Galen and the World of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 1–18, p. 6.
20. Gleason, M. (2009), in C. Gill, et al. (eds.), Galen and the World of Knowledge (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), pp. 85–114, p. 112; Rocca, J. (2003), Galen on the Brain: Anatomical Knowledge and Physiological Speculation in the Second Century A.D. (Leiden: Brill).
21. Цитаты приводятся по: Gleason (2009), pp. 99–102.
22. Gleason (2009), p. 100.
23. Al-Khalili, J. (2010), Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arab Science (London: Allen Lane).
24. Frampton, M. (2008), Embodiments of Will: Anatomical and Physiological Theories of Voluntary Animal Motion from Greek Antiquity to the Latin Middle Ages, 400 BC – AD 1300 (Saarbruck: Verlag Dr. Muller), p. 370.
25. Micheau, F. (1994), in C. Burnett and D. Jacquart (eds.), Constantine the African and ‘Alī ibn al-‘Abbas Magˇusī: The Pantegni and Related Texts (London: Brill), p. 15. См. Kwakkel, E. and Newton, S. (2019) Medicine at Monte Cassino: Constantine the African and the Oldest Manuscript of his Pantegni (Turnhout: Brepols).
26. Эта и последующие цитаты из: Frampton (2008), pp. 335, 339.
27. Green, C. (2003), Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences 39:131–42.
28. Van der Eijk, P. (2008), The Lancet 372:440–41; Green (2003). Другим предполагаемым источником теории локализации желудочков был писатель по имени Посидоний, о котором мало что известно.
29. Manzoni, T. (1998), Archives Italiennes de Biologie 136:103–52.
30. Frampton (2008), p. 372.
31. Там же, p. 381.
32. French (2003), p. 113.
33. Savage-Smith, E. (1995), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 50:67 110.
34. Frampton (2008), pp. 383–6.
35. Berengario da Carpi, J. (1521), Commentaria cum amplissimis additionibus super Anatomia Mundini una cum textu ejusdem in pristinum & verum nitorem redacto (Bologna: de Benedictis).
36. Dryander, J. (1536), Anatomia capitis humani (Marpurg: Cervicorni).
37. Catani, M. and Sandrone, S. (2015), Brain Renaissance from Vesalius to Modern Neuroscience (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
38. Fleck, L. (1979), Genesis and Development of a Scientific Fact (London: University of Chicago Press), p. 141.
39. Беренгарио да Карпи пришел к такому же выводу более двадцати лет назад. Pranghofer, S. (2009), Medical History 53:561–86.
40. Catani and Sandrone (2015), pp. 153–4.
41. Эта цитата и цитата в следующем абзаце из: Catani and Sandrone (2015), pp. 49, 98, 48.
42. Эта и следующая цитата из: Du Laurens, A. (1599), A Discourse of the Preservation of the Sight: of Melancholike Diseases; of Rheumes, and of Old Age (London: Kingston, Iacson), pp. 3, 77.
43. Подробное обсуждение того, как английские авторы XVII века исследовали вопрос о функции мозга: Habinek, L. (2018), The Subtle Knot: Early Modern English Literature and the Birth of Neuroscience (London: McGill – Queen’s University Press). Similar books could be written focusing on writers in other languages.
2. Силы. XVII–XVIII века
1. Steno, N. (1669), Discours de Monsieur Stenon, sur l’Anatomie du Cerveau (Paris: de Ninville).
2. Martensen, R. (2004), The Brain Takes Shape (Oxford: Oxford University Press), pp. 52–55.
3. The Passions of the Soul, paragraph 33, in Descartes, R. (1985), The Philosophical Writings of Descartes (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press), p. 341.
4. Ведутся философские споры о том, что именно имел в виду Декарт, говоря об идее бета-машины. См., например: Newman, L. (2001), Canadian Journal of Philosophy 31:389–426.
5. The Passions of the Soul, paragraphs 32 and 34, in Descartes (1985), pp. 340–41.
6. Descartes (1985), pp. 100–101.
7. Обсуждение этого вопроса: Huxley, T. (1898), Collected Essays, vol. 1: Method and Results (London: Macmillan), pp. 211–12.
8. Steno, N. (1965), Nicolaus Steno’s Lecture on the Anatomy of the Brain (Copenhagen: Nyt Nordisk Forlag Arnold Busck), p. 124.
9. Все материалы из: Swammerdam, J. (1758), The Book of Nature (London: Seyffert), vol. 2, могут быть найдены на р. 122–32; Malpighi, M. (1666), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 2:491–2; Cobb, M. (2002), Nature Reviews Neuroscience 3:395–400.
10. Dick, O. (ed.) (2016), Aubrey’s Brief Lives (London: Vintage), p. cxx.
11. Frank, R. (1990), in G. Rousseau (ed.), The Language of Psyche: Mind and Body in Enlightenment Thought (Berkeley: University of California Press), pp. 107–47, p. 123; Zimmer, C. (2004), Soul Made Flesh: Thomas Willis, the English Civil War and the Mapping of the Mind (London: Heinemann).
12. Cole, F. (1944), A History of Comparative Anatomy: From Aristotle to the Eighteenth Century (London: Macmillan), p. 222.
13. Frank (1990), p. 126.
14. Материалы из Willis, T. (1684), Dr Willis’s Practice of Physick, Being the Whole Works of That Renowned and Famous Physician (London: Dring, Harper and Lee), могут быть найдены на pp. 71, 75, 92–3, 96.
15. Cobb, M. (2006), The Egg and Sperm Race: The Seventeenth Century Scientists Who Unravelled the Secrets of Sex, Life and Growth (London: Free Press).
16. Kardel, T. and Maquet, P. (eds.) (2013), Nicolaus Steno: Biography and Original Papers of a 17th Century Scientist (London: Springer), p. 508.
17. Эта и следующая цитата из: Steno (1965), pp. 127, 136.
18. Kardel and Maquet (2013), p. 516.
19. Collingwood, R. (1945), The Idea of Nature (Oxford: Clarendon).
20. Hobbes, T. (1651), Leviathan, or, The Matter, Forme, and Power of a Common Wealth, Ecclesiasticall and Civil (London: Crooke), p. 1.
21. Whitaker, K. (2004), Mad Madge: Margaret Cavendish, Duchess of Newcastle, Royalist, Writer and Romantic (London: Vintage).
22. Cavendish, M. (1664), Philosophical Letters (London: n.p.), p. 185. См. Cunning, D. (2006), History of Philosophy Quarterly 23:117–36.
23. https://tinyurl.com/Descartes – Elizabeth.
24. Spinoza, Ethics, part III, proposition 2.
25. Cunning (2006), p. 118. Цитату можно найти в книге Лейбница «Монадология». Современная критику аргументации Лейбница: Churchland, P. (1995), The Engine of Reason, the Seat of the Soul: A Philosophical Journey into the Brain (London: MIT Press).
26. Yolton, J. (1983), Thinking Matter: Materialism in Eighteenth-Century Britain (Oxford: Blackwell); Hamou, P. (2007), in P. Anstey (ed.), John Locke: Critical Assessments of Leading Philosophers, series II, vol. 3 (London: Routledge).
27. Locke, J. (1689), An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 4.3.6.
28. Browne, P. (1728), The Procedure, Extent, and Limits of Human Understanding (London: Innys).
29. Bentley, R. (1692), Matter and Motion Cannot Think, or, A Confutation of Atheism from the Faculties of Soul (London: Parkhurst, Mortlock), pp. 14–15.
30. Giglioni, G. (2008), Science in Context 21:1–29.
31. Bentley (1692), p. 29.
32. Thomson, A. (2010), Early Science and Medicine 15:3–37, p. 20.
33. Uzgalis, W. (2008), in J. Perry (ed.), Personal Identity (London: University of California Press), pp. 283–314, p. 296.
34. Uzgalis (2008), p. 284.
35. Thomson (2010).
36. Uzgalis (2008).
37. Ditton, H. (1712), A Discourse Concerning the Resurrection of Jesus Christ (London: Bell and Lintott), p. 474; Ditton, H. (1714), The New Law of Fluids (London: Cowse), p. 9.
38. Ditton (1714), appendix, p. 24.
39. Vartanian, A. (1960), La Mettrie’s L’Homme Machine: A Study in the Origins of an Idea (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 74; Niderst, A. (1969), L’Ame materiel (ouvrage anonyme). Edition critique, avec une introduction et des notes (Paris: Nizet).
40. Fearing, F. (1970), Reflex Action: A Study in the History of Physiological Psychology (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
41. Yolton (1983), p. 177.
42. Эта и последующие цитаты из: Boerhaave, H. (1743), Dr. Boerhaave’s Academical Lectures on the Theory of Physic, vol. 2 (London: Innys), pp. 290 and 312–13.
43. Koehler, P. (2007), in H. Whitaker, et al. (eds.), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Neuroscience in the 18th Century (New York: Springer), pp. 213–31, p. 219; Steinke, H. (2005), Irritating Experiments: Haller’s Concept and the European Controversy on Irritability and Sensitivity, 1750–90 (Amsterdam: Rodopi), pp. 21–2.
44. Эта и последующие цитаты из: Temkin, O. (1936), Bulletin of the History of Medicine 4:651–99, pp. 675, 657, 661; Steinke (2005).
45. Koehler (2007), p. 223.
46. Munro, A. (1781), The Works of Alexander Monro, M.D. (Edinburgh: Elliot, Robinson), p. 324.
47. Smith, C. (2007), in H. Whitaker, et al. (eds.), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Neuroscience in the 18th Century (New York: Springer), pp. 15–28 and p. 27, note 4.
48. Anonymous (1747), An Enquiry into the Origin of the Human Appetites and Affections, Shewing How Each Arises from Association (Lincoln: Dodsley), p. 41.
49. Glassman, R. and Buckingham, H. (2007), in H. Whitaker, et al. (eds.), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Essays in Eighteenth-Century Neuroscience (Boston, MA: Springer), pp. 177–90.
50. Hartley, D. (1749), Observations on Man, His Frame, His Duty, and His Expectations (London: Hitch and Austen), part I, p. iv.
51. Whytt, R. (1751), An Essay on the Vital and Other Involuntary Motions of Animals (Edinburgh: Hamilton, Balfour and Neill), p. 239; French, R. (1969),