35 Srinivasan Damodaran. “Inhibition of Ice Crystal Growth in Ice Cream Mix by Gelatin Hydrolysate,” Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 55, no. 26 (November 29, 2007): 10918–23.
36 David Goodsell, “Molecule of the Month: Antifreeze Proteins,” PBD-101, Protein Data Bank, December 2009, https://pdb101.rcsb.org/motm/120.
37 James M. Wiebler et al., “Urea Hydrolysis by Gut Bacteria in a Hibernating Frog: Evidence for Urea-Nitrogen Recycling in Amphibia,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 285, no. 1878 (May 16, 2018).
38 Jon P. Costanzo, Jason T. Irwin, and Richard E. Lee Jr., “Freezing Impairment of Male Reproductive Behaviors of the FreezeTolerant Wood Frog, Rana sylvatica,” Physiological Zoology 70, no. 2 (March – April 1997): 158–166.
39 Hirofumi Hirakawa and Yu Nagasaka, “Evidence for Ussurian Tube-Nosed Bats (Murina ussuriensis) Hibernating in Snow,” Scientifi c Reports 8, no. 12047 (2018).
40 Committee on Recently Extinct Organisms, American Museum for Natural History, http://creo.amnh.org.
41 John F. Nunn, Ancient Egyptian Medicine (London: British Museum Press, 1996), 54.
42 R.K. French, “The Thorax in History 1: From Ancient Times to Aristotle,” Thorax 33 (February 1978): 10–18.
43 French, “Thorax,” 11.
44 Bruno Halioua, Bernard Ziskind, and M.B. DeBevoise, Medicine in the Days of the Pharaohs (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2005), 100.
45 Aortic Aneurysms: The Silent Killer,” UNC Health Talk, February 20, 2014, https://healthtalk.unchealthcare.org/aneurysms-the-silent-killer/.
46 Nunn, Ancient Egyptian Medicine, 85.
47 Nunn, 55.
48 French, 14.
49 French, 16.
50 H. von Staden, “The Discovery of the Body: Human Dissection and Its Cultural Contexts in Ancient Greece,” Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 65 (1992): 223–241.
51 von Staden, “Human Dissection,” 224.
52 “Lustration,” Encyclopaedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/topic/lustration.
53 von Staden, 225–226.
54 von Staden, 227.
55 Nunn, 11.
56 F.P. Moog and A. Karenberg. “Between Horror and Hope: Gladiator’s Blood as a Cure for Epileptics in Ancient Medicine,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences 12, no. 2 (2003), 137–143.
57 Pierre de Brantôme, Lives of Fair and Gallant Ladies, trans. A.R. Allinson (Paris: Carrington, 1902).
58 David M. Morens, “Death of a President,” New England Journal of Medicine 341, no. 24 (December 9, 1999): 1845–1849.
59 Amelia Soth, “Why Did the Victorians Harbor Warm Feelings for Leeches?” JSTOR Daily, April 18, 2019, https://daily.jstor.org/why-did-the-victorians-harbor-warm-feelings-for-leeches/
60 Sarvesh Kumar Singh and Kshipra Rajoria, “Medical Leech Therapy in Ayurveda and Biomedicine – A Review,” Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine (January 29, 2019), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaim.2018.09.003
61 John B. West, “Ibn al-Nafi s, the Pulmonary Circulation, and the Islamic Golden Age,” Journal of Applied Physiology 105, no. 6 (2008): 1877–1880.
62 S.I. Haddad and A.A. Khairallah, “A Forgotten Chapter in the History of the Circulation of Blood,” Annals of Surgery 104, no. 1 (July 1936): 5.
63 West, “Ibn al-Nafi s.”
64 West.
65 West.
66 “Michael Servetus,” New World Encyclopedia, http://www.newworldency-clopedia.org/entry/Michael_Servetus.
67 M. Akmal, M. Zulkifl e, and A.H. Ansari. “Ibn Nafi s – a Forgotten Genius in the Discovery of Pulmonary Blood Circulation,” Heart Views 11, no. 1 (March– May 2010): 26–30.
68 Arnold M. Katz, “Knowledge of Circulation Before William Harvey,” Circulation XV (May 1957), https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/01. CIR.15.5.726.
69 C. D. O’Malley, Andreas Vesalius of Brussels, 1514–1564 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964).
70 Michael J. North, “The Death of Andreas Vesalius,” Circulating Now: From the Historical Collections of the National Library of Medicine, October 15, 2014, https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2014/10/15/the-death-of-andreas-ves-alius/.
71 G. Eknoyan and N.G. DeSanto, “Realdo Colombo (1516–1559): A Reappraisal,” American Journal of Nephrology 17, no. 3–4 (December 31, 1996): 265.
72 M.T. Walton, “The First Blood Transfusion: French or English?” Medical History 18, no. 4 (October 1974): 360–364.
73 S.C. Oré, “Études historiques et physiologiques sur la transfusion du sang,” Paris, 1876; Villari, “La storia di Girolamo Savonarola, Firenze,” 1859, 14; J. C.L. Simonde de Sismondi, “Histoire des républiques italiennes du moyen âge,” Paris, 1840, vol. VII, 289.
74 A. Matthew Gottlieb, “History of the First Blood Transfusion,” Transfusion Medicine Reviews V, no. 3 (July 1991): 228–235.
75 G.A. Lindeboom, “The Story of a Blood Transfusion to a Pope,” Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences 9, no. 4 (October 1954): 456.
76 Lindeboom, “Blood Transfusion.”
77 Lindeboom, 457.
78 Frank B. Berry and H. Stoddert Parker, “Sir Christopher Wren: Compleat Philosopher,” Journal of the American Medical Association 181, no. 9 (September 1, 1962).
79 Марло К. Сочинения. М.: Государственное издательство художественной литературы, 1961.
80 Kat Eschner, “350 Years Ago, a Doctor Performed the First Human Blood Transfusion. A Sheep Was Involved,” Smithsonian, June 15, 2017, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/350-years-ago-doctor-performed-first-human-blood-transfusion-sheep-was-involved-180963631/
81 Cyrus C. Sturgis, “The History of Blood Transfusion,” Bulletin of the Medical Library Association 30, no. 2 (January 1942):107.
82 Berry and Stoddert Parker, “Christopher Wren,” 119.
83 Samuel Pepys, The Diary of Samuel Pepys, November 30, 1667, https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1667/11/30/.
84 Samuel Pepys, Diary of Samuel Pepys, November 21, 1667, https://www.pep-ysdiary.com/diary/1667/11/21/.
85 Edmund King, “An Account of the Experiment of Transfusion, Practiced upon a Man in London,” Proceedings of the Royal Society of London (December 9, 1667). https://publicdomainreview.org/collection/arthur-coga-s-blood-transfusion-1667
86 H.A. Oberman, “Early History of Blood Substitutes: Transfusion of Milk,” Transfusion 9, no. 2 (March – April 1969): 74–77.
87 Austin Meldon, “Intravenous Injection of Milk,” British Medical Journal 1 (February 12, 1881): 228.
88 Meldon, “Injection of Milk.”
89 Meldon.
90 Meldon.
91 Rebecca Kreston. “The Origins of Intravenous Fluids,” Discover, May 31, 2016, https://www.discovermagazine.com/health/the-origins-of-intravenous-fluids.
92 “Intravenous Fluids.”
93 Herbert Spencer, The Principles of Biology (London: Williams and Norgate, 1864), vol 1., 444.
94 Charles Darwin, “Second Note [July 1838],” “Darwin on Marriage,” Darwin Correspondence Project, University of Cambridge (July 1838), https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk.
95 James Clark, The Sanative Infl uence of Climate, 4th edition (London: John Murray, 1846), 2–4.
96 Charles Darwin, The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882, ed. Nora Barlow (London: Collins, 1958), 115.
97 Ralph Colp Jr., Darwin’s Illness (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2008), 45.
98 Darwin, “To Susan Darwin [19 March 1849],” Darwin Correspondence Project
99 Darwin, “To Henry Bence Jones, 3 January [1866],” Darwin Correspondence Project.
100 Darwin, “From T.H. Huxley, 23 November 1859” and “To T.H. Huxley, 16 December [1859],” Darwin Correspondence Project.
101 A.S. MacNalty, “The Ill Health of Charles Darwin,” Nursing Mirror, ii.
102 Charles Darwin, More Letters of Charles Darwin, vol. 2, eds. Francis Darwin and A.C. Seward, https://www.gutenberg.org/files/2740/2740-h/2740-h.htm.
103 William Murrell, “Nitro-Glycerine as a Remedy for Angina Pectoris,” Lancet 113, no. 2890 (January 18, 1879): 80–81.
104 Nils Ringertz, “Alfred Nobel’s Health and His Interest in Medicine,” Nobel Media AB, December 6, 2020, https://www.nobelprize.org/alfred-nobel/alfred-nobels-health-and-his-interest-in-medicine/.
105 Neha Narang and Jyoti Sharma, “Sublingual Mucosa as a Route for Systemic Drug Delivery,” Supplement, International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences 3, no. S2 (2011): 18–22.
106 Janet Browne, Charles Darwin: The Power of Place (New York: Knopf, 2002), 495.
107 World Malaria Report 2019, World Health Organization, https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/330011.
108 F.S. Machado et al., “Chagas Heart Disease: Report on Recent Developments,” Cardiology in Review 20, no. 2 (March– April 2012): 53–65.
109 “Triatominae,” Le Parisien, http://dictionnaire.sensagent.leparisien.fr/Tri-atominae/en-en/.
110 Julie Clayton, “Chagas Disease 101,” Nature 465, S4–5 (June 2010).
111 Clayton, “Chagas Disease 101”; E.M. Jones et al., “Amplifi cation of a Trypanosoma cruzi DNA Sequence from Infl ammatory Lesions in Human Chagasic Cardiomyopathy,” American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 48 (1993): 348–357.