99 «неуклонно росли в размерах»: M. J. Elias, Food in the United States, 1890–1945 (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Press / ABC–CLIO, 2009).
100 «удобной пищи: фастфуда»: USDA, USDA Economic Research Service – Food Availability.
100 «максимально повысить на них потребительский спрос»: Moss, Salt, Sugar, Fat.
101 «осуществление выбора»: C. Padoa- Schioppa and J. A. Assad, Neurons in Orbitofrontal Cortex Encode Economic Value, Nature 441, no. 7090 (May 11, 2006): 223–26.
103 «ценности, который находится в мозге»: P. Glimcher, Understanding the Hows and Whys of Decision- Making: From Expected Utility to Divisive Normalization, Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology, January 30, 2015; C. Padoa- Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic Choice: A Good-Based Model, Annual Review of Neuroscience 34 (2011): 333–59.
103 «ценность возможных вариантов выбора»: Padoa-Schioppa and Assad, Neurons in Orbitofrontal Cortex.
103. «усилия, которые нужно потратить на его получение»: Padoa-Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic Choice; A. P. Raghuraman and C. Padoa- Schioppa, Integration of Multiple Determinants in the Neuronal Computation of Economic Values, Journal of Neuroscience 34, no. 35 (August 27, 2014): 11583–603; S. W. Kennerley, A. F. Dahmubed, A. H. Lara, and J. D. Wallis, Neurons in the Frontal Lobe Encode the Value of Multiple Decision Variables, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 21, no. 6 (June 2009): 1162–78.
103 «вентромедиальная префронтальная кора»: Padoa- Schioppa, Neurobiology of Economic Choice; T. A. Hare, W. Schultz, C. F. Camerer, J. P. O’Doherty, and A. Rangel, Transformation of Stimulus Value Signals into Motor Commands During Simple Choice, Proceedings of the National Acad emy of Sciences of the United States of Amer i ca 108, no. 44 (November 1, 2011): 18120–25; A. Rangel, Regulation of Dietary Choice by the Decision- Making Circuitry, Nature Neuroscience 16, no. 12 (December 2013): 1717–24.
105 «согласуется с результатами наблюдений»: Hare, Schultz, Camerer, O’Doherty, and Rangel, Transformation of Stimulus; X. Cai and C. Padoa- Schioppa, Contributions of Orbitofrontal and Lateral Prefrontal Cortices to Economic Choice and the Good-to-Action Transformation, Neuron 81, no. 5 (March 5, 2014): 1140–51.
106 «немедленного подсчета ценности»: E. A. West, J. T. DesJardin, K. Gale, and L. Malkova, Transient Inactivation of Orbitofrontal Cortex Blocks Reinforcer Devaluation in Macaques, Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 42 (October 19, 2011): 15128–35; M. Gallagher, R. W. McMahan, and G. Schoenbaum, Orbitofrontal Cortex and Repre sen ta tion of Incentive Value in Associative Learning, Journal of Neuroscience 19, no. 15 (August 1, 1999): 6610–4; A. Tsuchida, B. B. Doll, and L. K. Fellows, Beyond Reversal: A Critical Role for Human Orbitofrontal Cortex in Flexible Learning from Probabilistic Feedback, Journal of Neuroscience: The Offi cial Journal of the Society for Neuroscience 30, no. 50 (December 15, 2010): 16868–75.
106 «с поврежденной ОФК»: Clarke, Robbins, and Roberts, Lesions of the Medial Striatum; J. S. Snowden, D. Neary, and D. M. A. Mann, Frontotemporal Dementia, British Journal of Psychiatry 180 (February 2002): 140–43.
106 «систематически переедают»: J. D. Woolley, M.-L. Gorno- Tempini, W. W. Seeley, K. Rankin, S. S. Lee, B. R. Matthews, et al., Binge Eating Is Associated with Right Orbitofrontal- Insular-Striatal Atrophy in Frontotemporal Dementia, Neurology 69, no. 14 (October 2, 2007): 1424–33.
106 «не достигает ОФК»: Ibid.
106 с «к схожим расстройствам»: H. F. Clarke, T. W. Robbins, and A. C. Roberts, Lesions of the Medial Striatum in Monkeys Produce Perseverative Impairments During Reversal Learning Similar to Those Produced by Lesions of the Orbitofrontal Cortex, Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 43 (October 22, 2008): 10972–82.
107 «дофамин химическим путем»: Q. Y. Zhou and R. D. Palmiter, Dopamine- Defi cient Mice Are Severely Hypoactive, Adipsic, and Aphagic, Cell 83, no. 7 (December 29, 1995): 1197–209.
107 «трудиться ради вознаграждения»: J. D. Salamone and M. Correa, The Mysterious Motivational Functions of Mesolimbic Dopamine, Neuron 76, no. 3 (November 8, 2012): 470–85.
107 «очень небольшое или неопределенное»: M. C. Wardle, M. T. Treadway, L. M. Mayo, D. H. Zald, and H. de Wit, Amping Up Effort: Effects of d- Amphetamine on Human Effort- Based Decision- Making, Journal of Neuroscience 31, no. 46 (November 16, 2011): 16597–602.
108 «зефирины через пятнадцать минут»: W. Mischel and E. B. Ebbesen, Attention in Delay of Gratifi cation, Journal of Personality and Social Psy chol ogy 16, no. 2 (1970): 329–37.
109 «обсчитывая самих себя»: Mischel and Ebbesen, Attention in Delay of Gratifi cation; W. Mischel, E. B. Ebbesen, and A. Raskoff Zeiss, Cognitive and Attentional Mechanisms in Delay of Gratifi cation, Journal of Personality and Social Psy chol ogy 21, no. 2 (February 1972): 204–18.
109 «через тридцать лет обладали более стройной фигурой»: T. R. Schlam, N. L. Wilson, Y. Shoda, W. Mischel, and O. Ayduk, Preschoolers’ Delay of Gratifi cation Predicts Their Body Mass 30 Years Later, Journal of Pediatrics 162, no. 1 (January 2013): 90–93.
109 «подвержены развитию ожирения»: D. P. Jarmolowicz, J. B. C. Cherry, D. D. Reed, J. M. Bruce, J. M. Crespi, J. L. Lusk, et al., Robust Relation Between Temporal Discounting Rates and Body Mass, Appetite 78 (July 2014): 63–67; L. H. Epstein, N. Jankowiak, K. D. Fletcher, K. A. Carr, C. Nederkoorn, H. Raynor, et al., Women Who Are Motivated to Eat and Discount the Future Are More Obese, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 22, no. 6 (June 2014): 1394–99.
109 «задолженности по кредитным картам»: Audrain- McGovern, Rodriguez, Epstein, Cuevas, Rod gers, and Wileyto, Does Delay Discounting; N. M. Petry, Delay Discounting of Money and Alcohol in Actively Using Alcoholics, Currently Abstinent Alcoholics, and Controls, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 153, no. 3 (March 1, 2001): 243–50; S. F. Coffey, G. D. Gudleski, M. E. Saladin, and K. T. Brady, Impulsivity and Rapid Discounting of Delayed Hy po thet i cal Rewards in Cocaine- Dependent Individuals, Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology 11, no. 1 (2003): 18–25; J. MacKillop, M. T. Amlung, L. R. Few, L. A. Ray, L. H. Sweet, and M. R. Munafò, Delayed Reward Discounting and Addictive Be hav ior: A MetaAnaly sis, Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 216, no. 3 (March 4, 2011): 305–21; S. M. Alessi and N. M. Petry, Pathological Gambling Severity Is Associated with Impulsivity in a Delay Discounting Procedure, Behavioural Pro cesses 64, no. 3 (October 31, 2003): 345–54; S. Meier and C. Sprenger, Pres ent- Biased Preferences and Credit Card Borrowing, American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 2, no. 1 (January 1, 2010): 193–210.
110 «себя завтрашнего»: Hurtado and Hill, Ache Life History.
110 с «риск появления зависимости»: J. Audrain- McGovern, D. Rodriguez, L. H. Epstein, J. Cuevas, K. Rod gers, and E. P. Wileyto, Does Delay Discounting Play an Etiological Role in Smoking or Is It a Consequence of Smoking? Drug and Alcohol Dependence 103, no. 3 (August 1, 2009): 99–106.
111 эпизодическое размышление о будущем: C. M. Atance and D. K. O’Neill, Episodic Future Thinking, Trends in Cognitive Sciences 5, no. 12 (December 1, 2001): 533–39.
111 «во время принятия решения»: J. Peters and C. Büchel, Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Reward Delay Discounting Through an Enhancement of PrefrontalMediotemporal Interactions, Neuron 66, no. 1 (April 15, 2010): 138–48.
111 «на детей, страдающих ожирением» T. O. Daniel, C. M. Stanton, and L. H. Epstein, The Future Is Now: Reducing Impulsivity and Energy Intake Using Episodic Future Thinking, Psychological Science 24, no. 11 (November 1, 2013): 2339–42; T. O. Daniel, M. Said, C. M. Stanton, and L. H. Epstein, Episodic Future Thinking Reduces Delay Discounting and Energy Intake in Children, Eating Be hav iors 18 (August 2015): 20–24.
6. Фактор сытости
113 «необыкновенное сильное ожирение»: B. Mohr, Hypertrophie der Hypophysis cerebri und dadurch bedingter Druck auf die Hirngrundfl ashe, insbesondere auf die Sehverven, das Chiasma derselben und den linkseitigen Hirnschenkel, Wochenschrift Ges Heilkunde 6 (1840): 565–71; B. Mohr, Neuropathology Communication from Dr. Mohr, Privat Docent in Würzburg. 1840, Obesity Research 1, no. 4 (July 1993): 334–35.
114 «ранее описал Мор»: A. Frohlich, Dr. Alfred Frohlich stellt einen fall von tumor der hypophyse ohne akromegalie vor, Wien Klin Rundsch 15 (1902): 883–86, 906–908.
114 «получили название синдром Фрёлиха»: B. M. King, The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection of the Ventromedial Hypothalamus in the Regulation of Feeding Be hav ior and Body Weight, Physiology and Be hav ior 87, no. 2 (February 28, 2006): 221–44.
115 «опубликования работы Фрёлиха»: Ibid.
115 «гипофиз не был поврежден»: J. Erdheim, Uber Hypophysenganggeschwulste und Hirncholestcatome, Akad Wiss Wien 113 (1904): 537–726.
115 «эксперименты над собаками и крысами»: P. Bailey and F. Bremer, Experimental Diabetes Insipidus, Archives of Internal Medicine 28, no. 6 (December 1, 1921): 773–803; P. Smith, The Disabilities Caused by Hypophysectomy and Their Repair: The Tuberal (Hypothalamic) Syndrome in the Rat, Journal of the American Medical Association 88, no. 3 (January 15, 1927): 158–61; P. E. Smith, Hypophysectomy and a Replacement Therapy in the Rat, American Journal of Anatomy 45, no. 2 (March 1, 1930): 205–73; A. W. Hetherington, Obesity in the Rat Following the Injection of Chromic Acid into the Hypophysis, Endocrinology 26, no. 2 (February 1, 1940): 264–68.
115 «Вентромедиальное ядро гипоталамуса»: A. Hetherington, The Relation of Vari ous Hypothalamic Lesions to Adiposity and Other Phenomena in the Rat, American Journal of Physiology 133 (1941): 326–27; A. W. Hetherington, The Production of Hypothalamic Obesity in Rats Already Displaying Chronic Hypopituitarism, American Journal of Physiology 140, no. 1 (1943): 89–92.