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Summary
In his book “Islands of the Archipelago of Soqotra: Expeditions of 1974–2010” Professor Vitaly Naumkin, famous Russian scholar and Director of the Institute of Oriental Studies under the Russian Academy of Sciences brings together almost four decades of research into the lives of the inhabitants of one of the most mysterious and remote places in the Middle East. The book is a unique investigation of the nature, history, origins, physical features, traditional economic activity, social and tribal structure, customs, beliefs and folklore of this small ethnic group within the population of present-day Yemen.
Chapter 1 is a general description of the geography, climate, water and soil, as well as the flora and fauna of the islands. The chapter gives an interpretation of the division of the archipelago and its surrounding area of water into a series of islands, straits and banks. It also examines the flora and fauna of the islands, mainly of Soqotra.
Chapter 2 is dedicated to the history of the islands based on the original Arabic and European sources, medieval chronicles, accounts of journeys by Arab and Western travelers etc. It introduces all the stages of the island’s history from the time when immigrants from the Arabian peninsular settled here. The author shows that it was of the early centers of Christianity, while Islam spread quite late, with new waves of migration from Mahra in the south-east of Yemen. British and Portuguese colonizations had not left any noticeable trace in the island’s history.
Chapter 3 illuminates with the physical characteristics of the Socotrans the study of the dermatoglyphics, odontology and craneology of the population of the islands. The Socotrans are a group of mixed origin, in which South Europeoid West Asian component is predominant, while the second place is occupied by the Indian Australoid component, and the African one comes third.
Chapter 4 deals with the archeology of Socotra. Stone tools from the Oldowan period (2,5–1,7 mln years ago) found by a team of Russian archeologists showed that the island of Socotra had been probably inhabited during that period. The team excavated several pre-Islamic settlements and cemeteries in different parts of Soqotra including the ancient capital – Hajrya where the remains of a Nestorian church were found. The chapter also gives a description of pottery discoveries from burials, as well as some bronze and iron objects and glass vessels. Russian archeologists have concluded that Soqotra might have played a much more influential role in Mediterranean trade than previously assumed.
Chapter 5 considers various aspects of the social organization of So-qotrans, as well as the types and forms of economy. The chapter provides a general overview of the population groups living in different geographic zones. The author concentrates on the core tribes of the pastoralists, although the economic activity of the coastal fishermen, as well as those with a mixed economy is also analyzed. The Da ‘rho tribe from the Central region, where the author has conducted extensive fieldwork features as a detailed case study.
Chapter 6 analyzes the material culture of modern Soqotrans. The focus here is on animal husbandry as the main activity of Soqotran Bedouins which has retained many archaic traits. Multiple uses to which domestic animals can be put (for milk, meat, bones, wool, skins etc.), as well as palm-growing and fishing are considered. A variety of techniques used for the production of objects, such as water-skins, the famous Soqotran ghee, woolen blankets made on traditional machines, pottery produced without potter’s wheel, as well as traditional Soqotran houses of different types, are examined. The chapter contains valuable vocabulary collected by the author and related to the economy.
Chapter 7 deals with marriage and the Soqotran kinship system, including choice of marriage partner, remnants of dual organization, locality of marriage, divorce, remarriage and polygamous marriage, system of property inheritance etc. The chapter contains a detailed analysis of the kinship system based on interviews and surveys of the island Bedouins. Particularly noteworthy is the lexicographic material which has not as yet been considered in academic literature.
Chapter 8 examines Soqotran family, in particular, such types as the nuclear family, complex family, divided family etc. The author utilizes extensive interviews conducted with a variety of informants from different Soqotran tribes.
In Chapter 9 the author concentrates on the spiritual culture of Soqotra. Sections on magic and sorcery, remnants of pre-Islamic beliefs, different customs and rituals, popular festivals, folk medicine etc. are of particular interest. The detailed examination of folklore texts, myths, tales, poetry and songs collected by the author is also extremely valuable. Based on this research the author offers his own system of classification of the Soqotran folklore.
Chapter 10 presents a brief but complex overview of the social structure, settlement and economy of the tribes of the island of Abd al-Kuri. The chapter provides examples of their folklore and analyzes family relations.
Conclusion contains general reflections and research implications based on many years of fieldwork on the island. Here the author deals with such general issues, as the origins of the Soqotrans, the time of their settlement of the island, eras of its history, specificity of its economy and tribal system and many other research issues considered in greater detail in the chapters.
The book contains illustrations and a bibliography.
Illustrations
Илл. 1. Вид Сокотры из космоса
Илл. 2. Предгорья северного побережья
Илл. 3. Северные отроги Хагьхера
Илл. 4. Автор с шейхом племени даръхо Исой, сыном Амера Ахмеда под деревом дам аль-ахавейн
Илл. 5. «Бутылочное дерево» Adenium obesum
Илл. 6. «Огуречное дерево»
Илл. 7. Ладаноносное дерево Boswellia
Илл. 8. Алоэ
Илл. 9. Гроза местных жителей паук
Илл. 10. Паук «черная вдова» «фитамэ»
Илл. 11, 12. Сокотрийские птицы
Илл. 13. Повсеместно обитающие около жилищ стервятники Neophron perспор terus
Илл. 14. Сокотра славится разнообразием рыбы
Илл. 15. Сокотра на старой карте
Илл. 16, 17. Форт в Суке
Илл. 18–26. Типы сокотрийцев
Илл. 27. Современная глиняная курильница для благовоний
Илл. 28. Автор и Иса, сын Амера Ахмеда (съемка 2006 г.)
Илл. 29–31. Вади Дарьхо – одно из красивейших мест на острове