(London: Longmans, Green), p. 224.
65. Odling, E. (1878), Memoir of the Late Alfred Smee, FRS, by his Daughter (London: Bell and Sons). Я ничего не слышал о Сми, пока не столкнулся с ним в работе историка науки Айвана Риса Моруса во время сбора информации для данной главы.
66. Smee, A. (1849), Elements of Electro-Biology, or, the Voltaic Mechanism of Man (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans), p. 39.
67. Там же, p. 45.
68. Эта цитата и цитата в следующем абзаце из: Smee, A. (1850), Instinct and Reason Deduced from Electro-Biology (London: Reeve, Benham and Reeve), pp. 29, 211, 98. The Figure is Plate VIII, opposite p. 210.
69. Morus, I. (1998), Frankenstein’s Children: Electricity, Exhibition, and Experiment in Early-Nineteenth-Century London (Princeton: Princeton University Press), p. 150.
70. Этот и следующие два абзаца из: Smee, A. (1851), The Process of Thought Adapted to Words and Language, Together with a Description of the Relational and Differential Machines (London: Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans), pp. xv, 2, 39, 40, 42–3, 45, 49–50. Boden, M. (2006), Mind as Machine: A History of Cognitive Science, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon), vol. 1, p. 121, предполагают, что Сми находился под влиянием «Математического анализа логики» Джорджа Буля, опубликованного в 1847 году. Труды Сми не содержат никаких ссылок на Буля или его идеи, и историки вычислительной техники утверждают, что никакой связи не было – Buck, G. and Hunka, S. (1999), IEEE Annals of the History of Computing 21:21–7.
71. Aspray, W. (1990), Computing Before Computers (Ames: Iowa State University Press), pp. 108–10.
4. Функция. XIX век
1. Liebknecht, K. (1908), Karl Marx: Biographical Memoirs (Chicago: Kerr), p. 64. Название группы, собравшейся в 1850 году, обычно дается либо как «Образовательное объединение немецких рабочих», либо как «Коммунистический клуб».
2. Parssinen, T. (1974), Journal of Social History 7:1–20, p. 1.
3. Shuttleworth, S. (1989), in J. Christie and S. Shuttleworth (eds.), Nature Transfigured: Science and Literature, 1700–1900 (Manchester: Manchester University Press), pp. 121–51; Boshears, R. and Whitaker, H. (2013), Progress in Brain Research 205:87–112.
4. McLaren, A. (1981), Comparative Studies in Society and History 23:3–22.
5. Clark and Jacyna (1987), pp. 222–3.
6. Gall, F. and Spurzheim, G. (1810), Anatomie et physiologie du systeme nerveux en general, et du cerveau en particulier, vol. 1 (Paris: Schoell), p. xvii.
7. Young, R. (1990), Mind, Brain and Adaptation in the Nineteenth Century: Cerebral Localization and its Biological Context from Gall to Ferrier (Oxford: Oxford University Press), p. 56.
8. Gall, F. and Spurzheim, G. (1812), Anatomie et physiologie du systeme nerveux en general, et du cerveau en particulier, vol. 2 (Paris: Schoell), p. 225; Gall, F. (1818), Anatomie et physiologie du systeme nerveux en general, et du cerveau en particulier, vol. 3 (Paris: Librairie Grecquelatine-allemande), pp. 307–22.
9. Словом для «желчи», используемым для обозначения «гордости», было «высокомерие», что также означает «рост».
10. Boring, E. (1950), A History of Experimental Psychology (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall), p. 53; Boshears and Whitaker (2013).
11. Spurzheim, J. (1815), The Physiognomical System of Drs. Gall and Spurzheim (London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy).
12. Gall (1818), p. xxix.
13. Там же и McLaren (1981).
14. Cooter, R. (1984), The Cultural Meaning of Popular Science: Phrenology and the Organisation of Consent in Nineteenth-Century Britain (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
15. Combe, G. (1836), Testimonials on Behalf of George Combe, as a Candidate for the Chair of Logic in the University of Edinburgh (Edinburgh: Anderson), p. 5; Parsinnen (1974), p. 1.
16. McLaren (1981).
17. Hegel, G. (2003), The Phenomenology of Mind (Mineola: Dover), pp. 175–98.
18. Napoleon (1824), Profils des contemporains (Paris: Pollet), p. 54.
19. Все цитаты из: Roget, P. (1824b), Supplement to the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 3 (Edinburgh: Constable) – entry on Cranioscopy.
20. Clark, J. and Hughes, T. (1980), The Life and Letters of the Reverend Adam Sedgwick, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 83.
21. Parssinen (1974), p. 12.
22. Young (1990), p. 61.
23. Material from Flourens, P. (1842), Recherches experimentales sur les proprietes et les fonctions du systeme nerveux, dans les animaux vertebres (Paris: Balliere), pp. 135, 131, 132, 244.
24. Swazey, J. (1970), Journal of the History of Biology 3:213–34.
25. Flourens, P. (1824), Recherches experimentales sur les proprietes et les fonctions du systeme nerveux, dans les animaux vertebres (Paris: Crevot), p. 122.
26. Luzzatti, C. and Whitaker, H. (2001), Archives of Neurology 58:1157–62.
27. Andral, G. (1840), Clinique medicale, ou choix d’observations recueillies a l’Hopital de la Charite, vol. 5: Maladies de l’encephale (Paris: Fortin, Masson), pp. 155, 523; Stookey, B. (1963), Journal of the American Medical Association 184:1024–9.
28. Finger (2000), p. 139.
29. Broca, P. (1861a), Bulletins de la Societe d’anthropologie de Paris 2:139–204, 301–21, 441–6; LaPointe, L. (2013), Paul Broca and the Origins of Language in the Brain (San Diego: Plural Publishing).
30. Pearce, J. (2006), European Neurology 56:262–4; Schiller, F. (1979), Paul Broca: Founder of French Anthropology, Explorer of the Brain (Berkeley: University of California Press), p. 175.
31. Auburtin, E. (1863), Considerations sur les localisations cerebrales et en particulier sur le siege de la faculte du langage articule (Paris: Masson et Fils), pp. 24–5.
32. Joynt, R. (1961), Archives of Internal Medicine 108:953–6; Schiller, F. (1963), Medical History 7:79–81.
33. Broca, P. (1861b), Bulletins de la Societe d’anthropologie de Paris 2: 235–38, p. 238; Schiller (1979), p. 178.
34. Broca, P. (1861c), Bulletins de la Societe anatomique de Paris 36:330–57.
35. Broca, P. (1861d), Bulletins de la Societe anatomique de Paris 36:398–407.
36. Там же, pp. 406–7.
37. Broca, P. (1863), Bulletins de la Societe d’anthropologie de Paris 4:200–202, p. 202.
38. Dax, M. (1865), Gazette hebdomodaire de medicine et de chirurgie 17:259–60; Dax, M. G. (1865), Gazette hebdomodaire de medicine et de chirurgie 17:260–62; Finger, S. (1996), Archives of Neurology 53:806–13.
39. Dax, M. G. (1865), p. 262.
40. Broca, P. (1865), Bulletins de la Societe d’anthropologie de Paris 6:377–93, p. 383.
41. Glickstein, M. (2014), Neuroscience: A Historical Introduction (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press), p. 278.
42. Rutten, G.-J. (2017), The Broca-Wernicke Doctrine. A Historical and Clinical Perspective on Localization of Language Functions (Cham, Switzerland: Springer).
43. Duval, A. (1864), Bulletins de la Societe d’anthropologie de Paris 5:213–17, p. 215.
44. Bartholow, R. (1874a), American Journal of the Medical Sciences 134:305–13; Bartholow, R. (1874b), British Medical Journal 1(700):727.
45. Ferrier, D. (1876), The Functions of the Brain (London: Smith, Elder),p. 296; Harris, L. and Almerigi, J. (2009), Brain and Cognition 70:92–115.
46. Fritsch, G. and Hitzig, E. (1870), Archiv fur Anatomie, Physiologi undwissenschaftliche Medizin 37:300–332 —перевод: Wilkins, R. (1963), Journal of Neurosurgery 20:904–16; Taylor, C. and Gross, C. (2003), The Neuroscientist 9:332–42; Hagner, M. (2012), Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 21:237–49.
47. Ferrier (1876), p. 80.
48. Wilkins (1963), p. 909.
49. Там же, p. 916.
50. Ferrier (1876); Taylor and Gross (2003).
51. Цитаты из: Ferrier (1876), pp. 44–5, 124–5, 39, 40, 213, 130, 141–5.
52. Macmillan, M. (2000), An Odd Kind of Fame: Stories of Phineas Gage (London: MIT Press). Quotes from Ferrier (1876), pp. 231–2.
53. Ferrier, D. (1878a), British Medical Journal 1:443–7; Ferrier, D. (1878b), The Localisation of Cerebral Function (London: Smith, Elder).
54. Macmillan (2000), pp. 401–22, 414–15.
55. См. pp. 314–33 того же источника, этот отрывок содержит галерею ошибочных счетов мошенника.
56. Цитаты из Ferrier (1876), pp. 288, 255–8.
5. Эволюция. XIX век
1. Abercrombie, J. (1838), Inquiries Concerning the Intellectual Powers and the Investigation of Truth (London: Murray), p. 34.
2. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/title/50381#page/52/mode/1up.
3. Barrett, P., et al. (eds.) (2008), Charles Darwin’s Notebooks, 1836–1844: Geology, Transmutation of Species, Metaphysical Enquiries (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), p. 165.
4. Muller (1843), https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/105993#page/ 53/mode/1up; Richards, R. (1987), Darwin and the Emergence of Evolutionary Theories of Mind and Behavior (Chicago: University of Chicago Press), p. 94; Swisher, C. (1967), Bulletin of the History of Medicine 41:24–43, p. 27.
5. Barrett et al. (2008), pp. 291, 614.
6. Partridge, D. (2015), Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 116:247–51.
7. Darwin, C. (2004), The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (London: Penguin), p. 17; Bizzo, N. (1992), Journal of the History of Biology 25:137–47.
8. Chadwick, O. (1975),