407. Там же.
408. TLO: Women in Europe “better educated but paid less’”, BBC News, 5 декабря 2014 г., https://www.bbc.com/news/business-30340870.
409. ‘Global wage growth lowest since 2008, while women still earning 20 per cent less than men’, сайт Международной организации труда, 26 ноября 2018 года, https://www.ilo.org/moscow/news/ WCMS_650551/lang-en/index.htm.
410. Jenna Johnson, ‘One year out of college, women already paid less than men, report finds’, The Washington Post, 24 октября 2012 года, https:// www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/one-year-out-of-college-women – already – paid – less – than – men- report – finds/2012/10/23/ ece71cb0-ld3a-l Ie2-9cd5-b55c38388962_story.html.
411. Stephen Burd (ed.), ‘Moving on Up? What a Groundbreaking Study Tells Us About Access, Success and Mobility in Higher Ed’, октябрь 2017 года, доступно по адресу https://na-production.s3.amazonaws. com/documents/Moving-on-Up.pdf (дата обращения: 10.02.2020).
412. В самом известном исследовании рассматривался Бостонский симфонический оркестр. См. Claudia Goldin and Cecilia Rose, ‘Orchestrating Impartiality: The Impact of “Blind” Auditions on Female Musicians’, American Economic Review 90:4, сентябрь 2000 года, 715—41. С тех пор появились исследования других отраслей, в том числе и медицины. См. Carol Isaac et al., ‘Interventions that Affect Gender Bias in Hiring: A Systematic Review’, Academic Medicine: Journal of the Associated American Medical Colleges 84:10, 2009, 1140—6.
413. Schuller, The Paula Principle.
414. ‘Discovering the glass cliff’, сайт кафедры психологии Эксетерского университета https:/⁄psychology.exeter.ac.uk/cic/about/theglasscliff/ (дата обращения: 10.02.2020).
415. Donovan Alexander, ‘Global Gender Gap Report: Women CEOs are 45 % More Likely to be Fired’, сайт Interesting Engineering, 2 декабря 2018 года, https://interestingengineering.com/global-gender-gap-report-women-ceos-are-45-more-likely-to-be-fired.
416. Elizabeth Judge, ‘Women on board: help or hindrance?’, The Times, И ноября 2003 года, https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/women-on-board-help-or-hindrance-2c6fnqf6fng. См. также Michelle Ryan and Alexander Haslam, ‘The glass cliff: women left to take charge at times of crisis’, The Times, 12 ноября 2018 года, https://www.thetimes. co.uk/article/the-glass-cliff-women-taking-charge-but-at-times-of-crisis-czlvzzrns.
417. Corinne A. Moss-Racusin et al., ‘Science Faculty’s Subtle Gender Biases Favor Male Students’, PNAS 109:31, октябрь 2012 года, 16474-9.
418. Lauren Riviera and Andras Tilcsik, ‘Scaling Down Inequality: Ratings Scales, Gender Bias and the Architecture of Evaluation’, American Sociological Renew 84:2, март 2019 года, 248—74.
419. Monica Biernat and Joan Williams, ‘The Language of Performance Evaluations: Gender-Based Shifts in Content and Consistency of Judgment’, Social, Psychological and Personality Science 3:2, март 2012 года, 186—92. См. также Riviera and Tilcsik, ‘Scaling Down Inequality’.
420. Biernat and Williams, ‘The Language of Performance Evaluations’.
421. Emilio J. Castilla, ‘Gender, Race and Meritocracy in Organizational Careers’, American Journal of Sociology 113:6, май 2008 года, 1479—526.
422. Riviera and Tilcsik, ‘Scaling Down Inequality’.
423. Juliet Eilperin, ‘White House women want to be in the room where it happens’, The Washington Post, 13 сентября 2016 года, https:// www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2016/09/13/white – house-women-are-now-in-the-room-where-it-happens/.
424. ‘Michelle Obama: “I still have impostor syndrome’”, BBC News, 4 декабря 2018 года, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-46434147.
425. Pauline Clance and Suzanne Imes, ‘The Imposter Phenomenon in High-Achieving Women: Dynamics and Therapeutic Intervention’, Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice 15:3, 1978 год, 241—7.
426. Sheryl Nance-Nash, ‘Why imposter syndrome hits women and women of colour harder’, BBC News, 28 июля 2020 года, https://www.bbc. com/worklife/article/20200724 – why – imposter- syndrome – hits – women – and-women-of-colour-harder.
427. Jenna Goudreau, ‘When Women Feel Like Frauds They Fuel Their Own Failures’, Forbes, 19 октября 2011 года, https://www.forbes.com/ sites/jennagoudreau/201 l/10/19/women-feel-like-frauds-failures-tina-fey-sheryl-sandberg/?sh= 174a7d7630fb.
428. Caroline Henshaw, ‘Female teachers plagued by “imposter syndrome”, head warns’, сайт TES, 19 ноября 2018 года, https://www.tes.com/ news/female – teachers – plagued – imposter- syndrome – head – warns.
429. As of 2004, age range 18–23: Rachel Ivie et al., ‘Women’s and Men’s Career Choices in Astronomy and Astrophysics’, Physical Review Physics Education Research 12, август 2016 года, доступно по адресу https://www.aip.org/sites/default/files/statistics/lsags/PhysRevPhy-sEducRes.l2.020109.pdf (дата обращения: 10.02.2020).
430. Там же.
431. Там же.
432. Tara Sophia Mohr, ‘Why Women Don’t Apply for Jobs Unless They’re 100 % Qualified’, Harvard Business Review, 25 августа 2014 года, https://hbr.org/2014/08/why-women-dont-apply-for-jobs-unless-theyre -100 – qualified.
433. Закон о равной оплате труда 1970 года вступил в силу 29 декабря 1975 года. Но так как до конца года оставалось всего два дня, на практике он начал действовать с 1976 года.
434. Всемирный экономический форум, ‘The Global Gender Gap Report 2020’, доступно по адресу http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_ GGGR_2020.pdf (дата обращения: 01.10.2020).
435. Nasser Alkalbani et al., ‘Gender diversity and say-on-pay: Evidence from UK remuneration committees’, Corporate Governance 27:5, сентябрь 2019 года, 378–400.
436. Marc Benioff, ‘How Salesforce Closed the Pay Gap Between Men and Women’, Wired, 15 октября 2019 года, https://www.wired.com/story/ how-salesforce-closed-pay-gap-between-men-women/.
437. Jena McGregor, ‘More States Are Banning Questions about Salary History from Job Interviews’, The Washington Post, 15 август 2019 года, https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2019/08/15/ more – states-are – banning-questions-about-salary-history-job-inter-views-what – say-if-youre – asked – about – it – anyways/.
438. Там же.
439. Eva Szalay, ‘Tribunal exposes gender gap in banking culture and pay’, Financial Times, 20 сентября 2019 года, https://www.ft.com/ content/84cf64e4-d89e-lle9-8f9b-77216ebelfl7.
440. Benioff, ‘How Salesforce Closed the Pay Gap’.
13. Стандарты красоты и ожидания общества
441. Nigel Henbest, A woman’s place is in the dome’, New Scientist, 8 октября 1988 года, 62.
442. Статистика Международного астрономического союза доступна по адресу https://www.iau.org/administration/membership/individual/ distribution/ (дата обращения: 20.06.2020).
443. Это процент женщин – профессиональных астрономов, состоящих в Международном астрономическом союзе, https://www.iau.org/ administration/membership/individual/distribution/ (дата обращения: 20.11.2020).
444. Всемирный экономический форум, ‘Global Gender Gap Report 2020’, 9, доступно по адресу www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2020. pdf (дата обращения: 20.06.2020).
445. Michele Swers, ‘Connecting Descriptive and Substantive Representation: An Analysis of Sex Differences in Cosponsorship Activity’, Legislative Studies Quarterly 30:3, август 2005 года, 407—33.
446. Denise Restauri, ‘5 Stats Prove That Female Senators Get More Done Than Men’, Forbes, 23 февраля 2015 года, https://www.forbes.com/ sites/deniserestauri/2015/02/23/5 – stats – prove – that – female – senators – get – more – done – than – men/.
447. Michael Lewis, ‘Wall Street on the Tundra’, Vanity Fair, апрель 2009 года, https://archive.vanityfair, com/article/2009/4/wall – street – on-the-tundra (дата обращения: 28.11.2020).
448. ‘Brazilian congressman ordered to pay compensation after rape remark’, The Guardian, 18 сентября 2015 года, https://www.theguardian. com/world/2015/sep/18/brazilian-congressman-rape-remark-compensation.
449. Lucy Osborne, ‘“It felt like tentacles”: the women who accuse Trump of sexual misconduct’, The Guardian, 17 сентября 2020 года, https:// www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/sep/17/amy-dorris-donald-trump-women-who-accuse-sexual-misconduct. См. также also David А. Fahrenthold, ‘Trump recorded having extremely lewd conversation about women in 2005’, The Washington Post, 7 октября 2016 года, https:// www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-recorded-having-extremely-Iewd-conversation-about-women-in-2005/2016/10/07/3b9ce776-8cb4-1 Ie6-bf8a-3d26847eeed4_story.html.
450. Erik Wemple, ‘Studies agree: Media gorged on Hillary Clinton email coverage’, The Washington Post, 25 августа 2017 года, https://www. washingtonpost.com/blogs/erik-wemple/wp/2017/08/25/studies-agree – media – gorged – on – hillary – clinton – email – coverage/? variant =116 ae929826dlfd3.
451. Robert Verkaik, ‘Boris Johnson’s burqa remarks are no surprise – his misogyny goes far back’, The Guardian, 10 августа 2018 года, https:// www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/aug/10/boris-johnson-burqa – misogyny- bigotry- eton – oxford.
452. Boris Johnson, ‘The male sex is to blame for the appalling proliferation of single mothers’, The Spectator, 19 августа 1995 года, http://archive. spectator.co.uk/article/ 19th-august-1995/6/politics.
453. Jim Tankersley, ‘How Sexism Follows Women From the Cradle to the Workplace’, The New York Times, 19 августа 2018 года, https:// www.nytimes.com/2018/08/19/business/sexism-women-birthplace-workplace.html.
454. Rachel Connor and Susan Fiske, ‘Not Minding the Gap: How Hostile Sexism Encourages Choice Explanations for the Gender Income Gap’, Psychology of Women Quarterly 43:1, 2018 года, 22–36.
455. Andrei Cimpian and Sarah-J ane Leslie, ‘Why Young Girls Don’t Think They Are Smart Enough’, The New York Times, 26 января 2017 года, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/well/family/why-young-girls – dont-think-they-are-smart-enough.html.