Примечания
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«Исповедь», книга 10, гл. 8, п. 15. Пер. с лат. М. Е. Сергеенко.
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6
То есть на ситуации, требующие осмысления и принятия осознанного решения («когнитивный» – значит «познавательный»). – Ред.
7
Henry David Thoreau, “Economy”, in Walden and Other Writings of Henry David Thoreau (New York: Modern Library, 1992), 3. ГЛАВА 1
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Перевод А. Прокопьева.
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Адренокортикотропин – гормон, стимулирующий функцию надпочечников и выработку ими адреналина. – Ред.
13
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14
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15
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16
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17
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21
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22
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23
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24
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Roenneberg et al., “Life between clocks”.
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29
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30
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31
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32
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33
Foster and Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life, 11.
34
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35
Ralph Waldo Emerson, “Circles”, in Essays and Poems (London: Everyman Paperback Classics, 1992), 147.
36
Имеется в виду температура тела, измеренная во рту. – Ред.
37
P. A. Mackowiak et al., “A critical appraisal of 98.6 degrees F, the upper limit of the normal body temperature, and other legacies of Carl Reinhold August Wunderlich”, Journal of the American Medical Association 268, 1578–1580 (1992).
38
Foster and Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life, 53–54.
39
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41
Foster and Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life, 71.
42
Foster and Kreitzman, Rhythms of Life, 11; Smolensky and Lamberg, The Body Clock Guide to Better Health, 5–12; Hrushesky, “Timing is everything”.
43
J. Arendt, “Biological rhythms: the science of chronobiology”, Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London 32, 27–35 (1998).
44
Супрахиазматические ядра – ядра серого вещества, расположенные над (лат. super) перекрестом (греч. chiasmos) зрительных нервов. – Ред.
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P. L. Lowrey and J. S. Takahashi, “Mammalian circadian biology: elucidating genome-wide levels of temporal organization”, Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 5, 407–441 (2004).
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S.-H. Yoo et al., “Period 2: luciferase real-time reporting of circadian dynamics reveals persistent circadian oscillations in mouse peripheral tissues”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101, 5339–5346 (2004).
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48
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49
Так называемого периодического часового гена. – Ред.
50
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51
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53
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54
Интервью с Тиллом Рённебергом, 8 сентября 2006 года; Roenneberg et al., “Life between clocks”.
55
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56
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57
Jack James, Understanding Caffeine (Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1997); интервью с Лаурой Джулиано, октябрь 2006 года.
58
W. H. Lewis et al., “Ritualistic use of the holly Ilex guayusa by Amazonian Jivaro Indians”, Journal of Ethnopharmacology 33:1–2, 25–30 (1991).
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J. K. Wyatt et al., “Low-dose repeated caffeine administration for circadian-phase-dependent performance degradation during extended wakefulness”, Sleep 27, 374–381 (2004). Целью этого исследования было найти наилучшую стратегию повышения и поддержания работоспособности тех, кому приходится бодрствовать долгими часами, например врачей и шоферов-дальнобойщиков.
60
Jean-Marie Vaugeois, “Positive feedback from coffee”, Nature 418, 734–736 (2002).
61
J. Blanchard and S. J. A. Sawers, “The absolute bioavailability of caffeine in man”, European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24, 93–98 (1983).
62
J. W. Daly et al., “The role of adenosine receptors in the central action of caffeine”, in B. S. Gupta and U. Gupta, eds., Caffeine and Behavior: Current Views and Research Trends (Boca Raton, Fl.: CRC Press, 1999), 1–16.
63
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64
F. Koppelstatter et al., “Influence of caffeine excess on activation patterns in verbal working memory”, Radiological Society of North America annual meeting, November 2005.
65
То есть испытуемым сказали, что это кофе, тогда как на самом деле предложенный им напиток не обладал стимулирующим эффектом. – Ред.
66
Juliano and Griffiths, “A critical review of caffeine withdrawal”. ГЛАВА 2
67
Rainer W. Friedrich, “Odorant receptors make scents”, Nature 430, 511–512 (2004).
68
J. A. Gottfried, “Smell: central nervous processing”, in T. Hummel and A. Welge-Luessen, eds., Taste and Smell: An Update (Advances in Otorhinolaryngology) (Basel, Switzerland: Karger, 2006), 44–69; интервью с Джеем Готфридом, сентябрь 2006 года.
69
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70
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71
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72
J. Plailly, “Involvement of right piriform cortex in olfactory familiarity judgements”, Neuroimage 24, 1032–1041 (2005).
73
Это Тим Джейкоб из Кардиффского университета. См.: http://www.cf.ac.uk/biosi/staff/jacob/teaching/sensory/taste.html и http://www.cardiff.ac.uk/biosi/staff/jacob/index.html.
74
S. Chu and J. J. Downes, “Odour-evoked autobiographical memories: psychological investigations of the Proustian phenomena”, Chemical Senses 25, 111–116 (2000).
75
C. Miles and R. Jenkins, “Recency and suffix effects with serial recall of odours”, Memory 8:3, 195–206 (2000).
76
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77
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79
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80
Bernd Lindemann, “Receptors and transduction in taste”, Nature 413, 219–225 (2001).
81
A. Cruz and B. G. Green, “Thermal stimulation of taste”, Nature 403, 889–892 (2000).
82
K. Talavera et al., “Heat activation of TRPM5 underlies thermal sensitivity of sweet taste”, Nature 438, 1022–1025 (2005).
83
Ralph Waldo Emerson, Essays and English Traits, vol. 5, ch. 2, “Voyage to England” (Harvard Classics, 1909–1914). www.bartleby.com/5/202.html.
84
Интервью с Полом Бреслином, октябрь 2006 года.
85
U.-K. Kim et al., “Genetics of human taste perception”, Journal of Dental Research 83:6, 448–453 (2004); B. Bufe et al., “The molecular basis of individual differences in phenylthiocarbamide and propylthiouracil bitterness perception”, Current Biology 15:4, 322–327 (2005); A. Caicedo and S. D. Roper, “Taste receptor cells that discriminate between bitter stimuli”, Science 291, 1557–1560 (2001).
86
M. A. Sandell and P. A. S. Breslin, “Variability in a taste receptor gene determines whether we taste toxins in food”, интервью с Полом Бреслином, сентябрь 2006 года.
87
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88
L. A. Isbell, “Snakes as agents of evolutionary change in primate brains”, Journal of Human Evolution 51, 1–35 (2006).
89
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90
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91
Уильям Джеймс (1842–1910) – американский психолог и философ, представитель радикального эмпиризма и основоположник прагматизма, брат писателя Генри Джеймса. Автор фундаментального труда «Принципы психологии», остающегося классикой психологии. – Ред.
92
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93
R. A. A. Campbell and A. J. King, “Auditory neuroscience: a time for coincidence?”, Current Biology 14, R886–888 (2004).
94
G. D. Pollak, “Model hearing”, Nature 417, 502–503 (2002).
95
Этот постулат позаимствован у Э. Джеймса Хадспета в ходе интервью 31 января 2005 года; D. K. Chan and A. J. Hudspeth, “Ca2+ current-driven nonlinear amplification by the mammalian cochlea in vitro”, Nature Neuroscience 8, 149–155 (2005); and C. Kros, “Aid from hair force”, Nature 433, 810–811 (2005).
96
David J. M. Kramer et al., “Sound of silence activates auditory cortex”, Nature 434, 158–159 (2005).
97
G. Morrot et al., “The color of odors”, Brain and Language 79:2, 309–320 (2001).
98
J. M. Groh et al., “Eye position influences auditory responses in primate inferior colliculus”, Neuron 29, 509–518 (2001).
99
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100
J. A. Gottfried et al., “Remembrance of odors past: human olfactory cortex in crossmodal recognition memory”, Neuron 42, 687–695 (2004). ГЛАВА 3
101
T. Norretranders, The User Illusion (New York: Viking, 1998), cited in Timothy Wilson, “The adaptive unconscious: knowing how we feel”, talk delivered at the Medical Center Hour, University of Virginia School of Medicine, January 21, 2004.
102
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103
S. Clifasefi et al., “The effects of alcohol on inattentional blindness”, Journal of Applied Cognitive Psychology, DOI: 10.1002/acp.12222 (2006).
104
F. Crick and C. Koch, “A framework for consciousness”, Nature Neuroscience 6, 119–126 (2003).
105
C. Sergent et al., “Timing of the brain events underlying access to consciousness during the attentional blink”, Nature Neuroscience 8:10, 1391–1399 (2005); René Marois, “Two-timing attention”, Nature Neuroscience 8:10, 1285–1286 (2005).
106
R. B. Ivry and R. M. C. Spencer, “The neural representation of time”, Current Opinion in Neurobiology 14, 225–232 (2004); интервью с Ричардом Иври, октябрь 2006 года.
107
Ivry and Spencer, “The neural representation of time”, 225; интервью с Ричардом Иври, октябрь 2006 года.
108
Catalin V. Buhusi and Warren H. Meck, “What makes us tick? Functional and neural mechanisms of interval timing”, Nature Reviews Neuroscience 6, 755–765 (2005); V. Pouthas and S. Perbal, “Time perception depends on accurate clock mechanisms as well as unimpaired attention and memory processes”, Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 64, 367–385 (2004); Uma R. Karmarka and Dean V. Buonomano, “Temporal specificity of perceptual learning in an auditory discrimination task”, Learning and Memory 10, 141–147 (2003).
109
H. Woodrow, “Time perception”, in S. S. Stevens, ed., Handbook of Experimental Psychology (New York: John Wiley, 1951), 1224–1236.
110
N. Marmaras et al., “Factors affecting accuracy of producing time intervals”, Perceptual and Motor Skills 80, 1043–1056 (1995).
111
J. Rubinstein et al., “Executive control of cognitive processes in task twitching”, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 27:4, 763–797 (2001); см. также: M. A. Just et al., “Interdependence of non-overlapping cortical systems in dual cognitive tasks”, NeuroImage 14, 417–426 (2001).
112
“Break-through research on real-world driver behavior released”, NHTSA press release, April 20, 2006.
113
B. A. Shaywitz et al., “Disruption of posterior brain systems for reading in children with developmental dyslexia”, Biological Psychiatry 52, 101–110 (2002); P. E. Turkeltaub, “Development of neural mechanisms for reading”, Nature Neuroscience 6, 767–773 (2003); P. G. Simos et al., “Dyslexia-specific brain activation profile becomes normal following successful remedial training”, Neurology 58, 1203–1213 (2002).
114
L. Hasher et al., “It’s about time: circadian rhythms, memory, and aging”, in C. Izawa and N. Ohta, eds., Human Learning and Memory: Advances in Theory and Application (Mahwah, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2005), 199–217.
115
Mary Carskadon, “The rhythm of human sleep and wakefulness”, paper presented at the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms annual meeting, 2002.
116
Russell Foster and Leon Kreitzmann, Rhythms of Life (London: Profile Books, 2004), 11.
117
M. Carskadon et al., “Adolescent sleep patterns, circadian timing, and sleepiness at a transition to early school days”, Sleep 21:8, 871–881 (1998); M. Carskadon, ed., Adolescent Sleep Patterns (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
118
H. P. A. Van Dongen and D. F. Dinges, “Circadian rhythms in fatigue, alertness, and performance”, in M. H. Kryger et al., Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine, 3rd ed. (Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders, 2000). 391–399.
119
Интервью с Тимом Солтхаузом, 28 января 2005 года.
120
T. H. Monk et al., “Circadian rhythms in human performance and mood under constant conditions”, Journal of Sleep Research 6:1, 9–18 (1997).
121
K. P. Wright et al., “Relationship between alertness, performance, and body temperature in humans”, American Journal of Psychology: Regulatory, Integrative, and Comparative Psychology 283, R1370–1377 (2002).
122
Hasher et al., “It’s about time”; L. Hasher et al., “Inhibitory control, circadian arousal, and age”, in D. Gopher and A. Koriat, eds., Attention and Performance, XVII: Cognitive Regulation of Performance: Interaction of Theory and Application (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1999), 653–675.
123
C. P. May, “Synchrony effects in cognition: The costs and a benefit”, Psychonomic Bulletin and Review 6:1, 142–147 (1999).
124
S. Folkard and T. H. Monk, “Time of day effects in immediate and delayed memory”, in M. M. Gruneberg et al., eds., Practical Aspects of Memory (London: Academic Press, 1988), 142–168.
125
Hasher et al., “It’s about time”.
126
Eric Kandel, “The molecular biology of memory storage: A dialogue between genes and synapses”, Science 294, 1030–1038 (2001); интервью с Эриком Кэнделом, 24 января 2005 года; Eric Kandel, “Toward a biology of memory”, presentation at the University of Virginia, January 28, 2005.
127
Хрустальная ночь – погром в ночь на 9 ноября 1938 года, послуживший началом массового уничтожения евреев в фашистской Германии. – Перев.
128
Lisa C. Lyons et al., “Circadian modulation of complex learning in diurnal and nocturnal Aplysia”,Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102, 12589–12594 (2005); см. также: R. I. Fernandez et al., “Circadian modulation of long-term sensitization in Aplysia”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100, 14415–14420 (2003). ГЛАВА 4
129
Перевод С. Я. Маршака.
130
“History of the Stomach and Intestines”. http://www.stanford.edu/class/history13/earlysciencelab/bode/stomachpages/stomachcolonintestines.html.
131
Marianne Regard and Theodor Landis, “Gourmand syndrome: eating passion associated with right anterior lesions”, Neurology 48, 1185–1190 (1997).
132
Джулия Чайлд (1912–2004) – «бабушка американской кулинарии», автор ряда кулинарных книг и передач. – Перев.
133
A. Del Parigi et al., “Sex differences in the human brain’s response to hunger and satiation”, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 75:6, 1017–1022 (2002).
134
Michael K. Badman and Jeffrey S. Flier, “The gut and energy balance: visceral allies in the obesity wars”, Science 307, 1901–1914 (2005): см. также: Stephen C. Woods, “Gastrointestinal Satiety Signals I: an overview of gastrointestinal signals that influence food intake”, American Journal of Physiology: Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 286, G7–13 (2004).
135
Интервью с Дэвидом Каммингсом, 14 августа 2006 года.
136
Roger D. Cone, “Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system”, Nature Neuroscience 8:5, 571–578 (2005).
137
M. Nakazato et al., “A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding”, Nature 409, 194–198 (2001); D. E. Cummings et al., “A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels suggests a role in meal initiation in humans”, Diabetes 50, 1714–1719 (2001).
138
Y. Date et al., “The role of the gastric afferent vagal nerve in ghrelin-induced feeding and growth hormone secretion in rats”, Gastroenterology 123:4, 1120–1128 (2002).
139
D. E. Cummings et al., “Ghrelin and energy balance: focus on current controversies”, Current Drug Targets 6:2, 153–169 (2005).
140
D. E. Cummings et al., “A preprandial rise in plasma ghrelin levels”.
141
Интервью с Дэвидом Каммингсом, 14 августа 2006 года.
142
Heike Munzberg and Martin G. Myers Jr., “Molecular and anatomical determinants of central leptin resistance”, Nature Neuroscience 8:5, 566–570 (2005); Michael K. Badman and Jeffrey S. Flier, “The gut and energy balance”.
143
M. Bajzer and R. J. Seeley, “Obesity and gut flora”, Nature 444, 1009 (2006).
144
Интервью с Джеффри Флайером, 20 июля 2006 года.
145
J. K. Elmquist and J. S. Flier, “The fat-brain axis enters a new dimension”, Science 304, 63–64 (2004); R. B. Simerly et al., “Trophic action of leptin on hypothalamic neurons that regulate feeding”, Science 304, 108–110 (2004); Shirly Pinto et al., “Rapid rewiring of arcuate nucleus feeding circuits by leptin”, Science 304, 110–115 (2004); интервью с Джеффри Флайером, 20 июля 2006 года.
146
William Carlezon et al., “Antidepressant-like effects of uridine and omega-3 fatty acids are potentiated by combined treatment in rats”, Biological Psychiatry 54:4, 343–350 (2005).
147
Интервью с Уильямом Карлезоном, октябрь 2006 года.
148
Joseph R. Hibbeln, “Fish consumption and major depression”, Lancet 351, 1213 (1998).
149
“Food ingredients may be as effective as antidepressants”, press release, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, February 10, 2005.
150
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151
K. Raikkonen et al., “Sweet babies: chocolate consumption during pregnancy and infant temperament at six months”, Early Human Development 76, 139–145 (2004).
152
Peter W. Lucas, Dental Functional Morphology: How Teeth Work (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 4.
153
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154
Интервью с Дэном Либерманом, 26 февраля 2005 года; D. E. Lieberman et al., “Effects of food processing on masticatory strain and craniofacial growth in a retrognathic face”, Journal of Human Evolution 46, 655–677 (2004).
155
Stephen R. Bloom et al., “Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects by peptide YY3–36”, New England Journal of Medicine 349, 941–948 (2003).
156
Badman and Flier, “The gut and energy balance”.
157
Bloom et al., “Inhibition of food intake in obese subjects”.
158
R. L. Batterham et al., “Gut hormone YY3–36 physiologically inhibits food intake”, Nature 418, 650–654 (2002).
159
J. Overduin et al., “Role of the duodenum and macronutrient type in ghrelin regulation”, Endocrinology 146:2, 845–850 (2005). ГЛАВА 5
160
Osip Mandelstam, The Noise of Time and Other Prose Pieces (London: Quartet Books, 1988), quoted in Bruce Chatwin, The Songlines (New York, Penguin, 1987), 230.
161
R. McNeill Alexander, “Walking made simple”, Science 308, 58–59 (2005).
162
A. K. Gutmann et al., “Constrained optimization in human running”, Journal of Experimental Biology 209, 622–632 (2006).
163
A. J. Lipton et al., “S-nitrosothiols signal the ventilatory response to hypoxia”, Nature 413, 171–174 (2001).
164
Kevin R. Foster, “Hamiltonian medicine: why the social lives of pathogens matter”, Science 308, 1269–1270 (2005); интервью с Кевином Фостером.
165
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166
Paul B. Eckburg et al., “Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora”, Science 308, 1635–1638 (2005).
167
S. S. Socransky and A. D. Haffajee, “Dental biofilms: difficult therapeutic targets”, Periodonthology 28, 12–55 (2002).
168
Foster, “Hamiltonian medicine”.
169
Mel Rosenberg, “The science of bad breath”, Scientific American, April 2002, 72–79; интервью с Мелом Розенбергом, 28 июля 2006 года; “The sweet smell of Mel’s success”.
170
От англ. smell – запах. – Ред.
171
William Beaumont, Experiments and Observations on the Gastric Juice and the Psychology of Digestion (New York: Dover Publications, 1959, reprint of 1833 edition).
172
Mark Dunleavy, “Gut feeling”, http://www.neuroscientist.com/lastword.
173
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174
Michael Gershon, The Second Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1998); M. Gershon, “The enteric nervous system: a second brain”, in Hospital Practice, http://www.hosppract.com/issues/1999/07/gershon.htm.
175
F. Backhed et al., “Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine”, Science 307, 1915–1919 (2005); L. V. Hooper and J. I. Gordon, “Commensal host-bacterial relationships in the gut”, Science 292, 1115–1118 (2001); D. R. Relman, “The human body as microbial observatory”, Nature Genetics 30, 131–133 (2002); J.-P. Kraehenbuhl and M. Corbett, “Keeping the gut microflora at bay”, Science 303, 1624–1625 (2004); Edward Ruby et al., “We get by with a little help from our (little) friends”, Science 303, 1305–1307 (2004); L. V. Hooper et al., “Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine”, Science 291, 881–884 (2001); интервью с Джеффри Гордоном, 20 февраля 2005 года.
176
P. B. Eckburg et al., “Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora”, Science 308, 1635–1638 (2005).
177
Ruslan Medzhitov, “Recognition of commensal microflora by toll-like receptors is required for intestinal homeostasis”, Cell 118:6, 671–674 (2004); “Good bacteria trigger proteins to protect the gut”.
178
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179
R. E. Ley et al., “Human gut microbes associated with obesity”, Nature 444, 1022–1023 (2006); P. J. Turnbaugh et al., “An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest”, Nature 444, 1027–1031 (2006).
180
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181
Franz Halberg et al., “Chronomics: circadian and circaseptan timing of radiotherapy, drugs, calories, perhaps nutriceuticals and beyond”, Journal of Experimental Therapeutics and Oncology 3:5, 223 (2003).
182
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183
Ueli Schibler et al., “Peripheral circadian oscillators in mammals: time and food”, Journal of Biological Rhythms 18:3, 250–260 (2003); J. Rutter et al., “Regulation of clock and NPAS2 DNA binding by the redox state of NAD cofactors”, Science 293, 510–514 (2001).
184
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185
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186
Ralph A. Lewin, Merde: Excursions in Scientific, Cultural, and Socio-Historical Coprology (New York: Random House, 1999); Backhed, “Host-bacterial mutualism in the human intestine”, 1917.
187
Bill Rathmell, “No Bull”, http://www.newscientist.com.
188
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189
Michael D. Levitt et al., “Evaluation of an extremely flatulent patient”, American Journal of Gastroenterology 93:11, 2276–2281 (1998).
190
Eric Ravussin, “A NEAT way to control weight?”, Science 307, 530–531 (2005); интервью с Эриком Равуссином, 8 августа 2006 года.
191
Jean Mayer, Human Nutrition (Springfield, Ill.: Charles S. Thomas, 1979), 21–24.
192
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193
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194
J. A. Levine et al., “Role of nonexercise activity thermogenesis in resistance to fat gain in humans”, Science 283, 212–214 (1999); James Levine et Michael Jensen, response to “A fidgeter’s calculation”, Science 284, 1123 (2000).
195
J. A. Levine et al., “Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity”, Science 307, 584–586 (2005). ГЛАВА 6
196
Norton Juster, The Phantom Tollbooth (New York: Random House/Bullseye Books, 1988), 24.
197
У римлян первый час наступал на рассвете, а шестой – между нашими 14 и 16 часами. – Ред.
198
Eighth annual meeting of the Society for Research on Biological Rhythms (SRBR), Amelia Island, Florida, 2002.
199
Mary Carskadon, “Guidelines for the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT): a standard measure of sleepiness”, Sleep 9, 519–524 (1986); Mary Carskadon and William Dement, “Daytime sleepiness: quantification of a behavioral state”, Neuroscience Biobehavioral Review 11, 307–317 (1987).
200
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201
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202
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203
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204
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205
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206
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208
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209
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210
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211
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212
Peretz Lavie, The Enchanted World of Sleep (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1996), 51; интервью с Перетцом Лави, 14 февраля 2005 года.
213
D. M. Edgar et al., “Effect of SCN lesions on sleep in squirrel monkeys: evidence for opponent processes in sleep-wake regulation”, Journal of Neuroscience 13, 1065–1079 (1993); Dement and Vaughan, The Promise of Sleep; интервью с Уильямом Дементом, 5 марта 2005 года.
214
M. Carskadon, “The rhythm of human sleep and wakefulness”.
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216
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217
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218
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219
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220
Dement and Vaughan, The Promise of Sleep, 371–377.
221
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222
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223
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224
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226
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227
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228
A. Naska et al., “Siesta in healthy adults and coronary mortality in the general population”, Archives of Internal Medicine 167, 296–301 (2007).
229
Интервью с Сарой Медник, 3 октября 2006 года; Dement and Vaughan, The Promise of Sleep, 371.
230
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231
M. Carskadon, “Ontogeny of human sleepiness as measured by sleep latency”, in D. F. Dinges and R. J. Broughton, eds., Sleep and Alertness: Chronobiological, Behavioral, and Medical Aspects of Napping (New York: Raven Press, 1989), 53–69. ГЛАВА 7
232
William James, The Principles of Psychology, vol. 2, 1890, 415–416, http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/james/principles/prin25.htm.
233
“Neurosystems underlying fear”, paper delivered at the symposium “Stress and Brain”, National Institutes of Health, Washington, D. C., March 12, 2003; E. K. Lanuza et al., “Unconditioned stimulus pathways to the amygdala: effects of posterior thalamic and cortical lesions on fear conditioning”, Neuroscience 125, 305–315 (2004); J. LeDoux, “The emotional brain, fear, and the amygdala”, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology 23:4–5, 727–738 (2003); интервью с Жозефом Леду, 16 января 2005 года.
234
Bruce McEwen, The End of Stress (Washington, D. C.: Dana Press, 2002).
235
Это описание и цитаты далее по всей главе взяты из McEwen, The End of Stress и интервью с Брюсом Мак-Ивеном, 17 января 2005 года.
236
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237
Robert Sapolsky, “Sick of poverty”, Scientific American, December 2005, 96.
238
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239
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240
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241
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242
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243
Когда Роберт Глейзер, Дженис Киколт-Глейзер и их коллеги из Университета штата Огайо исследовали взаимосвязь стресса и способности организма реагировать на вакцину, они обнаружили, что организм переживающих стресс студентов медицинского факультета слабее вырабатывает антитела в ответ на прививку против гепатита В, чем организм контрольной группы студентов. Люди, которые ухаживали за страдающими болезнью Альцгеймера, слабее реагировали на вакцину против гриппа. J. K. Kiecolt—Glaser et al., “Stress-induced modulation of the immune response to recombinant hepatitis B vaccine”, Psychosomatic Medicine 54, 22–29 (1992); “Chronic stress alters the immune response to influenza virus vaccine in older adults”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93, 3043–3047 (1996).
244
J. K. Kiecolt—Glaser et al., “Slowing of wound-healing by psychological stress”, Lancet 346, 1194–1196 (1995). Коллеги Глейзер обнаружили также, что мелкие раны на твердом нёбе студентов, нанесенные за три дня до экзамена по специальности, заживали в среднем на 40 % медленнее, чем во время летних каникул. P. T. Marucha et al., “Mucosal wound healing is impaired by examination stress”, Psychosomatic Medicine 60, 362–365 (1998).
245
R. Glaser et al., “Stress-related changes in proinflammatory cytokine production in wounds”, Archives of General Psychiatry 56, 450–456 (1999).
246
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247
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248
E. S. Epel, “Accelerated telomere shortening in response to life stress”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0407162101 (2004).
249
Гора Вашингтон в хребте Президеншл, в горах Уайт-Маунтинс на севере штата Нью-Хэмпшир, наиболее высокая вершина всей северо-восточной части США (1917 м). Это место известно своим суровым климатом. – Ред.
250
A. Caspi et al., “Influence of life stress on depression: moderation in the 5-HTT gene”, Science 301, 386–389 (2003); Stephan Hamann, “Blue genes: wiring the brain for depression”, Nature Neuroscience 8:6, 701 (2005).
251
Peter Kramer, “Tapping the mood gene”, New York Times, July 26, 2003, A13.
252
Интервью с Эстер Стернберг, 17 января 2005 года.
253
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254
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255
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256
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257
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258
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259
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260
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261
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262
E. B. White, A Subtreasury of American Humor (New York: Coward McCann, 1941), xvii.
263
Интервью с Брюсом Мак-Ивеном, 17 января 2005 года. ГЛАВА 8
264
Пер. М. Лозинского.
265
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266
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267
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268
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269
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270
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271
Ratey, A User’s Guide to the Brain (New York: Vintage, 2001), 360.
272
M. Bibyak et al., “Exercise treatment for major depression: maintenance of therapeutic benefit at 10 months”, Psychosomatic Medicine 62, 633–638 (2000).
273
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274
D. I. Galper et al., “Inverse association between physical inactivity and mental health in men and women”, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 38:1, 173–178 (2006).
275
Интервью с Джеймсом Блюменталем, 7 августа 2006 года.
276
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277
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278
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279
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280
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281
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283
K. C. The and A. R. Aziz, “Heart rate, oxygen uptake, and energy cost of ascending and descending the stairs”, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 34:4, 695–699 (2002). Чтобы максимизировать эффект, ученые посоветовали подниматься и спускаться на 22 пролета по 7 раз за один прием, т. е. по 26 минут 4 раза в неделю.
284
Интервью с Ричардом Рэнгэмом и Дэном Либерманом, Гарвардский университет, 26 февраля 2005 года.
285
Интервью с Мириам Нельсон, 30 октября 2006 года.
286
Интервью с Хеннингом Уокерейджем, октябрь 2006 года.
287
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288
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289
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290
P. M. Clarkson et al., “Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training”, Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 37:6, 964–972 (2005).
291
H. Wackerhage, “Recovering from eccentric exercise: get weak to become strong”, Journal of Physiology 553, 681 (2003).
292
R. Herbert and M. Gabriel, “Effects of stretching before and after exercising on muscle soreness and risk of injury: systematic review”, British Medical Journal 325, 468 (2002).
293
Интервью с Хеннингом Уокерейджем, октябрь 2006 года.
294
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295
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296
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297
Пого – игрушка в виде пружинящего костыля с поперечиной для ног, на котором можно прыгать. – Ред.
298
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299
Philip J. Kilner et al., “Asymmetric redirection of flow through the heart”, Nature 404, 759–761 (2000).
300
J. Y. Ji et al., “Shear stress causes nuclear localization of endothelial glucocorticoid receptor and expression from the GRE promoter”, Circulation Research 92, 279 (2003).
301
R. Rauramaa, “Results of DNASCO (DNA polymorphism and carotid atherosclerosis) study, a six-year study on the effects of low-intensity exercise and genetic factors on atherosclerosis” (abstract 3855), presented at the American Heart Association’s Scientific Sessions Conference, 2001.
302
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A. St. Clair Gibson and T. D. Noakes, “Evidence for complex system integration and dynamic neural regulation of skeletal muscle recruitment during exercise in humans”, British Journal of Sports Medicine 38, 797–806 (2004); Noakes and St. Clair Gibson, “Logical limitations to the ‘catastrophe’ models of fatigue”.
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Амиши – консервативная религиозная секта меннонитов, живущих в сельских общинах. Буквальное толкование Библии запрещает им пользоваться электричеством, автомобилями и т. п. Амиши носят бороду (без усов), старомодную одежду с крючками вместо пуговиц, пользуются плугом в земледелии, строго соблюдают день отдохновения. – Ред.
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318
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S. Jacob et al., “Paternally inherited MHC alleles are associated with women’s choice of male odor”, Nature Genetics 30, 175–179 (2002). ГЛАВА 10
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R. Refinetti, “Time for sex: nycthemeral distribution of human sexual behavior”, Journal of Circadian Rhythms 3, 4 (2005).
373
J. Larson et al., “Morning and night couples: the effect of wake and sleep patterns on marital adjustment”, Journal of Marital and Family Therapy 17, 53–65 (1991); reported in Michael Smolensky and Lynne Lamberg, The Body Clock Guide to Better Health (New York: Holt, 2000), 51.
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За последние тридцать лет около 90 тысяч исследований было посвящено тревоге, гневу и депрессии и только 5 тысяч – счастью и радости. Цифры взяты из Paul Martin, Making Happy People (New York: Harper Perennial, 2006), cited in Maggie McDonald, “Cheer up, children”, New Scientist, February 4, 2006, 56.
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Разработана в 1986 году американскими учеными Э. Хэтфилд и С. Шпрехер. – Перев.
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387
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388
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R. Persaud, “Semen acts as an anti-depressant”, New Scientist, June 26, 2002, http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2457. ГЛАВА 11
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