115 «В начале сороковых годов»: J. R. Brobeck, J. Tepperman, and C. N. H. Long, Experimental Hypothalamic Hyperphagia in the Albino Rat, Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 15, no. 6 (July 1943): 831–53.
117 «чрезмерного потребления пищи»: Ibid.
117 с «развития ожирения у крыс»: The Rise, Fall, and Resurrection.
118 «оказалась самцом»: E. R. Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Industry, 1st trade paper ed. (New York: Grove Press, 2003), 304.
118 «спонтанная генетическая мутация»: A. M. Ingalls, M. M. Dickie, and G. D. Snell, Obese, a New Mutation in the House Mouse, Journal of Heredity 41, no. 12 (December 1950): 317–18.
118 «совсем как человек с избыточным весом»: G. A. Bray and D. A. York, Hypothalamic and Ge ne tic Obesity in Experimental Animals: An Autonomic and Endocrine Hypothesis, Physiological Reviews 59, no. 3 (July 1, 1979): 719–809.
118 «крыса Жирдяй»: L. M. Zucker and T. F. Zucker, Fatty, a New Mutation in the Rat, Journal of Heredity 52, no. 6 (1961): 275–78.
118 «непомерный аппетит»: B. Ga, The Zucker- Fatty Rat: A Review, Federation Proceedings 36, no. 2 (February 1977): 148–53.
119 «крыса-близнец не подвергалась хирургическому вмешательству»: G. R. Hervey, The Effects of Lesions in the Hypothalamus in Parabiotic Rats, Journal of Physiology 145, no. 2 (March 3, 1959): 336–52.
120 «теорию Гордона Кеннеди»: G. C. Kennedy, The Role of Depot Fat in the Hypothalamic Control of Food Intake in the Rat, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences 140, no. 901 (January 15, 1953): 578–92.
120 «контролировать аппетит и сдерживать адипозность»: Hervey, The Effects of Lesions.
121 «вес был стабильным»: D. L. Coleman, Effects of Parabiosis of Obese with Diabetes and Normal Mice, Diabetologia 9, no. 4 (August 1973): 294–98.
122 «перестал набирать жировую массу»: R. B. Harris and R. J. Martin, Specifi c Depletion of Body Fat in Parabiotic Partners of Tube- Fed Obese Rats, American Journal of Physiology 247, no. 2 pt. 2 (August 1984): R380–R386.
122 «здоровой мышью»: R. B. Harris and R. J. Martin, Site of Action of Putative Lipostatic Factor: Food Intake and Peripheral Pentose Shunt Activity, American Journal of Physiology 259, no. 1 pt. 2 (July 1990): R45–R52.
122 «ивестные в то время»: Harris and Martin, Specifi c Depletion of Body Fat.
122с «контрольных особей»: R. B. S. Harris, Is Leptin the Parabiotic Satiety Factor? Past and Pres ent Interpretations, Appetite 61, no. 1 (February 2013): 111–18.
123 «в накапливании жира»: T. Rennie, Obesity as a Manifestation of Personality Disturbance, Diseases of the Central Ner vous System 1 (1940): 238.
123 «в течение короткого времени»: R. Neumann, Experimentelle Beitrage zur Lehre von dem taglichen Nahrungsbedarf des Menschen unter besonderer Berucksich tigung der notwendigen Eiweissmenge,” Arch Für Hyg 45 (1902): 1–87.
123 «годы Второй мировой войны»: A. Keys, J. Brožek, A. Henschel, O. Mickelsen, and H. Longstreet Taylor, The Biology of Human Starvation, 2 vols. (Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1950), 1385.
124 «четыре-шесть месяцев»: E. A. Sims, R. F. Goldman, C. M. Gluck, E. S. Horton, P. C. Kelleher, and D. W. Rowe, Experimental Obesity in Man, Transactions of the Association of American Physicians 81 (1968): 153–70.
124 «норму взрослого мужчины»: E. A. Sims and E. S. Horton, Endocrine and Metabolic Adaptation to Obesity and Starvation, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 21, no. 12 (December 1, 1968): 1455–70.
125 «роль в проекте»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
125 «в журнале Nature»: Y. Zhang, R. Proenca, M. Maffei, M. Barone, L. Leopold, and J. M. Friedman, Positional Cloning of the Mouse Obese Gene and Its Human Homologue, Nature 372, no. 6505 (December 1, 1994): 425–32.
125 «патент на лептин»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
126 «как и ожидалось»: J. L. Halaas, K. S. Gajiwala, M. Maffei, S. L. Cohen, B. T. Chait, D. Rabinowitz, et al., Weight- Reducing Effects of the Plasma Protein Encoded by the Obese Gene, Science 269, no. 5233 (July 28, 1995): 543–46; L. A. Campfi eld, F. J. Smith, Y. Guisez, R. Devos, and P. Burn, Recombinant Mouse OB Protein: Evidence for a Peripheral Signal Linking Adiposity and Central Neural Networks, Science 269, no. 5223 (July 28, 1995): 546–49.
126 «из Кембриджского университета»: C. T. Montague, I. S. Farooqi, J. P. Whitehead, M. A. Soos, H. Rau, N. J. Wareham, et al., Congenital Leptin Defi ciency Is Associated with Severe Early- Onset Obesity in Humans, Nature 387, no. 6636 (June 26, 1997): 903–908.
127 «отличались ненасытным аппетитом»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
127 «деактивирует ген лептина»: Montague, Farooqi, Whitehead, Soos, Rau, Wareham, et al., Congenital Leptin Defi ciency.
127 «огромное количество калорий»: I. S. Farooqi and S. O’Rahilly, Leptin: A Pivotal Regulator of Human Energy Homeostasis, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 89, no. 3 (March 1, 2009): 980S–984S.
127 «высококалорийной пищи с сильными подкрепляющими свойствами»: Ibid.
128 «находят в морозилке»: Shell, The Hungry Gene.
128 «одержимость едой»: Keys, Brožek, Henschel, Mickelsen, and Longstreet Taylor, The Biology of Human Starvation.
129 «как у стройных»: R. L. Leibel and J. Hirsch, Diminished Energy Requirements in Reduced- Obese Patients, Metabolism 33, no. 2 (February 1984): 164–70
129 «после похудения чувствуют»: M. Rosenbaum, R. Goldsmith, D. Bloomfi eld, A. Magnano, L. Weimer, S. Heymsfi eld, et al., Low-Dose Leptin Reverses Skeletal Muscle, Autonomic, and Neuroendocrine Adaptations to Maintenance of Reduced Weight, Journal of Clinical Investigation 115, no. 12 (December 2005): 3579–86.
129 «высококалорийной пищей, обещающей достойное вознаграждение»: M. Rosenbaum, M. Sy, K. Pavlovich, R. L. Leibel, and J. Hirsch, Leptin Reverses Weight Loss— Induced Changes in Regional Neural Activity Responses to Visual Food Stimuli, Journal of Clinical Investigation 118, no. 7 (July 1, 2008): 2583–91; H. R. Kissileff, J. C. Thornton, M. I. Torres, K. Pavlovich, L. S. Mayer, V. Kalari, et al., Leptin Reverses Declines in Satiation in Weight- Reduced Obese Humans, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 95, no. 2 (February 2012): 309–17.
129 «образное высказывание»: J. M. Friedman, A War on Obesity, Not the Obese, Science 299, no. 5608 (February 7, 2003): 856–58.
130 «до похудения»: Rosenbaum, Goldsmith, Bloomfi eld, Magnano, Weimer, Heymsfi eld, et al., Low-Dose Leptin; Rosenbaum, Sy, Pavlovich, Leibel, and Hirsch, Leptin Reverses Weight Loss—Induced Changes; Kissileff, Thornton, Torres, Pavlovich, Mayer, Kalari, et al., Leptin Reverses Declines.
131 «на пищевые раздражители пришла в норму»: I. S. Farooqi, E. Bullmore, J. Keogh, J. Gillard, S. O’Rahilly, and P. C. Fletcher, Leptin Regulates Striatal Regions and Human Eating Be hav ior, Science 317, no. 5843 (September 7, 2007): 1355.
131 «не отличались от обычных детей»: I. S. Farooqi, G. Matarese, G. M. Lord, J. M. Keogh, E. Lawrence, C. Agwu, et al., Benefi cial Effects of Leptin on Obesity, T Cell Hyporesponsiveness, and Neuroendocrine/Metabolic Dysfunction of Human Congenital Leptin Defi ciency, Journal of Clinical Investigation 110, no. 8 (October 15, 2002): 1093–103.
131 «высокой концентрацией лептина»: R. V. Considine, M. K. Sinha, M. L. Heiman, A. Kriauciunas, T. W. Stephens, M. R. Nyce, et al., Serum Immunoreactive Leptin Concentrations in Normal- weight and Obese Humans, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 334, no. 5 (February 1996): 292–95.
131 «нормальный уровень лептина»: S. B. Heymsfi eld, A. S. Greenberg, K. Fujioka, R. M. Dixon, R. Kushner, T. Hunt, et al., Recombinant Leptin for Weight Loss in Obese and Lean Adults: A Randomized, Controlled, Dose- Escalation Trial, Journal of the American Medical Association 282, no. 16 (October 27, 1999): 1568–75.
132 «лучше, чем у других»: Y. Ravussin, R. L. Leibel, and A. W. Ferrante Jr., A Missing Link in Body Weight Homeostasis: The Catabolic Signal of the Overfed State, Cell Metabolism 20, no. 4 (October 7, 2014): 565–72.
134 «небольшой порции пищи»: S. Carnell and J. Wardle, Appetite and Adiposity in Children: Evidence for a Behavioral Susceptibility Theory of Obesity, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 88, no. 1 (July 2008): 22–29.
135. «низкоуглеводные диеты»: Group DPPR, 10-Year Follow-Up of Diabetes Incidence and Weight Loss in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study, Lancet 374, no. 9702 (November 20, 2009): 1677–86; I. Shai, D. Schwarzfuchs, Y. Henkin, D. R. Shahar, S. Witkow, I. Greenberg, et al., Weight Loss with a LowCarbohydrate, Mediterranean, or Low- Fat Diet, New Eng land Journal of Medicine 359, no. 3 (July 17, 2008): 229–41.
135 «сдавало гипоталамусу захваченные у ожирения позиции»: Biggest Loser Winner Admits She’s Gained Back All the Weight, Mail Online, 2016, cited April 22, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article–3550257/I-feel-like-failure-Biggest-Loser-winner-dropped-112lbs-shares-shame-embarrassment-admitting-gained-nearly-weight-lost.html.
135 «мы все снова стали жирными»: Former Biggest Loser Contestants Admit ‘We Are All Fat Again!’ Mail Online, 2015, cited April 22, 2016, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-2927207/We-fat-Former-Biggest-Loser-contestants-admit-controversial-regained-weight-endure-lasting-health-issues.html.
136 «в современной реальности»: Stokes, Using Maximum Weight; Stokes and Preston, Revealing the Burden of Obesity Using Weight Histories; S. S. Du Plessis, S. Cabler, D. A. McAlister, E. Sabanegh, and A. Agarwal, The Effect of Obesity on Sperm Disorders and Male Infertility, Nature Reviews Urology 7, no. 3 (March 2010): 153–61; C. J. Brewer and A. H. Balen, The Adverse Effects of Obesity on Conception and Implantation, Reproduction (Cambridge, Eng land) 140, no. 3 (September 2010): 347–64.