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Clemens TL. Vitamin B12 deficiency and bone health. N Eng J Med. 2014;371:963–964. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcibr1407247

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Dash P, Hergenroeder G, Jeter C, Choi H, Kobori N, Moore A. Traumatic brain injury alters methionine metabolism: implications for pathophysiology. Front Syst Neurosci. 2016.10:36. doi: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00036

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Hannibal L, Lysne V, Bjørke-Monsen A-L, et al. Biomarkers and algorithms for the diagnosis of vitamin B12 deficiency. Front Mol Biosci. 2016;3.27. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2016.00027

Haan MN, Miller JW, Aiello AE, et al. Homocysteine, B vitamins, and the incidence of dementia and cognitive impairment: results from the Sacramento Area Latino Study on Aging. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(2):511–517. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.511

Harkin A. Muscling in on depression. N Eng J Med. 2014;371:2333–2334. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcibr1411568

Hicks GE, Shardell M, Miller RR, et al. Associations between vitamin D status and pain in older adults: The Invecchiare in Chianti Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:785–791. doi: 10.1111/j.1532–5415.2008.01644.x

Ho PI, Ortiz D, Rogers E, Shea TB. Multiple aspects of homocysteine neurotoxicity: glutamate excitotoxicity, kinase hyperactivation and DNA damage. J Neurosci Res. 2002;70(5):694–702. doi: 10.1002/jnr.10416

Holick MF. High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health. Mayo Clin Proc. 2006; 81(3):353–373. doi: 10.4065/81.3.353

Holland TM, Agarwal P, Wang Y, et al. Dietary flavonols and risk of Alzheimer dementia. Neurology. 2020;94(16):e1749–e1756; doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000008981

Jáuregui-Lobera I. Iron deficiency and cognitive functions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10(10):2087–2095. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S72491

Jochemsen HM, Kloppenborg RP, de Groot LC, et al. Homocysteine, progression of ventricular enlargement, and cognitive decline: the Second Manifestations of Arterial Disease-Magnetic Resonance Study. Alzheimers Dement. 2013;9(3):302–309. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2011.11.008. Epub 2012 Aug 3. 242 For Further Reading

Kang JH, Cook N, Manson J, Buring JE, Albert CM, Grodstein F. A trial of B vitamins and cognitive function among women at high risk of cardiovascular disease.

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Köhnke C, Herrmann M, Berger K. Associations of major depressive disorder and related clinical characteristics with 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in middle-aged adults. Nutr Neurosci. 2020;9:1–10. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2020.1843892. Epub ahead of print.

Lipton SA, Kim WK, Choi YB, et al. Neurotoxicity associated with dual actions of homocysteine at the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1997;94(11):5923–5928. doi: 10.1073/pnas.94.11.5923

Llewellyn DJ, Lang IA, Langa KM, et al. Vitamin D and risk of cognitive decline in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170(13):1135–1141. doi: 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.173

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Masoumi A, Goldenson B, Ghirmai S, et al. 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 interacts with curcuminoids to stimulate amyloid-beta clearance by macrophages of Alzheimer’s disease patients. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;17(3):703–717. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2009-1080

Mizwicki MT, Menegaz D, Zhang J, et al. Genomic and nongenomic signaling induced by 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3 promotes the recovery of amyloid-β phagocytosis by Alzheimer’s disease macrophages. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012;29(1):51–62. doi: 10.3233/JAD-2012-110560

Mujica-Parodi LR, Amgalan A, Sultan SF, et al. Diet modulates brain network stability, a biomarker for brain aging, in young adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2020;117(11):6170–6177; doi: 10.1073/pnas.1913042117

Okereke OI, Reynolds CF, Mischoulon D, et al. Effect of long-term vitamin D3 supplementation vs placebo on risk of depression or clinically relevant depressive symptoms and on change in mood scores: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Med Assoc. 2020;324(5):471–480. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.10224

Paillusson S, Stoica R, Gómez-Suaga P, et al. There’s something wrong with my MAM: the ER – mitochondria axis and neurodegenerative diseases. Trends Neurosci. 2016;39(3):146–157. doi: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.01.008 For Further Reading 243

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Prins ND, den Heijer T, Hofman A, et al. Homocysteine and cognitive function in the elderly: the Rotterdam Scan Study. Neurology. 2002;59(9):1375–1380. doi: 10.1212/01.WNL.0000032494.05619.93

Ravaglia G, Forti P, Maioli F, et al. Homocysteine and folate as risk factors for dementia and Alzheimer disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(3):636–643. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/82.3.636

Regland B, McCaddon A. Alzheimer’s amyloidopathy: an alternative aspect. J Alzheimers Dis. 2019;68(2):483–488. doi: 10.3233/JAD-181007

Rodgers GP, Collins FS. Precision nutrition: the answer to “what to eat to stay healthy.” J Am Med Assoc. 2020;324(8):735–736. doi: 10.1001/jama.2020.13601

Salminen A, Kauppinen A, Suuronen T, Kaarniranta K, Ojala J. ER stress in Alzheimer’s disease: a novel neuronal trigger for inflammation and Alzheimer’s pathology. J Neuroinflammation. 2009:41. doi: 10.1186/1742-2094-6-41

Seshadri S, Beiser A, Selhub J, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for dementia and Alzheimer’s disease. N Eng J Med. 2002;346(7):476–483. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa011613

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Smith AD, Refsum H, Bottiglieri T, et al. Homocysteine and dementia: an international consensus statement. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;62(2):561–570. doi: 10.3233/JAD-171042

Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, et al. Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One. 2010. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012244

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Taheri S, Lin L, Austin D, Young T, Mignot E. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased body mass index. PLOS Medicine, 2004;1,e62. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.0010062

Tezapsidis N, Johnston JM, Smith MA, et al. Leptin: a novel therapeutic strategy 244 For Further Reading for Alzheimer’s disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2009;16(4):731–740. doi: 10.3233/jad-2009-1021

Tucker KL, Qiao N, Scott T, Rosenberg I, Spiro A III. High homocysteine and low B vitamins predict cognitive decline in aging men: the Veterans Affairs Normative Aging Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;82(3):627–635. doi: 10.1093/ajcn.82.3.627

Wish JB. Assessing iron status: beyond serum ferritin and transferrin saturation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006 Sep;1 Suppl 1:S4–S8. doi: 10.2215/CJN.01490506

Xu W, Tan L, Wang HF, et al. Meta-analysis of modifiable risk factors for Alzheimer’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015;86(12):1299–1306. doi: 10.1136/jnnp-2015-310548. Epub 2015 Aug 20.

Yassine HN, Braskie MN, Mack WJ, et al. Association of docosahexaenoic acid supplementation with Alzheimer disease stage in apolipoprotein E ε4 carriers: a review. JAMA Neurol. 2017;74(3):339–347. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4899

Zhao C, Tsapanou A, Manly J, Schupf, N, Brickman AM, Gu, Y. Vitamin D intake is associated with dementia risk in the Washington Heights – Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP). Alzheimers Dement. 2020;16:1393–1401. doi: 10.1002/alz.12096

Chapter 8. Alcohol, Drugs, and Medications

Alexander CM, Seifert HA, Blouin RT, Conrad PF, Gross JB. Diphenhydramine enhances the interaction of hypercapnic and hypoxic ventilatory drive. Anesthesiology. 1994;80:789–795.

Boeuf-Cazou O, Bongue B, Ansiau D, Marquie J-C, Lapeyre-Mestre M. Impact of long-term benzodiazepine use on cognitive functioning in young adults: the VISAT cohort. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2011;67:1045. doi: 10.1007/s00228-011-1047-y