Индустриализация в Китае, давно сбросившем с себя путы неравноправных договоров, была в самом разгаре, когда в 1997 и 1999 годах ему были возвращены соответственно Гонконг и Макао. Это поставило точку в европейском проекте построения заморских империй, начатом португальцами с захвата марокканской Сеуты еще в 1415 году.
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