Хромосомы половые – хромосомы, набор которых отличает мужские и женские особи у животных и растений с хромосомным определением пола.
Царство – таксономический ранг самого высокого уровня.
Целлюлоза, или клетчатка, – основной опорный полисахарид клеточных стенок растений.
Шеллак – смолоподобное вещество, выделяемое лаковыми червецами.
Эволюция – необратимый естественный процесс развития живой природы, сопровождающийся изменением генетического состава популяций, формированием адаптаций, видообразованием и вымиранием видов, преобразованием экосистем и биосферы в целом.
Экзоскелет – наружный скелет насекомых и других членистоногих, образованный хитинизированной кутикулой.
Экология – наука, изучающая взаимоотношения организмов между собой и с окружающей средой.
Экосистема – совокупность совместно обитающих организмов и условий окружающей среды, находящихся во взаимосвязи друг с другом и образующих систему биотических и абиотических процессов.
Энтомолог – ученый, изучающий насекомых.
Энтомология – наука о насекомых, раздел зоологии.
Яйцеклад – видоизмененные конечности генитальных сегментов брюшка самок насекомых. Используется для откладки яиц, часто внутрь различных субстратов.
Яйцеклетка – женская половая клетка.
Яйцо – первая преимагинальная (т. е. предвзрослая) стадия насекомых и других беспозвоночных, на которой происходит эмбриональное развитие.
Рекомендованные книги
Эти книги были источником познаний и вдохновения, как в работе с этой книгой, так и в общем. Они рекомендуются для читателей, которые хотят окунуться глубже в фантастический мир насекомых:
Berenbaum, M. B. Bugs in the System, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1995.
The books of Dave Goulson: A Sting in the Tale (2013), A Buzz in the Meadow (2014) and Bee Quest (2017), all published by Jonathan Cape, London.
Jones, R. Call of Nature: The Secret Life of Dung, Pelagic Publishing, Exeter, UK, 2017.
McAlister, E. The Secret Life of Flies, Natural History Museum, London, 2017.
Shaw, S. R. Planet of the Bugs: Evolution and the Rise of Insects, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2014.
Zuk, M. Sex on Six Legs: Lessons on Life, Love, and Language from the Insect World, Houghton Miffin Harcourt, 2011.
Источники
Andersen, T., Baranov, V., Hagenlund, L.K. et al. ‘Blind Flight? A New Troglobiotic Orthoclad (Diptera, Chironomidae) from the Lukina Jama – Trojama Cave in Croatia’, PLOS ONE 11 (2016), e0152884.
Artsdatabanken. ‘Hvor mange arter finnes i Norge?’ sourced in 2017 from https://www.artsdatabanken.no/Pages/205713.
Baust, J. G. & Lee, R. E. ‘Multiple Stress Tolerance in an Antarctic Terrestrial Arthropod: Belgica antarctica’, Cryobiology 24 (1987), pp. 140–147.
Berenbaum, M. B. Bugs in the System, Addison-Wesley, Reading, Massachusetts, 1995.
Bishopp, F. C. ‘Domestic Mosquitoes’, US Department of Agriculture, Leaflet No. 186 (1939).
Fang, J. ‘Ecology: A World Without Mosquitoes’, Nature 466 (2010), pp. 432–434.
Guinness World Records. ‘Largest Species of beetle’, from http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/largest-species-of-beetle/ (2017).
Huber, J. T. & Noyes, J. ‘A New Genus and Species of Fairyfly, Tinkerbella nana (Hymenoptera, Mymaridae), with Comments on its Sister Genus Kikiki, and Discussion on Small Size Limits in Arthropods’, Journal of Hymenoptera Research 32 (2013), pp. 17–44.
Kadavy, D. R., Myatt, J., Plantz, B. A. et al. ‘Microbiology of the Oil Fly, Helaeomyia petrolei’, Applied and Environmental Microbiology 65 (1999), pp. 1477—82.
Kelley, J. L., Peyton, J. T., Fiston-Lavier, A.-S. et al. ‘Compact Genome of the Antarctic Midge Is Likely an Adaptation to an Extreme Environment’, Nature Communications 5 (2014), Article No. 4611.
Knapp, F. W. ‘Arthropod Pests of Horses’, in Williams, R. E., Hall, R. D., Broce, A. B. & Scholl, P. J. (Eds): Livestock Entomology. Wiley, New York (1985), pp. 297–322.
Leonardi, M. & Palma, R. ‘Review of the Systematics, Biology and Ecology of Lice from Pinnipeds and River Otters (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura: Echinophthiriidae)’. Zootaxa, 3630 (3) (2013), pp. 445–466.
Misof, B., Liu, S., Meusemann, K. et al. ‘Phylogenomics Resolves the Timing and Pattern of Insect Evolution’. Science 346 (2014), pp. 763–767.
Nesbitt, S. J., Barrett, P. M., Werning, S. et al. ‘The Oldest Dinosaur? A Middle Triassic Dinosauriform from Tanzania’, Biology Letters 9 (2013).
Shaw, S. R. Planet of the Bugs. Evolution and the Rise of Insects. University of Chicago Press, Chicago (2014).
Xinhuanet. ‘World’s Longest Insect Discovered in China’, sourced in 2017 from http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2016-05/05/c_135336786.htm (2016).
Zuk, M. Sex on Six Legs: Lessons on Life, Love, and Language from the Insect World, Houghton Miffin Harcourt, 2011.
ЧАСТЬ 1
Small Creatures, Smart Design: Insect Anatomy Alem, S., Perry, C. J., Zhu, X. et al. ‘Associative Mechanisms Allow for Social Learning and Cultural Transmission of String Pulling in an Insect’, PLOS Biology 14 (2016), e1002564.
Arikawa, K. ‘Hindsight of Butterflies’, BioScience 51 (2001), pp. 219—25.
Arikawa, K., Eguchi, E., Yoshida, A. & Aoki, K. ‘Multiple Extraocular Photoreceptive Areas on Genitalia of Butterfly Papilio xuthus’, Nature 288 (1980), pp. 700–702.
Avarguès-Weber, A., Portelli, G., Benard, J. et al. ‘Configural Processing Enables Discrimination and Categorization of Face-Like Stimuli in Honeybees’, The Journal of Experimental Biology 213 (2010), pp. 593–601.
Caro, T. M. & Hauser, M. D. ‘Is There Teaching in Non human Animals?’ The Quarterly Review of Biology 67 (1992), pp. 151–174.
Chapman, A. D. Numbers of Living Species in Australia and the World (2nd ed.), Canberra, 2009.
Dacke, M. & Srinivasan, M. V. ‘Evidence for Counting in Insects’, Animal Cognition 11 (2008), pp. 683–689.
Darwin, C. Charles Darwin’s Beagle Diary (1834), sourced in 2017 from http://darwinbeagle.blogspot.no/2009/09/ 17thseptember-1834.html Darwin, C. The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. J. Murray, London, 1871.
Elven, H. & Aarvik, L. ‘Insekter Insecta’, sourced in 2017 from Artsdatabanken https://artsdatabanken.no/Pages/ 135656 (2017).
Falck, M. ‘La vevkjerringene veve videre’, Insektnytt 29 (2004), pp. 57–60.
Franks, N. R. & Richardson, T. ‘Teaching in Tandem-Running Ants’, Nature 439 (2006), p. 153.
Frye, M. A. ‘Visual Attention: A Cell that Focuses on One Object at a Time’. Current Biology 23 (2013), R61—3.
Gonzalez-Bellido, P. T., Peng, H., Yang, J. et al. ‘Eight Pairs of Descending Visual Neurons in the Dragonfly Give Wing Motor Centers Accurate Population Vector of Prey Direction’, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110 (2013), pp. 696–701.
Gopfert, M. C., Surlykke, A. & Wasserthal, L. T. ‘Tympanal and Atympanal “Mouth-Ears” in Hawkmoths (Sphingidae)’. Proc Biol Sci 269 (2002), pp. 89–95.
Jabr, F. ‘How Did Insect Metamorphosis Evolve?’ Sourced in 2017 from https://www.scienticamerican.com/article/insect-metamorphosis-evolution/ (2012).
Leadbeater, E. & Chittka, L. ‘Social Learning in Insects – From Miniature Brains to Consensus Building’, Current Biology 17 (2007), R703—R713.
Minnich, D. E. ‘The Chemical Sensitivity of the Legs of the Blowfly, Calliphora vomitoria Linn., to Various Sugars’, Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 11 (1929), pp. 1—55.
Montealegre-Z., F., Jonsson, T., Robson-Brown, K. A. et al. ‘Convergent Evolution Between Insect and Mammalian Audition’, Science 338 (2012), pp. 968–971.
Munz, T. The Dancing Bees: Karl von Frisch and the Discovery of the Honeybee Language, The University of Chicago, 2016.
‘Eremitten yttes til åpen soning’. Press. NINA. Sourced in 2017 from http://www.nina.no/english/News/News-article/ArticleId/4321 (2017).
Ranius, T. & Hedin, J. ‘The Dispersal Rate of a Beetle, Osmoderma eremita, Living in Tree Hollows’, Oecologia 126 (2001), pp. 363–370.
Shuker, K. P. N. The Hidden Powers of Animals: Uncovering the Secrets of Nature, Marshall Editions Ltd., London, 2001.
Tibbetts, E. A. ‘Visual Signals of Individual Identity in the Wasp Polistes fuscatus’, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 269 (2002), pp. 1423–1428.
ЧАСТЬ 2
Six-legged Sex: Dating, Mating and Parenting Banerjee, S., Coussens, N. P., Gallat, F. X. et al. ‘Structure of a Heterogeneous, Glycosylated, Lipid-Bound, in Vivo-Grown Protein Crystal at Atomic Resolution from the Viviparous Cockroach Diploptera punctate’, IUCrJ 3 (2016), pp. 282–293.
Birch, J. & Okasha, S. ‘Kin Selection and Its Critics’, BioScience 65 (2015), pp. 22–32.
Boos, S., Meunier, J., Pichon, S. & Kölliker, M. ‘Maternal Care Provides Antifungal Protection to Eggs in the European Earwig’, Behavioral Ecology 25 (2014), pp. 754–761.
Borror, D. J., Triplehorn, C. A. & Johnson, N. F. An Introduction to the Study of Insects, Saunders College Pub, Philadelphia, 1989.
Brian, M. B. Production Ecology of Ants and Termites, Cambridge University Press, 1978.
Eady, P. E. & Brown, D. V. ‘Male-female Interactions Drive the (Un) repeatability of Copula Duration in an Insect’, Royal Society Open Science 4 (2017), 160962.
Eberhard, W. G. ‘Copulatory Courtship and Cryptic Female Choice in Insects’, Biological Reviews 66 (1991), pp. 1—31.
Fedina, T. Y.