.ru/interviews/32-svetlana-shchepetkina).

Не колбасой единой

18. Johnston B. C., Zeraatkar D., Han M. A. et al. Unprocessed Red Meat and Processed Meat Consumption: Dietary Guideline Recommendations from the Nutritional Recommendations (NutriRECS) Consortium. Annals of internal medicine. 2019; 171(10): 756–764.

19. Bouvard V., Loomis D., Guyton K. Z. et al. Carcinogenicity of consumption of red and processed meat. The Lancet. Oncology. 2015; 16(16): 1599–1600.

20. Вредит ли мясо здоровью: анализ метаанализа. N+1. 2019 (https://nplus1.ru/blog/2019/10/03/metameat).

21. Better food and nutrition in Europe: a progress report monitoring policy implementation in the WHO European Region. The Regional Office for Europe of the World Health Organization. 2018 (http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/355973/ENP_eng.pdf).

22. Joossens J. V., Hill M. J., Elliott P. et al. Dietary salt, nitrate and stomach cancer mortality in 24 countries. European Cancer Prevention (ECP) and the INTERSALT Cooperative Research Group. International journal of epidemiology. 1996; 25(3): 494–504.

23. Sodium Nitrite Q&A. Meat Safety (http://www.meatsafety.org/ht/d/sp/i/45243/pid/45243).

24. Ботулизм. ВОЗ. 2018 (https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/botulism).

25. Jakszyn P., Gonzalez C. A. Nitrosamine and related food intake and gastric and oesophageal cancer risk: a systematic review of the epidemiological evidence. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 2006; 12(27): 4296–4303.

26. Arnarson A. Why Processed Meat is Bad For You. Healthline. 2017 (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/why-processed-meat-is-bad).

27. Процесс копчения продуктов. Зооинженерный факультет МСХА (https://www.activestudy.info/process-kopcheniya-produktov/).

28. Белков С. О дыме без огня. “Мясной эксперт”. 2019 (https://meat-expert.ru/articles/216-o-dyme-bez-ognya).

Соль – белый яд или нет?

29. Курлански М. Всеобщая история соли. М.: “Колибри”, 2007.

30. Higdon J., Drake V. J., Delage B. Sodium (Chloride). Linus Pauling Institute. 2019 (https://lpi.oregonstate.edu/mic/minerals/sodium).

31. Dietary Reference Intakes For Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, And Sulfate. The Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press, 2004 (https://www.nap.edu/read/10925/chapter/1).

32. Здоровое питание. ВОЗ. 2018 (https://www.who.int/ru/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/healthy-diet).

33. Часто задаваемые вопросы о соли. ВОЗ (http://www.euro.who.int/ru/health-topics/disease-prevention/nutrition/news/news/2011/10/reducing-salt-intake/frequently-asked-questions-about-salt-in-the-who-european-region).

34. Appel L. Salt intake, salt restriction, and primary (essential) hypertension. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/salt-intake-salt-restriction-and-primary-essential-hypertension).

35. Appel L. J., Brands M. W., Daniels S. R. et al. Dietary approaches to prevent and treat hypertension: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Hypertension. 2006; 47(2): 296–308.

Почему нас тянет на соленое

36. Zeratsky K. What’s the difference between sea salt and table salt? Mayo Clinic. 2019 (https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/sea-salt/faq-20058512).

37. Salt and Your Health. Queen Mary University of London (http://www.actiononsalt.org.uk/salthealth/).

38. Sodium-Controlled Diet. Cleveland Clinic. 2019 (https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/articles/15426-sodium-controlled-diet). – Дополнительная информация о заменителях соли.

39. Olendzki B. Patient education: Low-sodium diet (Beyond the Basics). UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/low-sodium-diet-beyond-the-basics).

40. Потребление натрия для взрослых и детей. ВОЗ. 2013 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/77985/WHO_NMH_NHD_13.2_rus.pdf).

Йодированная соль – это хорошо?

41. Мельниченко Г. А, Трошина Е. А., Платонова Н. М. и др. Йододефицитные заболевания щитовидной железы в Российской Федерации: современное состояние проблемы. Аналитический обзор публикаций и данных официальной государственной статистики (Росстат). Consilium Medicum. 2019; 21(4): 14–20.

42. Assessment of iodine deficiency disorders and monitoring their elimination: a guide for programme managers (3rd ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2007.

43. Aburto N., Abudou M., Candeias V., Wu T. Effect and safety of salt iodization to prevent iodine deficiency disorders: A systematic review with meta-analyses. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014 (http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/148175/1/9789241508285_eng.pdf).

44. McNeil Jr. D. G. Should We Be Buying Iodized Salt? The New York Times. 2017 (https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/21/well/eat/should-we-be-buying-iodized-salt.html).

45. Iodine deficiency in the UK: grabbing the low-hanging fruit. The Lancet. Diabetes & endocrinology. 2016; 4(6): 469.

46. Минздрав предложил запретить хлеб без йода. Meduza. 2019 (https://meduza.io/news/2019/11/15/minzdrav-predlozhil-zapretit-hleb-bez-yoda).

47. Vitti P. Iodine deficiency disorders. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/iodine-deficiency-disorders).

48. Tonacchera M., Dimida A., De Servi M. et al. Iodine fortification of vegetables improves human iodine nutrition: in vivo evidence for a new model of iodine prophylaxis. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2013; 98(4): E694–E697.

49. Об утверждении порядка оказания медицинской помощи по профилю “акушерство и гинекология (за исключением использования вспомогательных репродуктивных технологий)”. Минздрав РФ. 2012 (https://www.garant.ru/products/ipo/prime/doc/70252632/).

Глава 14. А у вас молоко убежало!

Самый спорный продукт

1. Tucker S. D. Quacks! Dodgy Doctors and Foolish Fads Throughout History (1st ed.). Amberley Publishing, 2019.

2. Stromberg J. Mucus is gross. But here are 9 things you should know about it. Vox. 2015 (https://www.vox.com/2015/2/11/8013065/mucus-snot-boogers).

3. Balfour-Lynn I. M. Milk, mucus and myths. Archives of disease in childhood. 2019; 104(1): 91–93.

4. Jarvinen-Seppo K. M. Milk allergy: Clinical features and diagnosis. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/milk-allergy-clinical-features-and-diagnosis).

Молочные реки и лактазная недостаточность

5. Gerbault P., Liebert A., Itan Y. et al. Evolution of lactase persistence: an example of human niche construction. Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences. 2011; 366(1566): 863–877.

6. Hammer H. F., Högenauer C. Lactose intolerance: Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and management. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/lactose-intolerance-clinical-manifestations-diagnosis-and-management).

7. Боринская С. А., Козлов А. И., Янковский Н. К. Гены и традиции питания. “Антропогенез. ру”. 2009 (http://antropogenez.ru/article/293/).

8. Scrimshaw N. S., Murray E. B. The acceptability of milk and milk products in populations with a high prevalence of lactose intolerance. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1988; 48(Suppl. 4): 1079–1159.

9. Lactose intolerance. Symptoms and causes. Mayo Clinic. 2020 (https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/lactose-intolerance/symptoms-causes/syc-20374232).

10. Suarez F. L., Savaiano D. A., Levitt M. D. A comparison of symptoms after the consumption of milk or lactose-hydrolyzed milk by people with self-reported severe lactose intolerance. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1995; 333(1): 1–4.

Мифы о кальции в молоке и в костях

11. Ross A. Modern nutrition in health and disease (11th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2014.

12. Lanham-New S. A., Hill T. R., Gallagher A. M. et al. Introduction to Human Nutrition (3rd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell, 2019.

13. Calcium. Fact Sheet for Health Professionals. NIH. 2020 (https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Calcium-HealthProfessional/).

14. Vitamin and mineral requirements in human nutrition: report (2d ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization, 2004 (https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42716/9241546123.pdf).

15. Cormick G., BelizÁn J. M. Calcium Intake and Health. Nutrients. 2019; 11(7): 1606.

16. Balk E. M., Adam G. P., Langberg V. N. et al. Global dietary calcium intake among adults: a systematic review. Osteoporosis international. 2017; 28(12): 3315–3324.

17. Abrams S. A. Calcium requirements in adolescents. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/calcium-requirements-in-adolescents).

18. Guéguen L., Pointillart A. The Bioavailability of Dietary Calcium. Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2000; 19(Suppl. 2): 119S-136S.

19. Weaver C. M., Proulx W. R., Heaney R. Choices for achieving adequate dietary calcium with a vegetarian diet. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 1999; 70(Suppl. 3): 543S-548S.

20. Lindshield B. Calcium Bioavailability. Medical LibreTexts. 2019 (https://med.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Nutrition/Book%3A_Intermediate_Nutrition_(Lind-shield)/12%3A_Blood%2C_Bones%2C_and_Teeth_Micronutrients/12.2%3A_Cal-cium/12.2B%3A_Calcium_Bioavailability).

21. Calcium content of different foods. International Osteoporosis Foundation. 2013 (https://www.iofbonehealth.org/osteoporosis-musculoskeletal-disorders/osteoporosis/prevention/calcium/calcium-content-common-foods).

22. Healthy Beverage Consumption in Early Childhood. Key National Health and Nutrition Organizations. 2019 (https://healthydrinkshealthykids.org/app/uploads/2019/09/HER-HealthyBeverageTechnicalReport.pdf).

Что не так с ощелачивающей диетой? (Спойлер: всё.)

23. Curhan G. C. Prevention of recurrent calcium stones in adults. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-recurrent-calcium-stones-in-adults).

24. Nutrition Australia. Dairy Food Myths. 2018 (https://www.nutritionaustralia.org/national/resource/dairy-food-myths).

25. Hogan J., Goldfarb S. Regulation of calcium and phosphate balance. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/regulation-of-calcium-and-phosphate-balance).

26. Fenton T. R., Lyon A. W., Eliasziw M. et al. Meta-analysis of the effect of the acid-ash hypothesis of osteoporosis on calcium balance. Journal of bone and mineral research. 2009; 24(11): 1835–1840.

27. Bradley D. When it comes to caustic wit and an acid tongue, mind your Ps and Qs. Materials Today. 2018 (https://www.materialstoday.com/materials-chemistry/comment/caustic-wit-acid-tongues-mind-your-ps-and-qs/).

28. Wray S. Smooth muscle intracellular pH: measurement, regulation, and function. The American Journal of Physiology. 1988; 254(2 Pt 1): C213–C225.

29. Proksch E. pH in nature, humans and skin. The Journal of dermatology. 2018; 45(9): 1044–1052.

30. Leech J. The Alkaline Diet: An Evidence-Based Review. Healthline. 2019 (https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/the-alkaline-diet-myth).

31. Kerstetter J. E., O’Brien K. O., Caseria D. M. et al. The impact of dietary protein on calcium absorption and kinetic measures of bone turnover in women. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2005; 90(1): 26–31.

32. Lewiecki E. M. Prevention of osteoporosis. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prevention-of-osteoporosis).

Кофейная кантата с молоком и без

33. Heaney R. P. Bone Mass, Nutrition, and Other Lifestyle Factors. Nutrition Reviews. 1996; 54(4): S3–S10.

34. Wikoff D., Welsh B. T., Henderson R. et al. Systematic review of the potential adverse effects of caffeine consumption in healthy adults, pregnant women, adolescents, and children. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2017; 109(Pt 1): 585–648.

35. Брусникина B. “Знаете, что находят в желудке при вскрытии? Непереваренный кофе с молоком!” “РБК”. 2014 (https://style.rbc.ru/impressions/57163cf29a7947413601fe52).

36. Bordeaux B., Lieberman H. R. Benefits and risks of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. UpToDate. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/benefits-and-risks-of-caffeine-and-caffeinated-beverages#H27494889).

37. Rethink Your Drink. CDC. 2015 (https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/healthy_eating/drinks.html).

38. Smith O. Mapped: The countries that drink the most coffee. The Telegraph. 2017 (https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/maps-and-graphics/countries-that-drink-the-most-coffee/).

39. Карпентер М. На кофеине. Полезная вредная привычка. М.: “Манн, Иванов и Фербер”, 2015.

40. About the Caffeine Molecule – Chemical and Physical Properties. Science of Cooking (https://www.scienceofcooking.com/caffeine.htm).

41. Ames B. N., Profet M., Gold L. S. Dietary pesticides (99.99 % all natural). PNAS. 1990; 87(19): 7777–7781.

42. van Dam R. M., Hu F. B., Willett W. C. Coffee, Caffeine, and Health. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2020; 383: 369–378.

43. Giardina E.-G. Cardiovascular effects of caffeine and caffeinated beverages. UpTo-Date. 2020 (https://www.uptodate.com/contents/cardiovascular-effects-of-caffeine-and-caffeinated-beverages).

44. Spilling the Beans: How Much Caffeine is Too Much? FDA. 2018 (https://www.fda.gov/consumers/consumer-updates/spilling-beans-how-much-caffeine-too-much).

45. Chin J. M., Merves M. L., Goldberger B. A., Sampson-Cone A., Cone E. J. Caffeine Content of Brewed Teas. Journal of Analytical Toxicology. 2008; 32(8): 702–704.

46. Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal. 2015; 13(5): 4102.

47. Wolk B. J., Ganetsky M., Babu K. M. Toxicity of energy drinks. Current Opinion in Pediatrics. 2012; 24(2): 243–251.

48. Schneider M. B., Benjamin H. J., Bhatia J. J. S. et al. Sports drinks and energy drinks for children and adolescents: Are they appropriate? Pediatrics. 2011; 127: 1182–1189.

Часть четвертая. Пить или не пить?