{1} Luntz Research Co. survey of 1,000 adults, 3 October 2001, reported in USA Today, 19–21 October 2001, p. 1.
{2}New York Times, 23 September 2001, p. B6.
{3} Rachel Newman, «The Day the World Changed, I Did Too», Newsweek, 1 October 2001, p. 9.
{4}Los Angeles Times, 16 February 1998, p. B1, C1; John J. Miller, «Becoming an American», New York Times, 26 May 1998, p. A27.
{5} Joseph Tilden Rhea, Race Pride and the American Identity (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997), p. 1–2, 8–9; Robert Frost, Selected Poems of Robert Frost (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), p. 297–301, 422; Maya Angelou, «On the Pulse of Morning», New York Times, 21 January 1993, p. A14.
{6} Ward Connerly, «Back to Equality», Imprimis, 27 (February 1998), p. 3.
{7} Correspondence supplied by Ralph Nader; Jeff Jacoby, «Patriotism and the CEOs», Boston Globe, 30 July 1998, p. A15.
{8} «Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism», in Nussbaum et al, For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism (Boston: Beacon Press, 1996), p. 4; Amy Gutmann, «Democratic Citizenship», in ibid., p. 68–69; Richard Sennett, «America Is Better off Without a ‘National Identity,’» International Herald Tribune, 31 January 1994, p. 6.
{9} Robert D. Kaplan, «Fort Leavenworth and the Eclipse of Nationhood», Atlantic Monthly, 278 (September 1996), p. 81; Bruce D. Porter, «Can American Democracy Survive?» Commentary, 96 (November 1993), p. 37.
{10} Mehran Kamrava, The Political History of Modern Iran: From Tribalism to Theocracy (London: Praeger, 1992), p. 1; James Barber, «South Africa: The Search for Identity», International Affairs, 70 (January 1994); Lowell Dittmer and Samuel S. Kim, China’s Quest for National Identity (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993); Timothy Ka-Ying Wong and Milan Tung-Wen Sun, «Dissolution and Reconstruction of National Identity: The Experience of Subjectivity in Taiwan», Nations and Nationalism, 4 (April 1998); Gilbert Rozman, «A Regional Approach to Northeast Asia», Orbis, 39 (Winter 1995); Robert D. Kaplan, «Syria: Identity Crisis», Atlantic Monthly, 271 (February 1993); New York Times, 10 September 2000, p. 2, 25 April 2000, p. A3; Conrad Black, «Canada’s Continuing Identity Crisis», Foreign Affairs, 74 (March/April 1995), p. 95–115; «Algeria’s Destructive Identity Crisis», Washington Post National Weekly Edition, 31 January — 6 February 1994, p. 19; Boston Globe, 10 April 1991, p. 9; Anthony DePalma, «Reform in Mexico: Now You See It», New York Times, 12 September 1993, p. 4E; Bernard Lewis, The Multiple Identities of the Middle East (New York: Schocken, 1998).
{11} Gilles Kepel, Revenge of God: The Resurgence of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism in the Modern World (University Park, Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994). See also Mark Juergensmeyer, The New Cold War? Religious Nationalism Confronts the Secular State (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993); Peter L. Berger, ed., The Desecularization of the World: Resurgent Religion and World Politics (Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans, 1999); David Westerlund, ed., Questioning the Secular State: The Worldwide Resurgence of Religion in Politics (London: Hurst, 1996).
{12} Ivor Jennings, The Approach to Self-Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1956), p. 56, quoted in Dankwart A. Rustow, «Transitions to Democracy: Toward a Dynamic Model», Comparative Politics, 2 (April 1970), p. 351.
{13} Charles Tilly, «Reflections on the History of European State-Making», in Tilly, ed., The Formation of National States in Western Europe (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), p. 42.
{14} Peter Wallensteen and Margareta Sollenberg, «Armed Conflict, 1989–1999», Journal of Peace Research, 39 (September 2000), p. 638.
{15} Bill Clinton, quoted in The Tennessean, 15 June 1997, p. 10.
{16} Karmela Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes: A Social Psychological Study: Maintenance and Reconstruction of Ethnolinquistic Identity in Multiple Group Allegiance (Helsinki: Societas Scientiarium Fennica, 1984), p. 42; Erik H. Erikson, Identity: Youth and Crisis (New York: Norton, 1968), p. 9 and quoted by Leon Wieseltier, «Against Identity», New Republic, 28 November 1994, p. 24; Wieseltier, Against Identity (New York: W. Drenttel, 1996), and Kaddish (New York: Knopf, 1998).
{17} Ronald L. Jepperson, Alexander Wendt, and Peter J. Katzenstein, «Norms, Identity, and Culture in National Security», in Peter J. Katzenstein, ed., The Culture of National Security: Norms and Identity in World Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996), p. 59.
{18} K. Liebkind, Minority Identity and Identification Processes, p. 51, citing Henri Tajfel, «Interindividual behaviour and intergroup behaviour» in Tajfel, H., ed., «Differentiation Between Social Groups: Studies in the Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations», European Monographs in Social Psychology, no. 14, (London: Academic Press, 1978), p. 27–60.
{19} Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism (New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1987), p. 115.
{20} Ibid; Jonathan Mercer, «Anarchy and Identity», International Organization, 49 (Spring 1995), p. 250.
{21} Josef Goebbels, quoted in Jonathan Mercer, «Approaching Hate: The Cognitive Foundations of Discrimination», CISAC (Stanford University, January 1994), p. 1; Andrе Malraux, Man’s Fate (New York: Random House, 1969), p. 3 cited by Robert D. Kaplan, «The Coming Anarchy», Atlantic Monthly, 273 (February 1994), p. 72; Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, «Why War?», in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud (London: Hogarth Press, 1964), p. 199–215.
{22} Vamik D. Volkan, «The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach», Political Psychology, 6 (June 1985) p. 219, 243, 247; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: From Clinical Practice to International Relationships (Northvale, N. J.: J. Aronson, 1994), p. 35; Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man (New York: Free Press, 1992), p. 162–177.
{23} Mercer, «Anarchy and Identity», p. 242; Volkan, «The Need to Have Enemies and Allies» p. 231; Dennis Wrong, The Problem of Order: What Unites and Divides Society (New York: Free Press, 1994), p. 203–4; Economist, 7 July 1990, p. 29. The form this discrimination takes may, however, be shaped by culture. Mercer, «Approaching Hate», p. 4–6, 8,11 citing Margaret Wetherell, «Cross-Cultural Studies of Minimal Groups: Implications for the Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Relations», in Henri Tajfel, ed., Social Identity and Intergroup Relations, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), p. 220–21; Robert Axelrod, The Evolution of Cooperation, (New York: Basic Books, 1984), p. 110–12, and Michael A. Hogg and Dominic Abrams, Social Identifications: A Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations and Group Processes (New York: Routledge, 1988, p. 49.
{24} Volkan, «The Need to Have Enemies and Allies: A Developmental Approach», p. 243–44.
{25} Committee on International Relations, Group for the Advancement of Psychiatry, Us and Them: The Psychology of Ethnonationalism, p. 119. See also Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies, p. 88, 94–95, 103.
{26} Michael Howard, «War and the Nation-State», Daedalus, 108 (Fall 1979), p. 102.
{27} R. R. Palmer, «Frederick the Great, Guibert, Bülow: From Dynastic to National War», in Peter Paret, ed., Makers of Modern Strategy from Machiavelli to the Nuclear Age (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), p. 18.
{28} Linda Colley, Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707–1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992), p. 5.
{29} Относительно этого разграничения см. William B. Cohen, «Nationalism in Europe», in John Bodnar, Bonds of Affection: Americans Define Their Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), p. 323–38; Thomas M. Franck, «Tribe, Nation, World: Self-Identification in the Evolving International System», Ethics and International Affairs 11 (1997), p. 151–69; Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (London: Penguin, 1991), p. 11–14, 79ff; Hans Kohn, Nationalism, Its Meaning and History (Princeton: Van Nostrand, 1965); Alan Patten, «The Autonomy Argument for Liberal Nationalism», Nations and Nationalism, 5 (January 1999), p. 1ff; Maurizio Viroli, For Love of Country: An Essay on Patriotism and Nationalism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), Introduction; Tom Nairn, «Breakwaters of 2000: From Ethnic to Civic Nationalism», New Left Review, 214 (November/December 1995) p.91–103; Bernard Yack, «The Myth of the Civil Nation», Critical Review, 10 (Spring 1996), p. 193ff.; Volkan, The Need to Have Enemies and Allies, p. 85, где суммированы данные в подтверждение точки зрения Оруэлла на национализм как на «вывернутый наизнанку патриотизм».
Полевые исследования 2003 г. предоставили многочисленные данные, подтверждающие, что национальная гордость существует в двух формах: «патриотизма», определяемого в гражданских терминах как «самоотносимая» и безоговорочная любовь к своей стране, и «национализма», определяемого как «безусловно сравнительный — и преимущественно высокомерно-сравнительный». Rui J. p. Figuiredo, Jr.,