Ширгази (ум. 1818), казахский хан Младшего жуза, сын Каипа
Ширгази (ум. 1845), казахский хан Младшего жуза, внук Абу-л-Хайра
Шировул (XIV в.), чагатайский эмир
Ширэмун (ум. 1260-е), монгольский царевич, внук Угедэя
Шишкины, русский аристократический род золотоордынского происхождения
Шлагенвейт А. (ум. 1857), немецкий ученый и путешественник
Шорман Кучуков (XIX в.), казахский ага-султан
Шотан (Шортан; ум. после 1860), казахский хан Среднего жуза, племянник Алтынсары
Шудибала (ум. 1323), монгольский хан, китайский император династии Юань
Шукур-Дайчин (ум. после 1671), калмыцкий правитель
Шуньди, см.: Тогон-Тэмур
Шуньчжи (ум. 1662), китайский император из династии Цин
Эбуген (ум. кон. XIII в.), монгольский царевич, потомок Кулькана
Элбэг (ум. 1399), монгольский хан
Элдэн-тайши (втор. пол. XVII в.), ойратский нойон
Эмиль-Ходжа (нач. XIV в.), чагатайский царевич, сын Дувы
Энхэ (ум. 1392), монгольский хан
Эргэнэ (ум. 1260/после 1266), чагатайская правительница, супруга Кара-Хулагу
Эренг-Мухаммад (Эренг-хан; ум. 1694), хивинский хан из династии Арабшахидов
Эркинов А. С.
Эсен (Эсен-тайши; ум. 1454/1455), ойратский правитель, монгольский узурпатор, сын Тогона
Эсен-Буга (Эсен-Буга-хан; ум. 1318), чагатайский хан, сын Дувы
Эсен-Тукан (перв. пол. XV в.), монгольский царевич, претендент на трон
Эсэху (ум. ок. 1425), ойратский правитель
Эчжэ (ум. 1641), монгольский царевич, сын Лигдана
Юань, китайская династия (1271–1368), ветвь Чингисидов
Юдин В. П.
Юлбарс (ум. 1670), кашгарский хан, потомок Тоглук-Тимура, сын Абдаллаха
Юн-ло (ум. 1424), китайский император из династии Мин
Юнус-хан (ум. 1487), могулистанский хан, потомок Тоглук-Тимура
Юнус-ходжа (ум. 1801/1802), правитель Ташкента
Юшмут (XIII в.), персидский царевич, сын Хулагу
Ядгар (ум. ок. 1469), узбекский хан из династии Арабшахидов
Ядгар (ум. 1713/1714), хивинский хан из династии Арабшахидов
Ядгар-Мухаммад-султан (втор. пол. XVI в.), узбекский царевич из династии Шайбанидов, сын Ибадаллаха
Ядгар-Султан-бегим (перв. четв. XVI в.), тимуридская царевна, сестра Бабура
Якуб (ум. ок. 1446), казанский царевич, сын Улуг-Мухаммада, мнимый предок рода Булатовых
Якуб-бек (ум. 1877), кашгарский правитель, основатель государства Йеттишар
Янги (перв. пол. XIV в.), чагатайский царевич
Яри-бек (Яри-бек-хан; ум. 1707), правитель Бадахшана
Яхья Керраби (ум. 1356/1358), султан сербедаров в Хорасане
Яхья-ходжа (ум. 1694), кашгарский хан из династии белогорских ходжей, сын Аппак-ходжи
Summary
The book Legitimacy of Power, Uzurpers and Impostors in States of Eurasia: The Turko-Mongol World, 13th – beginning of the 20th cent. by Roman Pochekaev gives the evolution of factors of legitimacy in fi ght for power, history of usurpations and impostures in the states of Chinggisids and their successors since the beginning of the Mongol Empire in the 13th cent. to the last attempts of creating of independent Turko-Mongol Khanates in the fi rst half of the 20th cent. We could say that the history of these states was in fact the history of usurpations and (to a smaller extent) impostures. Nevertheless, author doesn’t tell the “sequential” history of Turko-Mongol usurpers and impostors as chain of political biographies, but attempts to fi nd certain tendencies of claims to throne at dif erent stages of the Turko-Mongol history, to discover types of usurpations and impostures, their legal substantiations.
Undoubtedly, such claims were daring challenges to the rightful monarchs and claimants for the throne. That’s why dif erent types of usurpations as well as impostures were dif erent challenges to the “Golden Blood Line” of Chinggisids.
The part I, “Factors of Legitimacy in Imperial Epoch”, gives the examples of usurpations in the Mongol Empire and its immediate successive states of the imperial type – Golden Horde, Yuan Empire, Ilkhanate, Chagatay state by representatives of Chinggisid ruling family in 13–14th cent. (with some typical examples of the post-imperial period of 16–17th cent.). It could seem strange because each descendant of spear side of Chinggis Khan dynasty had right to become a khan. Nevertheless, a lot of them could be characterized as usurpers as they attempted to get the throne with legal abuses.
The chapter 1, “References to Law and Testament”, describes cases of usurpations in the 13th cent. As laws of Chinggis Khan after his death still were solid, all attempts to obtain a power should be justifi ed by legal rules. So, each pretender had to fi nd rightful substantiation for his claims. It was easier to fi nd them during the periods of interregnum, that’s why many attempts of usurpation were made after death of one khan and before election of his successor; the most ef ective became reference to law or testament of previous monarch which could be interpreted in the interests of concrete claimant. Another type of usurpation took place when two (or more) pretenders were elected as it should be in accordance with law: they became usurpers in opinion of their competitors, and only victory in war made one of them “legal monarch” and another subsequently, “rebel”.
In the chapter 2, “From the Empire to Empires: New Arguments in Claims for Power”, new political conditions are analyzed as well as new substantiations of fi ght for power in the Golden Horde, Yuan Empire, Ilkhanate and Chagatay state. Reference for law and testament were no longer ef ective and pretenders claimed the throne as elder representatives of the dynasty, or of cial co-rulers (and heirs) of former khans. If pretender couldn’t fi nd such argument he accused legal monarch and in this case transformed from rebel to legal claimant who defended law and order. Sometimes such accusations had strange consequence: all descendants of accused (and condemned) monarch also were deprived of right to ascend the throne and, thus became “usurpers by origin” if still dared to fi ght for power.
The part II, “Collapse of Empires: ‘Old’ and ‘New’ Factors of Legitimacy”, devoted to period of dissolution of imperial Chinggisid states when political authority of the “Golden Blood Line” decreased and its members lost their monopoly for supreme power in the Turko-Mongol states. New pretenders of non-Chinggisid origin challenged them in fi ght for the throne.
In the chapter 3, “The Genealogical Factor”, is described the fi ght for power of some pretenders who still relied on factor of origin as the were relatives of Chinggisids: as descendants of khans’ daughters and sisters of descendants of more distant relatives of Chinggis Khan by spear side. This relation to Chinggisids was demonstrated by using khan’s title, issuing khan’s decrees (‘yarlks’), as well as by continuation Chinggisids’ policy in international, military, trade and even cultural (including historical works and poetry) fi elds.
Substantial part of non-Chinggisid pretenders, however, couldn’t fi nd ties with the “Golden Blood Line” and had to fi nd “new” factors to justify their claims. In the chapter 4, “Religious Factor”, are analyzed attempts to obtain the throne by pretenders who relied on religious substantiations of their rights. In the Turkic world there were, as a rule, descendants of respected Moslem clergymen (especially seyids and hojas who were considered as descendants and relatives of the Muhammad the Prophet). In Mongol states another type of religious legitimating was widespread: will of Buddhist hierarchs (as Dalai Lama of Tibet or Bogd Gegen of Mongolia) to ascend khan’s title by concrete rulers even of non-Chinggisid origin.
And the third (also “new”) factor is examined in the chapter 5, “Regional Factor”. Disintegration of Chinggisid empires caused fi ght of dif erent lines of Chinggis Khan’s descendants for power in new-founded states. Permanent change of dif erent monarchs on the thrones as well as recurrent leaving of own state in search of more prestigious and rich one forced local population to reject the right of Chinggisids to rule and give power to native leaders – not rare descendants of former Chinggisids’ of cialls.
The part III, “Steppe Empires under the Power of Settled Empires: Foreigh Factor of the Fight for Power”, devoted to period of 16th – beginning of the 20th cent. (with prelude in the end of the 14–15th cent.) when Turko-Mongol states were placed under authority of foreign empires such as Ottoman, Chinese, Russian. It caused the appearance of new types of non-legitimate rulers.
In the chapter 6, “Attempts of Establishment of the Foreign Suzerainty and the Problem of Legitimacy of Foreign Protégés”, dif erent types of non-legitimate monarchs are characterized: Chinggisid khans who already were in power but than became vassals of foreign monarchs; Chinggisid khans who ascended the throne with help of foreign suzerains; non-Chinggisid khans supported by foreign monarchs as alternative rulers in Turko-Mongol states.
The chapter 7, “New Substantiations of Taking Power during the Foreign Suzerainty”, is about monarchs which came to power not with support but by direct order of suzerains. Attitude of subjects to such khans was dif erent at the early stage of foreign suzerainty (when such protégés were considered as usurpers) and the later one (when order of suzerain became the main factor of legitimacy, even more important than Chinggisid origin). There also in this chapter cases of ascension the thrones of the Turko-Mongol states by foreign monarchs are analyzed. Such “khans” themselves, as a rule, didn’t need in justifying of their power, but new subjects made legal substantiations to present their power in the Turko-Mongol world not a conquest and submission but as a legitimate rule. One more new type of usurpation appeared in the period of foreign suzerainty was connected with election of khans from hereditary Chinggisids and with observance of all legal rules but without confi rmation of suzerain. Such khans (absolutely legitimate in the previous period of independence) thus became the usurpers!