43 Gabriel Baer, A History of Landownership in Modern Egypt, 1800–1950 (London, Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 13 ff. Мое рассмотрение египетского примера базируется в основном на этой книге.
44 Ibid., р. 214–215, 220–222.
45 Премьер-министр Али Амини, цит. по: Donald N. Wilber, Contemporary Iran (New York, Praeger, 1963), p. 126.
46 Edwin Lieuwen, Generals vs. Presidents, p. 47, 74–84.
47 Tad Szulc, The Winds of Revolution (New York, Praeger, 1964), p. 182–183.
48 Gregory Henderson, «Korea: The Politics of the Vortex» (неопубликованная работа, Harvard University, Center for International Affairs, 1966), p. 413, 425–426, 447.
49 John Duncan Powell, «The Politics of Agrarian Reform in Venezuela: History, System and Process» (Ph.D. thesis, University of Wisconsin, 1966), p. 176–177.
50 Цит. в: Erasmus, p. 725.
51 Организация Объединенных Наций, Департамент экономических и социальных проблем, Progress in Land Reform: Third Report (United Nations, 1962), p. 22.
52 Jean Grossholtz, Politics in the Philippines (Boston, Little Brown, 1964), p. 71.
53 Hirschmann, p. 155–156; Carroll, p. 107–108.
54 Hirschman, p. 142, 157; Премьер-министр Амини, цит. no Jay Walz, New York Times, May 30,1961, p. 2.
55 Walter C. Neale, Economic Change in Rural India (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1962), p. 258.
56 Wolf Ladejinsky, A Study on Tenurial Conditions in Packaya Districts (New Delhi, Government of India Press, 1965), p. 9.
57 J. Lossing Buck, «Progress in Land Reform in Asian Countries», in Walter Froehlich, ed., Land Tenure, Industrialization and Social Stability: Experience and Prospects in Asia (Milwaukee, Marquette University Press, 1961), p. 84.
58 The Economic Weekly (Bombay), Feb. 1964, p. 156, цит. no: Wayne Wilcox, «The Pakistan Coup D'Etat of 1958», Pacific Affairs, 38 (Summer 1965), p. 153.
59 Erasmus, p. 787.
7. Парши и политическая стабильность
1 Leonard В. Schapiro, The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (New York, Random House, 1960), p. 258.
2 Philip Rudolph, North Korea’s Political and Economic Structure (New York, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1959), p. 61.
3 Raymon Vernon, The Dilemma of Mexico’s Development (Cambridge, Harvard University Press, 1963), p. 59.
4 M. Corpierre, «Le totalitarism africain», Preuves, 143 (January 1963), 17, цит. no: Immanuel Wallerstein, «The Decline of the Party in Single-Party African States», La Palombra and Weiner, eds., Political Parties and Political Development, p. 204.
5 George Washington, Letter to Jay, November 1, 1794, Writings (W.C.Ford ed., New York, Putnam's, 1891), 12, 486.
6 Lord Bolingbroke, «The Idea of a Partiot King», Works (London, Hansard and Sons, 1809), 4, 280–281.
7 Maurice Duverger, Political Parties (New York. John Wiley, 1954), p. 426.
8 Washington, «Farewell Address», in Ford, ed., 13, 304.
9 См.: Myron Weiner and Joseph LaPalombara, «The Impact of Parties on Political Development», in LaPalombara and Weiner, p. 400.
10 Edwin Lieuwen, Generals vs. Presidents, p. 61.
11 Luis Munoz Marin, New York Times, Dec. 27,1964, p. 43.
12 Philip E. Converse, «The Nature of Belief Systems in Mass Publics», in David Apter, ed., Ideology and Discontent (New York, The Free Press, 1964), p. 248–249.
13 William J. Foltz, «Building the Newest Nations: Short-Run Strategies and Long-Run Problems», in Karl W. Deutsch and William J. Foltz, eds., Nation-Building (New York, Atherton Press, 1963), p.121.
14 Ibid., p. 123–124.
15 Цит. no: Caridad C. Semana, «Some Political Aspect of Philippine Economic Development After Independence» (Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1965), p. 166.
16 William N. Chambers, Political Parties in a New Nation (New York, Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 26.
17 Keith Gallard, Political Forces in Pakistan, 1947–1959 (New York, Institute of Pacific Relations, 1959), p. 24–25.
18 David A. Wilson, Politics in Thailand (Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1962), p. 68.
19 Henderson, Korea: The Politics of the Vortex, p. 288; David Abernethy, «Education and Politics in a Developing Society: The Southern Nigerian Experience» (Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University, 1965), p. 331.
20 См., например, обсуждение американского опыта в: Chambers, p. 32–33.
21 Rupert Emerson, «Nation-Building in Africa», in Deutsch and Foltz, p. 110–111.
22 Термины взяты у Rajni Kothary, «The Congress ‘System' in India», Asian Survey, 4 (December 1964), 1161 ff. См. также. Abernethy, p. 482–489.
23 David Donald, An Excess of Democracy (Inaugural Lecture, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1960), p. 17.
24 Vernon Lee Fluharty, Dance of the Millions: Military Rule and Social Revolution in Colombia, 1930–1960 (Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1957), p. 316–317.
25 Edwin Lieuwen, Arms and Politics in Latin America (New York, Frederick Praeger, 1960), p. 89.
26 Duverger, p. 215–216.
27 Myron Weiner, Party Politics in India (Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1957), p. 230–231.
28 Seydou Kouyate, Africa Report (May 1963), p. 16, цит. в: Rupert Emerson, «Parties and National Integration in Africa» in LaPalombara and Weiner, p. 296–297.
29 См.: Frederick W. Frey, «Political Development, Power and Communication in Turkey», in Lucian W. Pye, ed., Communications and Political Development, p. 313–314.
30 Henderson, p. 303.
31 См.: Martin Meadows, «Philippine Political Parties and the 1961 Election», Pacific Affaires, 35 (Fall 1962), 270 n.
32 Sharif al-Mujahid, «Pakistan's First Presidential Elections», Asian Survey, 5 (June 1965), 292; Keith Gallard, Pakistan (New York, Macmillan, 1957), p. 55.
33 New York Times, October 25,1965, p. 17, November 21,1966, p. 12. Выражаю признательность Абрахаму Ловенталю за данные по Доминиканской Республике.
34 Michael С. Hudson, The Precarious Republic: Political Modernization of Lebanon (New York, Random House, Forthcoming, 1968), Chap. 6.
35 Ben Bella, цит. no: Russell Warren Howe, «Would-Ве Leader of the ‘Third World'», New Republic, 154 (May 14,1966), 14.
36 Lloyd I. and Susan Hoeber Rudolph, «Toward Political Stability in Underdeveloped Countries: The Case of India», Public Policy, 9 (1959), p. 155–157.
37 Clement Henry Moore, «The Era of the Neo-Destour», in Charles Micaud, ed., Tunisia: The Politics of Modernization (New York, Praeger, 1964), p. 81–82.
38 Lord Lugard, цит. у: Abernethy, p. 169.
39 Callard, Pakistan, p. 34.
40 Callard, Political Forces, p. 23–24; Mushtaq Ahmad, Government and Politicsin Pakistan (2d ed. Karachi, Pakistan Publishing House, 1963), p. 136, 142–143.
41 Jose Nun, «А Latin American Phenomenon: The Middle Class Military Coup», p. 79.
42 Emilio Willems, «Brazil», in Arnold M. Rose, ed., The Institutions of Advanced Societies (Minneapolis, University of Minnesota Press, 1958), p. 552.
43 W. Howard Wriggins, Ceylon: Dilemmas of a New Nation, p. 107–108; The Times (London), December 12, цит. у: George E. Kirk, «Political Problems of Selected Poly-ethnic Countries in the Middle East: Iraq, Syria, Iran, Turkey, Cyprus» (неопубликованная работа, Fifth World Congress, International Political Science Association, Paris, 1961), p. 18–19.
44 Weiner, p. 11–12; Pye, Politics, Personality and Nation-Building, p. 114.
45 Marcus F. Franda, «The Organizational Development of India's Congress Party», Pacific Affairs, 35 (Fall 1962), p. 251.
46 Myron Weiner, «India's Third General Election», Asian Survey, 2 (May 1962), 10.
47 George Rosen, Democracy and Economic Change in India (Berkley and Los Angeles, University of California Press, 1966), p. 72–74.
48 Myron Weiner, Congress Party Elites (Bloomington, Ind., Department of Government, University of Indiana, 1966), p. 14–15.
49 Waine Wilcox, «The Politics of Tradition in Southeast Asia» (неопубликованная работа, Columbia University Seminar on the State, November 13,1963), p. 1.
50 M. Zaman, Village AID (Lahor, Government of West Pakistan, 1960), цит. у: А. К. M. Musa, «Basic Democracies in Pakistan – an Analytical Study» (неопубликованная работа, Harvard University, Center for International Affaires, 1965), p. 26.
51 Wriggins, p. 106.
52 D.K. Rangnekar, «The Nationalist Revolution in Ceylon», Pacific Affairs, 33 (December 1960), 363; Wriggins, p. 81.
53 Rangnekar, p. 362–364; Marshall Singer, The Emerging Elite (Cambridge, MIT Press, 1964), p. 122.
54 Singer, p. 144.
55 Robert N. Kearney, «The New Political Crisis of Ceylon», Asian Survey, 2 (June 1962), 19; Wriggins, p. 327.