Nation into State, p. 218–19.
{171} Abraham Lincoln, «The Perpetuation of our Political Institutions», speech, 27 January 1837, Springfield, IL, in The Speeches of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Chesterfield Society, 1908), p. 9–10.
{172} Merle Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty (New York: Columbia University Press, 1946), p. 169–170.
{173} Boorstin, The Americans p. 402; Gaines M. Foster, «A Christian Nation: Signs of a Covenant», in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 123; Spillman, Nation and Commemoration, p. 24–25.
{174} Morton Keller, Affairs of State: Public Life in Late Nineteenth Century America (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1977), p. 39; Willard Saulsbury quoted in Keller, Affairs of State, p. 69.
{175} John Higham, Strangers in the Land: Patterns of American Nativism, 1860–1925 (New Brunswick, N. J.: Rutgers University Press, 1988), p. 344.
{176} Robert D. Putnam, Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), p. 384ff, citing Theda Skocpol, «How Americans Became Civic», in Theda Skocpol and Morris p. Fiorina, eds., Civic Engagement in American Democracy (Washington, D. C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1999).
{177} Cecilia Elizabeth O’Leary, To Die For: The Paradox of American Patriotism (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), p. 49.
{178} Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 105–106, 106; McConnell, «Reading the Flag», p. 113.
{179} Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 75–76.
{180} Cecilia Elizabeth O’Leary, «‘Blood Brotherhood: ’ The Racialization of Patriotism, 1865–1918», in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 54, 73, 75–76; Curti, The Roots of American Loyalty, p. 192.
{181} O’Leary, «‘Blood Brotherhood,’» in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 57–58, 64; Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 170–71.
{182} Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 144, citing Boyd C. Shafer, Faces of Nationalism: New Realities and Old Myths (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1972), p. 203; O’Leary, «‘Blood Brotherhood,’» p. 65, citing Bessie Louise Pierce, Public Opinion and the Teaching of History in the United State (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1926), p. 13–16.
{183} Curti, Roots of American Loyalty, p. 190.
{184} Zelinsky, p. 29, 56, 150; Bessie Louise Pierce, Civic Attitudes in American School Textbooks (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1930), p. 254.
{185} Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 86–88.
{186} Catherine Albanese, «Requiem for Memorial Day: Dissent in the Redeemer Nation», American Quarterly, 26 (1974), p. 389; Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 74.
{187} Zelinsky, Nation into State, p. 204–5.
{188} Ibid., p. 202–3; O’Leary, To Die For, p. 201–24; Boleslaw Mastai and Marie-Louise D’Orange, The Stars and Stripes: The American Flag As Art and As History from the Birth of the Republic to the Present (New York: Knopf, 1973), p. 130, quoted in Zelinsky, Nation into State, p.202–3.
{189} O’Leary, To Die For, p. 233–234, citing Halter v. Nebraska 205 U. S. 34–46 and quoting Halter et al. v. State 105 Northwestern Reporter, p. 298–301.
{190} J. Hector St. John de Crévecoeur, Letters from an American Farmer and Sketches of 18th-Century America (New York: Penguin, 1981), p. 68, 70; Israel Zangwill, The Melting Pot: A Drama in Four Acts (New York: Arno Press, 1975), p. 184.
{191} Milton M. Gordon, Assimilation in American Life: The Role of Race, Religion, and National Origin (New York: Oxford University Press, 1964), p. 89; Michael Novak, Further Reflections on Ethnicity (Middletown, PA: Jednota Press,1977), p. 59.
{192} Horace M. Kallen, The Structure of Lasting Peace: An Inquiry into the Motives of War and Peace (Boston: Marshall Jones Company, 1918), p. 31; Horace M. Kallen, Cultural Pluralism and the American Ideal: An Essay in Social Philosophy (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1956); Horace M. Kallen, Culture and Democracy in the United States: Studies in the Group Psychology of the American Peoples (New York: Boni and Liveright, 1924).
{193} Philip Gleason, Speaking of Diversity: Language and Ethnicity in Twentieth-Century America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992), p. 51.
{194} Randolph Bourne quoted in T. Alexander Aleinkoff, «A Multicultural Nationalism», American Prospect, no. 36 (January-February 1998), p. 81.
{195} Arthur Mann, The One and the Many: Reflections on the American Identity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979), p. 137, 142–47.
{196} Theodore Roosevelt quoted in Gordon, Assimilation in American Life, p. 122 from Edward N. Saveth, American Historians and European Immigrants, 1875–1925 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1948), p. 121.
{197} Robert A. Carlson, The Quest for Conformity: Americanization Through Education (New York: John Wiley, 1975), p. 6–7.
{198} Louis Brandeis, Address, Faneuil Hall, Boston, July 4, 1919, quoted in John J. Miller, The Unmaking of Americans (New York: Free Press, 1998).
{199} John F. McClymer, «The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915–1924», Prologue, 10 (Spring 1978), p. 24; Ronald Fernandez, «Getting Germans to Fight Germans: The Americanizers of World War I», The Journal of Ethnic Studies, 9 (Summer 1981), p. 61.
{200} Carlson, The Quest for Conformity p. 113; Edward George Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant (New York: Columbia University Press 1948), p. 92; Henry Ford, quoted in Otis L. Graham and Elizabeth Koed, «Americanizing the Immigrant, Past and Future», The Social Contract, 4 (Winter 1993–94), p. 101; Gerd Korman, Industrialization, Immigrants and Americanization (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1967), p. 147, 158–59; Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 244–45.
{201} Higham, Strangers in the Land, p. 249.
{202} Carlson, The Quest for Conformity, p. 89–90.
{203} John F. McClymer, «The Americanization Movement and the Education of the Foreign-Born Adult, 1914–25», in Bernard J. Weiss, ed., American Education and the European Immigrant, 1840–1940 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1992), p. 98; McClymer, «The Federal Government and the Americanization Movement, 1915–1924», p. 40; Hartmann, The Movement to Americanize the Immigrant, p. 64ff.
{204} Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 221, 223.
{205} Carl F. Kaestle, Pillars of the Republic: Common Schools and American Society, 1780–1860 (New York: Hill & Wang 1983), p. 161–62.
{206} Stephen Steinberg, The Ethnic Myth: Race, Ethnicity, and Class in America (New York: Atheneum, 1981), p. 54.
{207} Joel M. Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools (Stark, KS: De Young Press 1996), p.1; McClymer, «The Americanization Movement», p. 103; Miller, The Unmaking of Americans, p. 49; Roitman, The Immigrants, the Progressives, and the Schools, p. 51–52; Carlson, The Quest for Conformity, p. 114; Reed Ueda, «When Assimilation Was the American Way», Washington Post, 2 April 1995, p. R10.
{208} Curti, Roots of American Loyalty, p. 223ff; Paul C. Stern, «Why Do People Sacrifice for Their Nations?» Political Psychology, 16 (2, 1995), p. 223–24.
{209} Robin M. Williams, Jr., American Society: A Sociological Interpretation (New York: Knopf, 1952), p. 527, quoted in Gleason, Speaking of Diversity, p. 175.
{210} Gleason, Speaking of Diversity, p. 175; Arthur A. Stein, The Nation at War (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), p. 92; Philip Gleason, «American Identity and Americanization», in Stephan Thernstrom, ed., Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups (Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1980), p. 47; Albert O. Hirschman, Journeys Toward Progress (New York: Twentieth Century Fund, 1963), p. 137. See also J. M. Winter, The Great War and the British People (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1986).
{211} Hedrick Smith, The Russians (New York: Quadrangle New York Times Books 1976), p. 302–03.
{212} Jack Citrin, Ernst B. Haas, Christopher C. Muste, Beth Reingold, «Is American Nationalism Changing? Implications for Foreign Policy», International Studies Quarterly, 38 (March 1994), p. 3–5.
{213} Robert D. Kaplan, «Fort Leavenworth and the Eclipse of Nationhood», Atlantic Monthly, 278 (September 1996), p. 75ff; Diana Schaub, «On the Character of Generation X», The Public Interest, 137 (Fall 1999), p. 23; George Lipsitz, «Dilemmas of Beset Nationhood: Patriotism, the Family, and Economic Change in the 1970s and 1980s», in Bodnar, ed., Bonds of Affection, p. 251ff; Walter Berns, «On Patriotism», The Public Interest, 127 (Spring 1997), p. 31; Peter H. Schuck, Citizens, Strangers, and In-Betweens: Essays on Immigration and Citizenship (Boulder: Westview Press, 1998), p. 163ff.
{214} Horace Kallen, quoted in Arthur Mann,