124 только двадцать семь часов: P. S. Babcock and M. Marks, «The Falling Time Cost of College: Evidence from Half a Century of Time Use Data,» Review of Economics and Statistics 93 (2011): 468–78, http://faculty.ucr.edu/~mmarks/Papers/babcock2010falling.pdf.
124 оценка – А (5): S. Rojstaczer, «Grade Inflation at American Colleges and Universities,» GradeInflation.com, March 29, 2016, http://www.gradeinflation.com; S. Rojstaczer and C. Healy, «Where A Is Ordinary: The Evolution of American College and University Grading, 1940–2009,» Teachers College Record 114 (2012): 1–23; and C. Rampell, «The Rise of the ‘Gentleman’s A’ and the GPA Arms Race,» Washington Post, 19 1:03 PM March 28, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-rise-of-the-gentlemans-a-and-the-gpa-arms-race/2016/03/28/05c9e966-f522–11e5–9804-537defcc3cf6_story.html?utm_term=.73a99f546f4b.
124 исследование 2011: R. Arum and J. Roksa, Academically Adrift: Limited Learning on College Campuses (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), Kindle.
125 Последующее исследование: R. Arum and J. Roksa, Aspiring Adults Adrift: Tentative Transitions of College Graduates (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2014), and K. Carey, «The Economic Price of Colleges’ Failures,» New York Times, September 2, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/03/upshot/the-economic-price-of-colleges-failures.html?rref=upshot&abt=0002&abg=0&_r=0.
125 попытки оказались провальными: J. Saffron, «Reforms Aimed at Fighting Grade Inflation Are Falling Short,» James G. Martin Center, May 4, 2015, https://www.jamesgmartin.center/2015/05/reforms-aimed-at-fighting-grade-inflation-are-falling-short/.
125 «правда в оценках»: T. K. Lindsay, «If A Is Average, Say So – the Dawn of Honest Transcripts,» Minding the Campus, December 18, 2013, https://www.mindingthecampus.org/2013/12/18/if_a_is_average_say_so-the_da/.
126 законодатели в Техасе: T. Lindsay, «Texas Legislature Looks to Lift College Grading Standards,» Forbes, February 28, 2015, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomlindsay/2015/02/28/the-texas-legislature-looks-to-lift-college-grading-standards/#52e0bd41a037.
126 как Харви Мэнсфилд: T. Andersen, N. Jacques, and T. Feathers, «Harvard Professor Says Grade Inflation Rampant,» Boston Globe, December 4, 2013, https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2013/12/03/harvard-professor-raises-concerns-about-grade-inflation/McZH fRZ2RxpoP5Xvwged1N/story.html, and M. Q. Clarida and N. P. Fandos, «Substantiating Fears of Grade Inflation, Dean Says Median Grade at Harvard College is A—, Most Common Grade Is A,» Harvard Crimson, May 26, 2017, https://www.thecrimson.com/article/2013/12/3/grade-inflation-mode-a/.
126 город рядом с Чикаго: R. G. Fryer, S. D. Levitt, J. List, and S. Sadoff, «Enhancing the Efficacy of Teacher Incentives Through Loss Aversion: AField Experiment,» National Bureau of Economic Research, NBER Working Paper No. 18237 (2012).
127 фабрика в Нанкине: T. Hossain and J. A. List, «The Behavioralist Visits the Factory: Increasing Productivity Using Simple Framing Manipulations,» Management Science 58 (2012): 2151–67.
128 Откровение чипсов: Drawn from an interview with Dick Grote and from his book Discipline Without Punishment: The Proven Strategy That Turns Problem Employees into Superior Performers (New York: AMACOM, 2006).
132 постоянно демонстрировали психологи: R. F. Baumeister, A. M. Stillwell, and T. F. Heatheron, «Guilt: An Interpersonal Approach,» Psychological Bulletin 115 (1994): 243–67; J. P. Tangney and R. L. Dearing, Shame and Guilt (New York: Guilford Press, 2002); F. J. Flynn and R. L. Schaumberg, «When Feeling Bad Leads to Feeling Good: Guilt-Proneness and Affective Organizational Commitment,» Journal of Applied Psychology (2012): 124–33.
136 Байингтон начала обсуждать: Interviews with Eliza Byington and Will Felps.
136Лингвист Джефф Нанберг: G. Nunberg, «Bad Apple Proverbs: There’s One in Every Bunch,» Fresh Air, NPR, May 5, 2011, https://www.npr.org/2011/05/09/136017612/bad-apple-proverbs-theres-one-in-every-bunch.
137 Бенджамин Франклин предупреждал: B. Franklin, Poor Richard’s Almanack (Philadelphia: New Printing Office, 1736), Kindle.
137 one «roten appul»: G. Chaucer, «The Cook’s Tale,» in The Canterbury Tales (Ware, UK: Wordsworth Editions, 2002), 151.
137 Социальная поддержка стала: J. Holt-Lunstad, T. B. Smith, and J. B. Layton, «Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review,» PLoS Med 7 (2010): e1000316, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316; J. Lynch, The Broken Heart: The Medical Consequences of Loneliness (New York: Basic Books, 1977); and J. T. Cacioppo and W. Patrick, Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection (New York: W. W. Norton, 2008).
138 Исследование вдов: K. S. Rook, «The Negative Side of Social Interaction: Impact on Psychological Well-Being,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46 (1984): 1097–108.
138 Другие исследования касались пожилых людей: M. A. Okun, J. F. Melichar, and M. D. Hill, «Negative Daily Events, Positive and Negative Social Ties, and Psychological Distress Among Older Adults,» Gerontologist 30 (1990): 193–99; J. F. Finch, M. A. Okun, M. Barrera, A. J. Zautra, and J. W. Reich, «Positive and Negative Social Ties Among Older Adults: Measurement Models and the Prediction of Psychological Distress and Well-Being,» American Journal of Community Psychology 17 (1989): 585–605, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922637; and J. T. Newsom, K. S. Rook, M. Nishishiba, D. H. Sorkin, and T. L. Mahan, «Understanding the Relative Importance of Positive and Negative Social Exchanges: Examining Specific Domains and Appraisals,» Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences 60 (2005): 304–12, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3833824/.
138 безработных: A. D. Vinokur and M. van Ryn, «Social Support and Undermining in Close Relationships: Their Independent Effects on the Mental Health of Unemployed Persons,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993): 350–59.
139 Исследование под названием: M. K. Duffy, D. Ganster, and M. Pagon, «Social Undermining in the Workplace,» Academy of Management Journal 45 (2002): 331–51, https://doi.org/10.2307/3069350.
139 сети фаст-фуда в Австралии: P. D. Dunlop and K. Lee, «Workplace Deviance, Organizational Citizenship Behavior, and Business Unit Performance: The Bad Apples Do Spoil the Whole Barrel,» Journal of Organizational Behavior 25 (2004): 67–80, https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/job.243.
140 качество работы: G. M. Hurtz and J. J. Donovan, «Personality and Job Performance: The Big Five Revisited,» Journal of Applied Psychology 85 (2000): 869–79.
141 командами из четырех человек: L. M. Camacho and P. B. Paulus, «The Role of Social Anxiousness in Group Brainstorming,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 68 (1995): 1071–80.
141 нескольких производственных компаний: M. R. Barrick, G. L. Stewart, M. J. Neubert, and M. K. Mount, «Relating Member Ability and Personality to Work-Team Processes and Team Effectiveness,» Journal of Applied Psychology 83 (1998): 377–91.
142 рассмотреть проблему: W. Felps, T. Mitchell, and E. Byington, «How, When, and Why Bad Apples Spoil the Barrel: Negative Group Members and Dysfunctional Groups,» Research in Organizational Behavior 27 (2006): 175–222, and S. Heen, «Bad Apple Behavior and Its Impact on Team Results,» White Paper No. 2, Triad Institute, https://triadconsultinggroup.com/sites/default/files/Triad_Consulting_Whitepaper_2_Case_Study_%20114_Bad_Apples.pdf.
143 постоянно ведет себя мрачно: S. Kaplan, J. C. Bradley, J. N. Luchman, and D. Haynes, «On the Role of Positive and Negative Affectivity in Job Performance: A Meta-analytic Investigation,» Journal of Applied Psychology 94 (2009): 162–76.
143 в итоге сами чувствуют себя плохо: M. J. Howes, J. E. Hokanson, and D. A. Loewenstein, «Induction of Depressive Affect After Prolonged Exposure to a Mildly Depressed Individual,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 49 (1985):1110–13.
143 производственную фирму на Среднем Западе: A. G. Miner, T. M. Glomb, and C. Hulin, «Experience Sampling Mood and Its Correlates at Work,» Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology 78 (2005): 171–93.
144 Уоррен Джонс: Personal communication.
145 работы Баумайстера: R. F. Baumeister and M. R. Leary, «The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation,» Psychological Bulletin 117 (1995): 497–529, https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033–2909.117.3.497.
145 соавтора в лице Джин Твендж: R. F. Baumeister, L. E. Brewer, D. M. Tice, and J. M. Twenge, «Thwarting the Need to Belong: Understanding the Interpersonal and Inner Effects of Social Exclusion,» Social and Personality Psychology Compass 1 (2007): 506–20.
145 социальный смертный приговор: J. M. Twenge, K. R. Catanese, and R. F. Baumeister, «Social Exclusion Causes Self-Defeating Behavior,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 83 (2002): 606–15, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.83.3.606.
146 несколько сотен исследований: C. N. DeWall and B. J. Bushman, «Social Acceptance and Rejection: The Sweet and the Bitter,» Current Directions in Psychological Science 20 (2011): 256–60.
146 «Отшельник Северного Пруда»: M. Finkel, The Stranger in the Woods (New York: Knopf, 2017), 62.
147 самоконтроль страдает: R. F. Baumeister, C. N. DeWall, N. J. Ciarocco, and J. M. Twenge, «Social Exclusion Impairs Self-Regulation,» Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 88 (2005): 589–604, https://doi.org/10.1037/0022–3514.88.4.589.