On Hallowed Ground: Abraham Lincoln and the Foundations of American History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 175–76.
{60} Reginald Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny: The Origins of American Racial Anglo-Saxonism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 134.
{61} Lind, Next American Nation, p. 43, 68; Smith, «‘The American Creed’ and American Identity», p. 233, 235; Horsman, Race and Manifest Destiny; Hazel M. McFerson, The Racial Dimension of American Overseas Colonial Policy (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1997).
{62} David Heer, Immigration in America’s Future: Social Science Findings and the Policy Debate (Boulder: Westview Press, 1996), p. 37.
{63} Justice Stephen J. Field, Chae Chang Ping v United States, 130 U. S. 581 (1889); Smith, «’American Creed’ and American Identity», p. 244.
{64} Philip Gleason, «American Identity and Americanization», in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 46.
{65} Immigration Restriction League, quoted in Madlwyn Allen Jones, American Immigration (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1992), p. 222.
{66} William S. Bernard, «Immigration: History of U. S. Policy», in Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups, p. 493.
{67} Gleason, «American Identity and Americanization», p. 47.
{68} Alden T. Vaughan, «Seventeenth Century Origins of American Culture», in Stanley Coben and Lorman Ratner, eds., The Development of an American Culture (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2nd ed., 1983), p. 30–2; Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., The Disuniting of America (New York: Norton, rev. ed., 1998), p. 34.
{69} James A. Morone, «The Struggle for American Culture», PS: Political Science & Politics, 29 (September 1996), p. 428–429; John Higham, Send These to Me: Jews and Other Immigrants in Urban America (New York: Atheneum, 1975), p. 180.
{70} Samuel p. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968), p. 93ff.
{71} Anthony D. Smith, National Identity (Reno: University of Nevada Press, 1991), p. 150; Michael Novak, Further Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press, 1977), p. 26; Will Kymlicka, Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 14; who levels the same charge against Canada and Australia; Robert N. Bellah, The Broken Covenant: American Civil Religion in Time of Trial (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), p. 93, quoted from Harold Cruse, The Crisis of the Negro Intellectual (New York: Morrow, 1967), p. 256.
{72} Benjamin C. Schwarz, «The Diversity Myth», Atlantic Monthly, 275 (May 1995), p. 57–67.
{73} Adrian Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood: Ethnicity, Religion and Nationalism (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997), p. 187, and Chapter 8 generally; Samuel p. Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981), p. 154; Philip Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1961), p. 72.
{74} Louis Hartz, The Liberal Tradition in America (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1955); William Lee Miller, «Religion and Political Attitudes», in James Ward Smith and A. Leland Jamison, eds., Religious Perspectives in American Culture (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1961), p. 85; Huntington, American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony, p. 154.
{75} Jon Butler, Awash in a Sea of Faith: Christianizing the American People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1990), p. 38–66.
{76} Sacvan Bercovitch, The Puritan Origins of the American Self (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1975), p. 144ff; Hastings, The Construction of Nationhood, p. 74–5; Morone, «The Struggle for American Culture», p. 426.
{77} Edmund Burke, Reflections on the Revolution in France (Chicago: Regnery, 1955), p. 125–126 and «Speech on Moving Resolutions for Conciliation with the Colonies», in Ross J. S. Hoffman and Paul Levack, eds., Burke’s Politics (New York: Knopf, 1949), p. 69–71.
{78} Morone, «The Struggle for American Culture», p. 429; Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1945), vol. 2, p. 32; Huntington, American Politics p. 153; James Bryce, The American Commonwealth (London: Macmillan, 1891), 2, p. 599.
{79} David Hackett Fischer, Albion’s Seed: Four British Folkways in America (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), p. 787; Kevin p. Phillips, The Cousins’ Wars: Religion, Politics, and the Triumph of Anglo-America (New York: Basic Books, 1999), p. xv and passim.
{80} John C. Green et al, Religion and the Culture Wars: Dispatches from the Front (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 1996), p. 243–44.
{81} George M. Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1982), p. 6; Garry Wills, Under God: Religion and American Politics (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1990), p. 19.
{82} Nathan O. Hatch, The Democratization of American Christianity (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989), p. 4; William McLoughlin, ed. The American Evangelicals, 1800–1900; An Anthology (New York: Harper & Row 1968), p. 26, quoted in Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 46.
{83} George Gallup, Jr., and Jim Castelli, The People’s Religion: American Faith in the 90’s (New York: Macmillan, 1989), p. 93. For other estimates, see Cullen Murphy, «Protestantism and the Evangelicals», The Wilson Quarterly, (Autumn 1981), p. 107ff; Marsden, Fundamentalism and American Culture: The Shaping of Twentieth Century Evangelicalism, 1870–1925, p. 228; Boston Sunday Globe, 20 February 2000, p. A1.
{84} Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Vintage, 1954), vol. I, p. 409; Bryce, American Commonwealth, Vol. 2, p. 417–418; Gunnar Myrdal, An American Dilemma (New York: Harper, 1944); Vol. 1, p. 495, Daniel Bell, «The End of American Exceptionalism», in Nathan Glazer and Irving Kristol, eds., The American Commonwealth 1976 (New York: Basic Books, 1976), p. 209; Seymour Martin Lipset, American Exceptionalism: A Double-edged Sword (New York: Norton, 1996), p. 63–4.
{85} Seymour Martin Lipset, The First New Nation: The United States in Historical and Comparative Perspective (New York: Norton, 1973), p. 103.
{86} William Lee Miller; John Higham, «Hanging Together: Divergent Unities in American History», Journal of American History, 61 (June 1974), p. 15; Jeff Spinner, The Boundaries of Citizenship (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994), p. 79–80.
{87} Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 63–4.
{88} Francis J. Grund, The Americans in Their Moral, Social and Political Relations (New York: Johnson Reprint, 1968), p. 355–56.
{89} Geert Hofstede, Culture’s Consequences: International Dif-ferences in Work-Related Values (Beverly Hills: Sage, 1980), p. 222; Henry van Loon, «How Cadets Stack Up», Armed Forces Journal International (March 1997), p. 18–20; Lipset, American Exceptionalism, p. 218; Charles Hampden-Turner and Alfons Trompenaars, The Seven Cultures of Capitalism (New York: Doubleday, 1993), p. 48, 57. See also Harry C. Triandis, «Cross-Cultural Studies of Individualism and Collectivism», Nebraska Symposium on Motivation 1989 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), vol. 37, p. 41–133.
{90} Bellah, Broken Covenant, p. 76; John G. Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965), p. 39ff; Bill Clinton, remarks to Democratic Leadership Council, 1993 quoted in Jennifer L. Hochschild, Facing Up to the American Dream, p. 18.
{91} Judith N. Shklar, American Citizenship: The Quest for Inclusion (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1991), p. 1–3, 67, 72–5.
{92} Schaff, America: A Sketch of Its Political, Social, and Religious Character p. 29; Michael Chevalier, Society, Manners and Politics in the United States; Letters on North America (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1967), p. 267–68.
{93} Roger M. Smith, «The ‘American Creed’ and American Identity: The Limits of Liberal Citizenship in the United States», Western Political Quarterly, 41 (June 1988), p. 239, citing Eric Foner, Free soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1970); Cawelti, Apostles of the Self-Made Man, esp. p. 39ff.
{94} Cindy S. Aron, Working at Play: A History of Vacations in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), p. 236; International Labor Organization Study September 1999, cited in The Daily Yomiuri, 7 September 1999, p. 12; Prospect, No. 49 (February 2000), p. 7, citing Boston Review, December 1999–January 2000.
{95} Daniel Yankelovich, «What’s Wrong — And What’s Right — With U. S. Workforce Performance», The Public Perspective,