Robert Whytt, the Soul, and Medicine (London: Wellcome), p. 69.
52. Temkin (1936), p. 683.
53. French (1969).
54. Цитаты из: Whytt (1751), pp. 2, 252.
55. Fearing (1970), p. 69.
56. French (1969), pp. 75, 91.
57. Fearing (1970), pp. 82–3.
58. Wellman, K. (1992), La Mettrie: Medicine, Philosophy and Enlightenment (London: Duke University Press); Thomson, A. (ed.) (1996), La Mettrie: Machine Man and Other Writings (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
59. Thomson (1996), p. 26.
60. L a Mettrie, J. de (1748), L’Homme machine (Leiden: Luzac). Последний перевод: Vartanian (1960); La Mettrie, J. de (1994), Man a Machine; and, Man a Plant (Indianapolis: Hackett); Thomson (1996). Полный список работ Ламетри: Stoddard, R. (1992), The Papers of the Bibliographic Society of America 86:411–59.
61. Цитаты из: Thomson (1996), pp. 13, 9, 25, 35, 6.
62. Makari, G. (2015), Soul Machine: The Invention of the Modern Mind (London: Norton).
63. Эта и следующая цитата из: Thomson (1996), pp. 28, 31, 33.
64. Vartanian (1960), p. 139.
65. Riskin, J. (2016), The Restless Clock: A History of the Centuries-Long Argument Over What Makes Living Things Tick (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), pp. 162–3.
66. De Saussure, R. (1949), Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 4:431–49, p. 432.
67. Thomson (1996), p. x; Vartanian (1960), p. 116.
68. Riskin (2016), p. 156.
69. Morange, M. (2016), Une Histoire de la biologie (Paris: Seuil), p. 101.
70. Braudy, L. (1970), Eighteenth-Century Studies 4:21–40.
71. Riskin (2016), pp. 116–22.
72. Colliber, S. (1734), Free Thoughts Concerning Souls (London: Robinson), p. 8.
73. Priestley, J. (1777), Disquisitions Relating to Matter and Spirit (London: Johnson), p. 27.
74. Priestley, J. (1778), A Free Discussion of the Doctrines of Materialism, and Philosophical Necessity (London: Johnson, Cadell), p. 61.
75. Priestley (1777), p. 27.
76. Brown, T. (1974), Journal of the History of Biology 7:179–216.
77. Fearing (1970), p. 94.
3. Электричество. XVIII–XIX века
1. Shelley, M. (2003), Frankenstein (London: Penguin), pp. 6–7.
2. Holmes, R. (2008), The Age of Wonder: How the Romantic Generation Discovered the Beauty and Terror of Science (London: Harper).
3. Fara, P. (2002), An Entertainment for Angels (London: Icon).
4. Эвальд Георг фон Клейст изобрел подобное устройство годом ранее в Померании – Torlais, J. (1963), Revue d’histoire des sciences et de leurs applications 16:211–19.
5. Priestley, J. (1769), The History and Present State of Electricity, with Original Experiments (London: Dodsley, Johnson, Payne, Cadell), p. 98.
6. Bertucci, P. (2007), in H. Whitaker, et al. (eds.), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Neuroscience in the 18th Century (New York: Springer), pp. 271–83.
7. Beccaria, G. (1776), A Treatise Upon Artificial Electricity (London: Nourse), p. 270.
8. Haller, A. von (1762), Memoires sur les parties sensibles et irritables du corps animal, tome troisieme (Lausanne: Grasset); Kaplan, P. (2002),Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 95:577–8, p. 577.
9. Priestley (1769), p. 622.
10. Hartley (1749), part 1, p. 88.
11. Bonnet, C. (1755), Essai de psychologie; ou considerations sur les operations de l’ame, sur l’habitude et sur l’education (London: n.p.), p. 268.
12. Bonnet, C. (1760), Essai analytique sur les facultes de l’ame (Copenhagen: Philibert), pp. 21–2.
13. Home, R. (1970), Journal of the History of Biology 3:235–51.
14. K oehler, P., et al. (2009), Journal of the History of Biology 42:715–63.
15. Material from: Piccolino, M. (2007), in H. Whitaker, et al. (eds.), Brain, Mind and Medicine: Neuroscience in the 18th Century (New York: Springer), pp. 125–43; Finger, S. (2013), Progress in Brain Research 205:3–17.
16. Home (1970), p. 250.
17. Bertholon, P. (1780), De l’electricite du corps humain dans l’etat de sante et de maladie (Paris: Didot), pp. 70, 94. 18.
18. Galvani, L. (1953), Commentary on the Effect of Electricity on Muscular Motion (Cambridge, MA: Elizabeth Licht); Bresadola, M. (2003), in F. Holmes, et al. (eds.), Reworking the Bench: Research Notebooks in the History of Science (Dordrecht: Kluwer), pp. 67–92.
19. Galvani (1953), p. 46.
20. Там же, p. 97.
21. Там же, pp. 60, 66, 67.
22. Там же, p. 72.
23. Материалы этого абзаца взяты из: Valli, E. (1793), Experiments on Animal Electricity, with Their Application to Physiology (London: Johnson), pp. 5, 241–2
24. Fowler, R. (1793), Experiments and Observations Relative to the Influence Lately Discovered by M. Galvani, and Commonly Called Animal Electricity (Edinburgh: Duncan, Hill, Robertson & Berry, add Mudie).
25. Volta, A. (1816), Collezione dell’opere del cavaliere Conte Alessandro Volta, vol. 2, part I (Florence: Piatti), p. 111.
26. Finger, S., et al. (2013), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 22:237–352.
27. Mauro, A. (1969), Journal of the History of Medicine 24:140–50.
28. Hoff, H. (1936), Annals of Science 1:157–72. This was first demonstrated by Matteucci, C. (1842), Annales de chimie et de physique, Serie 3 6:301–39.
29. Darwin, E. (1801), Zoonomia; Or, the Laws of Organic Life, vol. 1 (London: Johnson), p. 83.
30. Pancaldi, G. (1990), Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 21:123–60.
31. Volta, A. (1800), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 90:403–31.
32. Holmes (2008), pp. 274, 325. Нет никаких доказательств того, что Годвин действительно присутствовала на лекции; однако текстуальное сходство между лекциями Дэви и «Франкенштейном» поразительно – если Годвин не присутствовала на лекции, она явно читала печатную версию.
33. Я избавил вас от подробностей, некоторые из них можно найти в: Aldini, J. (1803), An Account of the Late Improvements in Galvanism (London: Murray), pp. 68–80.
34. Aldini (1803); Aldini, J. (1804), Essai theorique et experimental sur le galvinisme (Bologna: Piranesi).
35. Aldini (1803), p. 193.
36. The Times, 22 January 1803, p. 3.
37. Aldini (1804), p. 216.
38. Эта и следующая цитата из: Aldini (1803), pp. 57, 63–4.
39. Цитаты из: Aldini (1804), pp. 116–20; Bolwig, T. and Fink, M. (2009), Journal of Electro-Convulsive Therapy 25:15–18. Альдини также использовал эту процедуру на Чарльзе Беллини, работнике, с аналогичными результатами.
40. Finger, S. and Law, M. (1998), Journal of the History of Medicine 53:161– 80, p. 167.
41. Neuburger, M. (1981), The Historical Development of Experimental Brain and Spinal Cord Physiology Before Flourens (London: Johns Hopkins University Press), p. 199. Еще более подробное описание, если вам удастся его понять (помните, хотя результаты, безусловно, неверны, процедура, скорее всего, описана точно): Finger and Law (1998).
42. Finger and Law (1998), p. 169.
43. Neuburger (1981), pp. 199, 220.
44. Finger and Law (1998), p. 165.
45. Roget, P. (1824a), Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 6 (Edinburgh: Constable), p. 187 – entry on Physiology.
46. Rogers, J. (1998), in E. Yeo (ed.), Radical Femininity: Women’s Representation in the Public Sphere (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 52–78.
47. Sharples, E. (1832), The Isis 6:81–5, p. 85.
48. Anonymous (1844), Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (London: Churchill); Secord, J. (2000), Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
49. Anonymous (1844), p. 334.
50. Там же, p. 335.
51. Longet, F.-A. (1842), Anatomie et physiologie du systeme nerveux de l’homme et des animaux vertebres, vol. 1 (Paris: Fortin, Masson et Cie), pp. 138–9.
52. Matteucci, C. (1844), Traite des phenomenes electro-physiologiques des animaux (Paris: Fortin, Masson et Cie).
53. Matteucci, C. (1845), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 135:303–17, p. 317.
54. Matteucci, C. (1850), Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 140:645–9, p. 648.
55. Finger, S. and Wade, N. (2002a), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11:136–55; Finger, S. and Wade, N. (2002b), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 11:234–54.
56. Эта и следующая цитата из: Muller, J. (1843), Elements of Physiology (Philadelphia: Lea and Blanchard), pp. 513, 515, 532.
57. Otis, L. (2007), Muller’s Lab (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
58. Finkelstein, G. (2014), in C. Smith and H. Whitaker (eds.), Brain, Mind and Consciousness in the History of Neuroscience (New York: Springer), pp. 163–84, p. 164.
59. Clarke, E. and Jacyna, L. (1987), Nineteenth-Century Origins of Neuroscientific Concepts (London: University of California Press), p. 211.
60. Bowditch, H. (1886), Science 8:196–8, pp. 196–7.
61. Meulders, M. (2010), Helmholtz: From Enlightenment to Neuroscience (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press).
62. Finger and Wade (2002a), p. 152.
63. Lenoir, T. (1994), Osiris 9:184–207.
64. Helmholtz, H. (1875), On the Sensations of Tone as a Physiological Basis for the Theory of Music