Микробы хорошие и плохие. Наше здоровье и выживание в мире бактерий — страница 70 из 74

69 (2003), 4519–4526; Britta Leverentz et al., “Exami nation of Bacteriophage as a Biocontrol Method for Salmonella on Fresh-Cut Fruit: A Model Study”, Journal of Food Protection 64 (2001), 1116–1121.

59 Harald Brüssow, “Phage Therapy: The Escherichia coli Experience”, Microbiology 151 (2005), 2133–2140; T. R. Calloway et al., “What Are We Doing About Escherichia coli 0157: H7 in Cattle”, Journal ofAnimal Science 82 (2004), E93 – E99.

60 H. Steiner et al., “Sequence and Specificity of Two Antibacterial Proteins Involved in Insect Immunity”, Nature 292 (1981), 246–248.

61 T. Ganz et al., “Defensins, Natural Peptide Antibiotic of Human Neutrophils”, Journal of Clinical Investigation 76 (1985), 1427–1435.

62 Michael Zasloff, “Magainins, a Class of Antimicrobial Peptides from Xenopus Skin: Isolation, Characterization of Two Active Forms, and Partial cDNA Sequence of a Precursor”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 84 (1987), 5449–5453.

63 “Magainin, Shield Against Disease”, New York Times, August 9, 1987,

E24; см. также: Lawrence Altman, “Staying Ahead of Microbes: New Progress”, New York Times, August 4, 1987, C3.

64 Michael Zasloff, “Antimicrobial Peptides of Multicellular Organisms”, Nature 415 (2002), 389–395.

65 Y. Ge et al., “In Vitro Antibacterial Properties of Pexiganan, an Analog of Magainin”, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 43 (1999), 782–788.

66 M. J. Goldman et al., “Human Beta-defensm-1 Is a Salt-Sensitive Antibiotic in Lung That Is Inactivated in Cystic Fibrosis”, Cell 88 (1997), 553–560.

67 L. Jacob, M. Zasloff, “Potential Therapeutic Applications of Magainins and Other Antimicrobial Agents of Animal Origin”, Ciba Foundation Symposia 186 (1994X197-223; Y. Ge et al., “In Vitro Susceptibility to Pexiganan of Bacteria Isolated from Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers”, Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 35 (1999), 45–53.

68 Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Anti-infective Drugs Advisory Committee, 66th meeting, March 4, 1999 (стенограмма).

69 Rexford Ahima et al., “Appetite Suppression and Weight Reduction by a Centrally Active Aminosterol”, Diabetes 51 (2002), 2099–2104.

70 Graham Bell, Pierre-Henri Gouyon, “Arming the Enemy: The Evolution of Resistance to Self-Proteins”, Microbiology 149 (2003), 1367–1375.

71 Jack Lucentini, “Antibiotic Arms Race Heats Up”, Scientist, September 8, 2003, 29.

72 Gabriel Perron, Michael Zasloff, Graham Bell, “Experimental Evolution of Resistance to an Antimicrobial Peptide”, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273 (2006), 251–256.

73 Charlotte Schubert, “Microbes Overcome Natural Antibiotic”, news@nature.com, November 2, 2005, www.nature.com/news/20 05 / 051031 / full / news051031-5.html.

74 Rubhana Raqib et al., “Improved Outcome in Shigellosis Associated with Butyrate Induction of an Endogenous Peptide Antibiotic”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006), 9178–9183.

75 Philip Liu et al., “Toll-like Receptor Triggering of a Vitamin D-Mediated Human Antimicrobial Response”, Science 311 (2006), 1770–1773.

76 Emma Harris, “Extreme TB Strain Threatens HIV Victims Worldwide”, Nature 443 (2006), 131.

Часть 6. Не убивать, а ослаблять, отвлекать и использовать

1 Эпиграф: Theodor Rosebury, Microorganisms Indigenous to Man (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962) 352–353.

2 Интервью, взятые автором у Виктора Низе (Victor Nizet) в ноябре 2006 г.

3 Jesse Wright et al., “The Agr Radiation: An Early Event in the Evolution of Staphylococci”, Journal of Bacteriology 187 (2005), 5585–5594.

4 Jesse Wright, Rhuzong Jim, Richard Novick, “Transient Interference with Staphylococcal Quorum Sensing Blocks Abscess Formation”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (2005), 1691–1696.

5 K. A. Davis, “Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: A Review”, Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 21 (2006), 211–226.

6 Интервью, взятые автором у Ричарда Новика в ноябре 2006 г.

7 Phillip Coburn et al., “Enterococcus faecalis Senses Target Cells and in Response Expresses Cytolysin”, Science 306 (2004), 2270–2272.

8 Интервью, взятое автором у Майкла Гилмора (Michael Gilmore) в ноябре 2006 г.

9 George Liu et al., “Sword and Shield: Linked Group B Streptococcal B-hemolysin/cytolysin and Carotenoid Pigment Function to Subvert

Host Phagocyte Defense”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (2004) 14491-14496.

10 Vivekanand Datta et al., “Mutational Analysis of the Group A Streptococcal Operon Encoding Streptolysin S and Its Virulence Role in Invasive Infection”, Molecular Microbiology 56 (2005), 681-95; John Buchanan et al., “Dnase Expression Allows the Pathogen Group A Streptococcus to Escape Killing in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps”, Current Biology 16 (2006), 396–400.

11 Thomas Louie et al., “Tolevamer, a Novel Nonantibiotic Polymer, Compared with Vancomycin in the Treatment of Mild to Moderately Severe Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea”, Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006), 411–420.

12 Личное сообщение Дэвида Дэвидсона (David Davidson, старший медицинский директор корпорации Genzyme) автору в ноябре 2006 г.

13 Критики вакцин, подавляющих патогенность, разработали математические модели, указывающие на то, что такие вакцины могут привести даже к повышению патогенности, предотвращая “наказание” патогенных штаммов смертью хозяев. Но результаты реального применения таких вакцин, например противодифтерийной, оказались прямо противоположными. См.: Benoit Soubeyrand, Stanley Plotkin, “Microbial Evolution: Antitoxin Vaccines and Pathogen Virulence”, Nature 414 (2001), 751–756.

14 “Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Disease”, disease listing, National Center for Infectious Diseases /Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, October 6, 2005.

15 Moe Kyaw et al., “Effect of Introduction of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae”, New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006), 1455–1524.

16 Henry Shinefield et al., “Use of Staphylococcus aureus Conjugate Vaccine in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis”, New England Journal of Medicine 346 (2002) 491–496.

17 Yukiko Stranger-Jones et al., “Vaccine Assembly from Surface Proteins of Staphylococcus aureusProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006), 16942-16947.

18 Интервью, взятые автором у Юкико Стрейнджер-Джонс в ноябре – декабре 2006 г.

19 D. G. Brockstedt et al., “Killed but Metabolically Active Microbes: A New Vaccine Paradigm for Eliciting Effector T-cell Responses and Protective Immunity”, Nature Medicine 11 (2005), 853–860.

20 N. Porat et al., “Emergence of Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Clones Expressing Serotypes Not Present in the Antipneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine”, Journal of Infectious Diseases 190 (2004), 2154–2161.

21 Grace Lee et al., “Pertussis in Adolescents and Adults: Should We Vaccinate?” Pediatrics 115 (2005), 1675–1684.

22 Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine: What You Need to Know (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 2006).

23 Heikki Peltola, “Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease at the Beginning of the 21st Century”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13 (2000), 302–317.

24 Elie Metchnikoff, The Prolongation of Life (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908).

25 Sherwood Gorbach, “The Discovery of Lactobacillus GG” Nutrition Today 31 (1996), 2S – 4S.

26 H. L. DuPont, “Prevention of Diarrhea by the Probiotic Lactobacillus GG” Journal ofPediatrics 134 (1999), 1–2; T. Arvola et al., “Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG Reduces Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Children with Respiratory Infections: A Randomized Study”, Pediatrics 104 (1999), e64; E. Hilton et al., “Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG as a Diarrheal Preventive in Travelers”, Journal of Travel Medicine 4 (1997), 41–43; J. A. Billier et al., “Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Colitis with Lactobacillus GG” Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 21 (1995), 224–226.

27 Andrew Bruce et al., “Recurrent Urethritis in Women”, Canadian Medical Association Journal 108 (1973), 973–976; Andrew Bruce et al., “The Significance of Perineal Pathogens in Women”, Journal of Urology 112 (1974), 808–810.

28 J. D. Sobel, “Is There a Protective Role for Vaginal Flora?” Current Infectious Disease Reports 1 (1999), 379–383; Marie Pirotta et al., “Effect of Lactobacillus in Preventing Post-antibiotic Vulvovaginal Candidiasis: A Randomised Controlled Trial”, British Medical Journal 329 (2004), 548–551; T. Kontiokari et al., “Randomized Trial of Cranberry-Lingonberry Juice and Lactobacillus GG Drink for the Prevention of Urinary Tract Infections in Women”, British Medical Journal 322 (2001), 1571–1575.

29 Gregor Reid, “In Vitro Testing of Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM as a Possible Probiotic for the Urogenital Tract”, International Dairy Journal 10 (2000), 415–419.

30 R. C. Chan, A. W. Bruce, G. Reid, “Adherence of Cervical, Vaginal and Distal Urethral Normal Microbial Flora to Human Uroepithelial Cells and the Inhibition of Adherence of Gram-negative Uropathogens by Competitive Exclusion”,