136 «над крысами»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn- Meynell, Defense of Body Weight Against Chronic Caloric Restriction in Obesity- Prone and – Resistant Rats, American Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 278, no. 1 (January 2000): R231–R237
137 «влияние трех разных типов диет»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn-Meynell, Defense of Body Weight Depends on Dietary Composition and Palatability in Rats with DietInduced Obesity, American Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 282, no. 1 (January 2002): R46–R54.
138 «через трубочку»: Hashim and Van Itallie, Studies in Normal and Obese Subjects; Campbell, Hashim and Van Itallie, Studies of Food- Intake Regulation.
138 «расширила результаты предыдущего опыта»: Cabanac and Rabe, Infl uence of a Monotonous Food.
140 «полноты тела с течением времени»: K. H. Schmitz, D. R. Jacobs, A. S. Leon, P. J. Schreiner, and B. Sternfeld, Physical Activity and Body Weight: Associations over Ten Years in the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 24, no. 11 (November 2000): 1475–87; A. J. Littman, A. R. Kristal, and E. White, Effects of Physical Activity Intensity, Frequency, and Activity Type on 10- Y Weight Change in Middle- Aged Men and Women, International Journal of Obesity 29, no. 5 (January 11, 2005): 524–33.
140 «и питались по той же диете»: B. E. Levin and A. A. Dunn- Meynell, Chronic Exercise Lowers the Defended Body Weight Gain and Adiposity in Diet- Induced Obese Rats, American Journal of Physiology— Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 286, no. 4 (April 2004): R771–R778.
140 «противостоят набору лишней массы»: C. Bouchard, A. Tchernof, and A. Tremblay, Predictors of Body Composition and Body Energy Changes in Response to Chronic Overfeeding, International Journal of Obesity 38, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 236–42.
140 «почему-то не худеет»: W. C. Miller, D. M. Koceja, and E. J. Hamilton, A Meta-Analysis of the Past 25 Years of Weight Loss Research Using Diet, Exercise or Diet Plus Exercise Intervention, International Journal of Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 21, no. 10 (October 1997): 941–47.
140 «соблюдение этих рекомендаций»: C. A. Slentz, B. D. Duscha, J. L. Johnson, K. Ketchum, L. B. Aiken, G. P. Samsa, et al., Effects of the Amount of Exercise on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Mea sures of Central Obesity: STRRIDE— A Randomized Controlled Study, Archives of Internal Medicine 164, no. 1 (January 12, 2004): 31–39; N. A. King, M. Hopkins, P. Caudwell, R. J. Stubbs, and J. E. Blundell, Individual Variability Following 12 Weeks of Supervised Exercise: Identifi cation and Characterization of Compensation for Exercise- Induced Weight Loss, International Journal of Obesity 32, no. 1 (January 2008): 177–84; J. E. Donnelly, J. J. Honas, B. K. Smith, M. S. Mayo, C. A. Gibson, D. K. Sullivan, et al., Aerobic Exercise Alone Results in Clinically Signifi cant Weight Loss for Men and Women: Midwest Exercise Trial 2, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 21, no. 3 (March 2013): E219–E228.
141 «в течение двенадцати недель»: King, Hopkins, Caudwell, Stubbs, and Blundell, Individual Variability Following 12 Weeks.
142 «за год»: M. Hession, C. Rolland, U. Kulkarni, A. Wise, and J. Broom, Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of LowCarbohydrate vs. Low- Fat/Low- Calorie Diets in the Management of Obesity and Its Comorbidities, Obesity Reviews 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2009): 36–50.
142 «подтверждением этих слов»: S. M. Nickols- Richardson, M. D. Coleman, J. J. Volpe, and K. W. Hosig, Perceived Hunger Is Lower and Weight Loss Is Greater in Overweight Premenopausal Women Consuming a Low- Carbohydrate/HighProtein vs. High- Carbohydrate/Low- Fat Diet, Journal of the American Dietetic Association 105, no. 9 (September 2005): 1433–37.
142 «объем потребляемых ими калорий снижается»: B. J. Brehm, S. E. Spang, B. L. Lattin, R. J. Seeley, S. R. Daniels, and D. A. D’Alessio, The Role of Energy Expenditure in the Differential Weight Loss in Obese Women on Low-Fat and Low-Carbohydrate Diets, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 90, no. 3 (March 1, 2005): 1475–82.
142 «оказывают влияние на липостатическую систему»: E. R. Ropelle, J. R. Pauli, M. F. A. Fernandes, S. A. Rocco, R. M. Marin, J. Morari, et al., A Central Role for Neuronal AMPActivated Protein Kinase (AMPK) and Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) in High- Protein Diet— Induced Weight Loss, Diabetes 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2008): 594–605.
143 «эффективность данного метода»: D. S. Weigle, P. A. Breen, C. C. Matthys, H. S. Callahan, K. E. Meeuws, V. R. Burden, et al., A High- Protein Diet Induces Sustained Reductions in Appetite, Ad Libitum Caloric Intake, and Body Weight Despite Compensatory Changes in Diurnal Plasma Leptin and Ghrelin Concentrations, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 82, no. 1 (July 2005): 41–48.
143 «часто возникает в ответ»: M. S. Westerterp- Plantenga, S. G. Lemmens, and K. R. Westerterp, “Dietary Protein— Its Role in Satiety, Energetics, Weight Loss and Health,” British Journal of Nutrition 108, supplement S2 (August 2012): S105–S112.
143 «диета с пониженным содержанием углеводов»: S. Soenen, A. G. Bonomi, S. G. T. Lemmens, J. Scholte, M. A. Thijssen, F. van Berkum, et al., Relatively High- Protein or ‘Low- Carb’ Energy- Restricted Diets for Body Weight Loss and Body Weight Maintenance? Physiology and Be hav ior 107, no. 3 (October 10, 2012): 374–80.
7. Голодный нейрон
146 «мозг крысы»: J. T. Clark, P. S. Kalra, W. R. Crowley, and S. P. Kalra, Neuropeptide Y and Human Pancreatic Polypeptide Stimulate Feeding Be hav ior in Rats, Endocrinology 115, no. 1 (July 1984): 427–29.
146 «отвечает за чувство голода»: J. D. White and M. Kershaw, Increased Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Expression Following Food Deprivation, Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience 1, no. 1 (August 1990): 41–48.
146 «снижается потребление пищи»: M. W. Schwartz, J. L. Marks, A. J. Sipolst, D. G. Baskin, S. C. Woods, S. E. Kahn, et al., Central Insulin Administration Reduces Neuropeptide Y mRNA Expression in the Arcuate Nucleus of Food- Deprived Lean (Fa/Fa) but Not Obese (fa/fa) Zucker Rats, Endocrinology 128, no. 5 (May 1, 1991): 2645–47.
146 с «по сравнению со стройными людьми»: B. Mittendorfer, F. Magkos, E. Fabbrini, B. S. Mohammed, and S. Klein, Relationship Between Body Fat Mass and Free Fatty Acid Kinetics in Men and Women, Obesity (Silver Spring, MD) 17, no. 10 (October 2009): 1872–77.
146 с «обычно так не происходит»: M.-F. Hivert, M.-F. Langlois, and A. C. Carpentier, The Entero-Insular Axis and Adipose Tissue-Related Factors in the Prediction of Weight Gain in Humans, International Journal of Obesity 31, no. 5 (November 28, 2006): 731–42.
148 «EliLilly присвоила себе»: T. W. Stephens, M. Basinski, P. K. Bristow, J. M. Bue- Valleskey, S. G. Burgett, L. Craft, et al., The Role of Neuropeptide Y in the Antiobesity Action of the Obese Gene Product, Nature 377, no. 6549 (October 12, 1995): 530–2.
148 «не настолько престижно, как статься в Science»: M. W. Schwartz, D. G. Baskin, T. R. Bukowski, J. L. Kuijper, D. Foster, G. Lasser, et al., Specifi city of Leptin Action on Elevated Blood Glucose Levels and Hypothalamic Neuropeptide Y Gene Expression in Ob/ Ob Mice,” Diabetes 45, no. 4 (April 1996): 531–35.
148 «лептиновых рецепторов»: M. W. Schwartz, R. J. Seeley, L. A. Campfield, P. Burn, and D. G. Baskin, Identifi cation of Targets of Leptin Action in Rat Hypothalamus, Journal of Clinical Investigation 98, no. 5 (September 1, 1996): 1101–106.
148 «в мозге, лептин на клеточном уровне обеспечивает контроль»: R. J. Seeley, K. A. Yagaloff, S. L. Fisher, P. Burn, T. E. Thiele, G. van Dijk, et al., Melanocortin Receptors in Leptin Effects, Nature 390, no. 6658 (November 27, 1997): 349.
149 «помещается обычное время»: Y. Aponte, D. Atasoy, and S. M. Sternson, AGRP Neurons Are Suffi cient to Orchestrate Feeding Be hav ior Rapidly and Without Training, Nature Neuroscience 14, no. 3 (March 2011): 351–55.
149 «пока не начинает есть»: J. N. Betley, S. Xu, Z. F. H. Cao, R. Gong, C. J. Magnus, Y. Yu, et al., Neurons for Hunger and Thirst Transmit a Negative- Valence Teaching Signal, Nature 521, no. 7551 (May 14, 2015): 180–85.
150 «как другие здоровые мыши»: Q. Wu, B. B. Whiddon, and R. D. Palmiter, Ablation of Neurons Expressing Agouti- Related Protein, but Not Melanin Concentrating Hormone, in Leptin- Defi cient Mice Restores Metabolic Functions and Fertility, Proceedings of the National Acad emy of Sciences of the United States of Amer i ca 109, no. 8 (February 21, 2012): 3155–60.
150 «влияние на работу этих систем»: S. J. Guyenet and M. W. Schwartz, Regulation of Food Intake, Energy Balance, and Body Fat Mass: Implications for the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Obesity, Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 97, no. 3 (March 2012): 745–55.
152 «Мышь буквально превращается в марионетку»: Aponte, Atasoy, and Sternson, “AGRP neurons Are Suffi cient; Betley, Xu, Cao, Gong, Magnus, Yu, et al., “Neurons for Hunger and Thirst; Wu, Whiddon, and Palmiter, Ablation of Neurons; M. E. Carter, M. E. Soden, L. S. Zweifel, and R. D. Palmiter, Genetic Identification of a Neural Cir cuit That Suppresses Appetite, Nature 503, no. 7474 (November 7, 2013): 111–14; B. P. Shah, L. Vong, D. P. Olson, S. Koda, M. J. Krashes, C. Ye, et al., “MC4R- Expressing Glutamatergic Neurons in the Paraventricular Hypothalamus Regulate Feeding and Are Synaptically Connected to the Parabrachial Nucleus, Proceedings of the National Acad emy of Sciences of the United States of America 111, no. 36 (September 9, 2014): 13193–98.
152 «бесчисленное множество операций»: F. A. C. Azevedo, L. R. B. Carvalho, L. T. Grinberg, J. M. Farfel, R. E. L. Ferretti, and R. E. P. Leite, et al., Equal Numbers of Neuronal and Nonneuronal Cells Make the Human Brain an Isometrically Scaled- Up Primate Brain, Journal of Comparative Neurology 513, no. 5 (April 10, 2009): 532–41.