Ключевые слова: “русский вопрос”; русская идентичность; этносубъектность; ирредентизм.
POLITICAL LANGUAGE GAMES OF PLAYING RUSSIAN IDENTITY
In the spring of 2014 Russian ‘irredenta theme’ and the theme of the distinctive rights of Russians returned to the Russian official and news discourse together with the ‘Crimean speech’ by Vladimir Putin about the Russian people who ‘ have become… the most divided people in the world’, ‘Crimea is indigenously Russian land’. In Russia in 1990-s Russian nationalist ogranizations were forced out of official political agenda in national republics. At least, the issue of endowing ethnic Russians with political subjectivity was not raised in Russia in 1990-s.
Authorities began to more frequently resort to the ‘Russian issue’ together with the increasing sympathies to the right sentiments in, to a great extent, because of the uncontrolled labour migration and budget federalism. After ‘Russian marches’ and ‘Manezhka’ in 2010 ‘Russian issue’ appeared in official Russian discourse.Vladimir Putin in the programme article ‘Russia: nationalities question’ firstly touched on the subjectness of ethnic Russians, calling ethnic Russians the linchpin and the unifying fabric. At the same time he highlighted that ethnic Russians find their self-determination in binding by means of their cultural nucleus poliethnic civilization. Therefore, by acknowledging superiority of ‘ethnic Russians’ in the family of Russian peoples Russian authorities wanted to redeem the sympathies with political nationalism. However, the authorities avoided the issues of subjectness. A similar notion was conveyed in the ‘Stategy of national security’, one of the novels of which confirmed it, declaring that ‘ because of the unifying role of ethnic Russian people…. unique civilized community, multiethnic Russian nation has been formed’. Despite long-term language games with ‘Russian issue’ on the highest political level, Russian subjectness has not been recognized – the projects of young nationalist oranizations ‘National Democratic Party’ and ‘New Force’ were denied registration (in spite of the fact that a lot of Russian right-wing politicians met ‘Russian spring’ with admiration). In the foreign policy ‘ Russian issue’ firmly turned into the instrument of placing geopolitical pressure, whereas in the internal policy by reviving the perceptions about ethnic Russians as «elder brother» in the family of peoples the authorities are pulling the carpet away under feet of Russian opposition and various civic activists who try to ask awkward questions about illegal migration, budget federalism, increase in prices, cuts in investment projects.
Keywords: Russian issue; Russian identity; ethnic subjectness; irredentism.
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III. Способы восприятия. Нарративные стратегии: художественная литература, искусство
Representing Female Communal Identityin Anglo-Saxon England: A Philological Approach atTwo Old English Frauenlieder
Н. Bao
The only two female-voiced poems in the Old English Exeter Book, also known as ‘women’s songs’ (‘Frauenlieder’), are notorious for their cryptic nature. Since the context necessary for identifying the exact situation of each narrator has been lost to us, any plot-designing’ not directly based on manuscript and textual evidence seems to be editorial conjecture at the very best. Nevertheless, it would be difficult to analyse their theme and imagery satisfactorily, without