1 Полный отчет приводится в: Studies in the Nature of Character (New York: Macmillan, 1928), vol. 1, Studies in Deceit-includes all this information.
2 См.: М. Rutter, J. Tizard и К. Whitmore eds. Education, Health and Behavior (New York: Wiley, 1970); M. K. Shepherd, B. Oppenheim и S. Mitchell. Childhood Behavior and Mental Health (New York: Grune & Stratton, 1971); но не в: J. W. McFarlane, L. Alien и M. P. Honzik. A Developmental Study of the Behavior Problems of Normal Children Between Twenty-one Months and Fourteen Years (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962).
3 Цитата из: Honesty and Dishonesty, Roger V. Burton; глава в: Thomas Lickona, Moral Development and Behavior (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976).
4 Это исследование представили Charles D. Johnson и John Gormly в статье, озаглавленной «Academic Cheating», Developmental Psychology 6 (1972): 320-25.
5Magda Stouthamer-Loeber упоминала о такой возможности в своей статье Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review, которая была опубликована в Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1986): 267-89.
6Thomas M. Achenbach и Craig S. Edelbrock. Behavioral Problems and Competencies Reported by Parents of Normal and Disturbed Children Aged Four Through Sixteen, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 46 (1981), № 188. См. работу тех же авторов: The Child Behavior Profile: 11, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 47 (1978): 223-33.
7 Stouthamer-Loeber. Lying as a Problem Behavior.
8Richard Christie и Florence L. Geis. Studies in Machiavellianism (New York: Academic Press, 1970), p. 1.
9Michael Korda. Power! (New York: Random House, 1975), p. 4.
10 Там же, с. 327.
11Dorothea D. Braginsky. Machiavellianism and Manipulative Interpersonal Behavior in Children, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 6 (1970): 77-99. В этом исследовании использовалась другая версия мак-шкалы.
12S. Nachamie. Machiavellianism in Children: The Children's Mach Scale and the Bluffing Game, Ph.D. dissertation, Columbia University, 1969. Отрывок приводится в: R. Christie и F. L. Geis. Studies in Machiavellianism, p. 326.
13Christie и Geis. Studies in Machiavellianism, p. 332.
14 D. D. Braginsky. Parent-Child Correlates of Machiavellianism and Manipulative Behavior, Psychological Report 27 (1970): 927-32, сообщил об инверсии отношений родители/дети в показателях мак-теста. R. Е. Kraut и J. D. Price.
Machiavellianism in Parents and Their Children, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 33 (1976): 782-86, было установлено положительное соотношение.
15Kraut и Price. Machiavellianism; M. Lewis. How Parental Attitudes Affect the Problems of Lying in Children, Smith College Studies in Social Work 1 (1931): 403-404.
16 Time, 18 July 1986, p. 68.
17M. Stouthamer-Loeber и R. Loeber. Boys Who Lie, Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 14 (1986): 551-64.
18 S. Dombush и dp. Single Parents, Extended Households and the Control of Adolesecents, Child Development 56’ (1985): 326-41. Также см.: L. Steinberg. Single Parents, Stepparents, and the Susceptibility of Adolescents to Antisocial Peer Pressure, Child Development 58 (1987): 269-75.
19Hartshome и May. Studies in Deceit, bk 1, General Methods and Results, c. 274.
20 D. Sherill и dp. Seating Aggregation as an Index of Contagion, Educational Psychological Measurements 30 (1970): 663-68.
21U. Bronfenbrenner. Response to Pressure from Peers Versus Adults Among Soviet and American School Children, International Journal of Psychology 2 (1967): 199-207 (цитата, c. 201).
22 Эго обсуждалось в: Thomas ]. Bemdt. Developmental Changes in Conformity to Peers and Parents, Developmental Psychology 15 (1979): 608-16.
23 Их статья озаглавлена Conformity to Peer-Sponsored Misconduct at Four Grade Levels, Developmental Psychology 12 (1976): 226-36 (цитата, c. 235).
24 T. J. Bemdt. Developmental Changes in Conformity to Peers and Parents, Developmental Psychology 15 (1979): 608-16 (цитата, c. 615).
25 Там же, с. 616.
26Charles M. Bcmjean и Reece McGee. Scholastic Dishonesty Among Undergraduates in Differing Systems of Social Control, Sociology of Education 38 (1965): 127-37.
27 Точнее, по каждому из 37 пунктов анкеты ребенок мог набрать по баллу, если его рейтинг отличался от 90 % показателей других мальчиков его возраста. Те мальчики, которые набрали максимальное количество баллов, стали теми 10 % наиболее девиантных участников эксперимента по отношению к предыдущим участникам. Полный текст исследования приводился в: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 22:19-33.
28Hartshome и May. Studies in Deceit, p. 377.
1Stephen Ceci, из опыта личного общения, March 11,1986.
2Michael Lewis, Catherine Stanger и Margaret Sullivan. Deception in Three Year Olds, неопубликованная рукопись, без даты. Авторы работали в Институте исследования развития ребенка (Institute for the Study of Child Development), University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.
3 Исследование Lying and Misrepresentation of Reality in Four-Year-Olds (наброски работы) было проведено Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, Linette Postell и RolfLoeber.
4 Большинство приведенных примеров детской лжи представлено в: Jean Piaget. The Moral Judgment of the Child (Glencoe, 111.: The Free Press, 1965; первое издание в 1932).
5Heinz Wimmer, Silvia Gruber и Josef Pemer. Young Children's Conception of Lying: Lexical Realism-Moral Subjectivism, Journal of Experimental Child Psychology 37 (1984): 1-30.
6 C. Stem и IV. Stem. Monographien uber die seelische Entwicklung des Kindes. s. Brand: Erinnerung. Aussage und Luge in der mten Kindheit (Leipzig: Barth, 1931; первая публикация 1909), 4-е издание. (По цитате Wimmer, Gruber и Pemer. Young Children's Conception of Lying, p. 28.)
7Eugenie Andruss Leonard. A Parents' Study of Children's Lies, The Pedagogical Seminary 27, Ne 2 (June 1920), p. 130.
8 C. C. Peterson, J. L. Peterson и D. Seeto. Developmental Changes in Ideas About Lying, Child Development 54 (1983): 1529-35.
9 Эта цитата из исследования, посвященного детской лжи, проведенного Marie Е. Vasek. Lying: The Development of Children's Understanding of Deception, Master's thesis, Clark University, Worcester, Mass., 1984.
10 Там же.
11 Там же.
12Walt Harrington. Revenge of the Dupes, The Washington Post Magazine, 27 December 1987, p. 17-21.
13Magda Stouthamer-Loeber. Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review, Clinical Psychology Review 6 (1986): 267-89.
14 Об этих возможностях упоминала Magda Stouthamer-Loeber, там же.
15 Я обнаружил эту цитату у Thomas Lickona. Raising Good Children (New York: Bantam, 1983), p. 117.
16 См. обзор В. DePaulo и A. Jordan. Age Changes in Deceiving and Detecting Deceit, в Robert S. Feldman, Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Children (New York: Springer Veriag, 1982), p. 151-80.192 Notes.
17P. Ekman. Telling Lies (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985); P. Ekman и M. O'Sullivan. Hazards in Detecting Deceit, в D. Raskin, ed., Psychological Methods for Investigation and Evidence (New York: Springer, in press); P. Ekman. Why Lies Fail and What Behaviors Betray a Lie, в J. C. Yuille, ed., Credibility Assessment-A Unified Theoretical and Research Perspective (Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, в прессе); P. Ekman, W. V. Friesen и M. O'Sullivan. Smiles when Lying, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 54 (1988): 414-20; P. Ekman и W. V. Friesen. Felt, False and Miserable Smiles, Journal of Nonverbal Behavior 6 (1982): 238-52; P. Ekman и W. V. Friesen. Detecting Deception from Body or Face, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 29 (1974): 288-98; P. Ekman и W. V. Friesen. Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception, Psychiatry 32 (1969): 88-105.
18 R. S. Feldman, L. Jenkins и О. Popoola. Detection of Deception in Adults and Children via Facial Expressions, Child Development 50 (1979): 350-55 (цитата, c. 351).
19Nancy Lee Morency и Robert M. Krauss. Children's Nonverbal Encoding and Decoding of Affect, в Feldman, Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Children, p. 181-200.
20William A. Shennum и Daphne B. Bugental. The Development of Control over, Affective Expression, там же, с. 101-21.
21 Цитата из исследования Vasek.
22 Для обсуждения роли игр в развитии навыков, необходимых для обмана, см.: Н. Sacks. Everyone Has to Lie, в M. Sanches и В. G. Blount, Sociocultural Dimensions of Language Use (New York: Academic Press, 1975), p. 57-79.
23 J. G. de Villiers и P. A. de Villiers. Language Acquisition (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977); M. Shatz и R. Gelman. The Development of Communication Skills: Modification in the Speech of Young Children as a Function of the Listener, Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development 38 (1973): 1-38; см. суждение, предлагаемое Васеком.