[1173]. Просветители, социальные и религиозные активисты, политики и филантропы, такие как Г. Филдинг, Дж. Хэнвей, С. Ромилли, Дж. Говард выдвигали многочисленные реформистские инициативы, результатом которых стало возникновение первой современной национальной пенитенциарной системы, обозначившей отход от карательной парадигмы уголовного правосудия, и провозгласившей принцип исправления наказанием.
Великобритания одной из первых явила передовую модель системы исполнения наказаний, которая впоследствии была заимствована большинством европейских стран в XIX–XX вв., тем самым превратившись не только в пионера, но и «законодателя моды» и даже учителя пенитенциарного ремесла для других государств. Отличительной особенностью генезиса британской пенитенциарной системы стало ее первичное теоретико-методологическое оформление в недрах философских рассуждений, общественно-политической полемики, социальной публицистики и протестантской морали. Как справедливо заметил английский историк XIX в. Т. Бокль, «никакое политическое улучшение, никакая реформа в сфере законодательной или исполнительной ни в одной стране не были обязаны своим началом правителям этой страны. Принимаемые правителями меры – это результаты, а не причины общественного прогресса. Первые предложения реформ поступают со стороны смелых и даровитых мыслителей, которые замечают злоупотребление, изобличают его и указывают средство к его устранению. Но ещё долго после этого даже самое просвещённое правительство продолжает поддерживать злоупотребление, отвергая целебное средство. С течением времени (при благоприятных обстоятельствах) давление внешней необходимости становится до того сильным, что правительство вынуждено бывает уступить ему»[1174].
В борьбе двух тенденций – карательной и реформирующей в конечном итоге победила последняя, что ознаменовалось переходом пенологических теорий реформаторов и богословов в плоскость парламентской полемики и законодательных инициатив. Содержание пенитенциарной реформы конца XVIII в. стало результатом более чем двухсотлетней эволюции идеи наказания как источника исправления преступника. Реформаторам предстояло найти консенсус, при котором «наказание, формируя, полезную привычку, было бы равной степени выгодно и для преступника и для общества»[1175]. Эти вопросы и по сей день определяют публичную полемику теоретиков и практиков современной пенологии.
Библиография
Законодательные акты
1. An Act for Reliefe of the poore, 1601. 43 Eliz. I, c. 2.
2. An Act for ordering the Forces in the several Counties of this Kingdom. 1662. 14 Car. II, c 3.
3. AnAct forencouraging the apprehending ofHighwayMen, 1693. 4 & 5 Wm & Mary, c. 8.
4. An Act for the better apprehending, prosecuting, and punishing Felons that commit Burglaries, House-breaking, or Robberies in Shops, Warehouses, Coach houses, or Stables, or that steal Horses. 1706. 5 Anne, c. 6.
5. An Act for preventing tumults and riotous assemblies, and for the more speedy and effectual punishing the rioters. 1714. 1 Geo. I, c. 5.
6. An Act for the further preventing robbery, burglary, and other felonies, and for the more effectual transportation of felons, and unlawful exporters of wool; and for declaring the law upon some points relating to pirates. 1718. 4 Geo. I, c.11.
7. An act for reducing the laws relating to rogues, vagabonds, sturdy beggars and vagrants into one Act of Parliament; and for the more effectual punishing such rogues, vagabonds, sturdy beggars and vagrants, and sending them whither they ought to be sent, as relates to the common players of interludes. 1737. 10 Geo. II, c. 28.
8. An act to amend and make more effective the laws relating to rouges, vagabonds and other idle and disorderly persons, and to houses of correction. 1744. 17 Geo. II, c. 5.
9. An act for the more effectually restraining the retaining of distilled Spirituous Liquors. 1750. 24 Geo. II, c. 40.
10. An Act for the better Ordering of the Militia Forces in the several Counties in the Part of Great Britain called England. 1757. 30 Geo II, c. 25.
11. An Act for providing clergymen to officiate in Gaols within that Part of Great Britain called England, 1773. 13 Geo. III, c. 58.
12. An Act for preserving the health of prisoners in gaol and preventing the gaol distemper, 1774. 14 Geo. III, c. 59.
13. An act to authorize, for a limited time, the punishment by hard labour of offenders who, for certain crimes, are or shall become liable to be transported to any of his Majesty’s colonies and plantations. 1776. 16. Geo. III, с. 43.
14. An Act to explain and amend the Laws relating to the Transportation, Imprisonment, and other punishment, of certain Offenders, 1779. 19 Geo. III, c. 74.
15. Justices in sessions, upon presentment by the grand jury, are enabled to build and repair gaols in their respective counties. 1784. 24 Geo. III, c. 54.
16. An Act for improving the police in and near the Metropolis. 1829. 10 Geo. IV, c. 44.
17. Religious Instruction of Prisoners; amending the Law relating to the Religious Instruction of Prisoners in County and Borough Prisons. 1863. 26 & 27 Vict. c. 79.
18. Европейские пенитенциарные правила. Рекомендация № R (87) 3 Комитета министров государствам-членам относительно европейских пенитенциарных правил (утверждена Комитетом министров 12 февраля 1987 года на 404-м заседании представителей министров).
Мемуарные источники, автобиографии, дневники, путевые заметки, письма, публицистика. Нарративные материалы
1. Address to the People of Great Britain // Proceedings of the Society of Friends of the People: Associated for the Purpose of Obtaining a Parliamentary Reform. In the Year 1792. L., 1793.
2. Aikin J. A View of the Life, Travels, and Philanthropic Labors of the Late John Howard. New York, 1814.
3. Aitkin D. A General Reformation of Manners, the best national defense in the time of danger. A sermon preached on the 28th of February, the day appointed by His Majesty for a public fast. Berwic, 1794.
4. Anon. A Charitable Visit to the Prisons, Containing Suitable and Proper Advice or Counsel to Those who are Confined There. To which are added prayers for the use of prisoner. L., 1709.
5. Anon. Hanging Not Punishment Enough for Murtherers, High-Way Men and House-Breakers. L., 1701.
6. Anon. Solon Secundus: or some defects in the English Laws; with their proper remedies. By a hearty Lover of his Country. L., 1695.
7. Anon. The Means of Effectually Preventing Theft and Robbery. L., 1783.
8. Bentham J. A View of the Hard-Labour Bill, Being an Abstract of a Pamphlet, Intituled, «Draught of a Bill, to Punish by Imprisonment and Hard-Labour, Certain Offenders’ and to Establish Proper Places for their Reception». Interspersed with Observations Relative to the Subject of the Above Draught in Particular, and to Penal Jurisprudence in General. L., 1778.
9. Bentham J. Panopticon or, the Inspection-house: containing the idea of a new principle of construction applicable to any sort of establishment, in which persons of any description are to be kept under inspection; and in particular to penitentiary-houses, prisons, poor-houses, lazarettos, houses of industry, manufactories, hospitals, work-houses, mad-houses, and schools: with a plan of management adapted to the principle. In a series of letters, written in the year 1787, from Checheff in White Russia, to a friend in England // The works Jeremy Bentham. Vol. IV. Edinburgh, 1843. P. 37–172.
10. Bentham J. Panopticon versus New South Wales; or, The Panopticon Penitentiary System and the Penal Colonization System Compared, Containing 1. Two Letters to Lord Pelham. 2. Plea for the Constitution, anno 1803, printed, now first published. L., 1812.
11. Berkley G. The Querist, containing Several Queries, proposed to the consideration of the public. To which is added, by the same author, a Word to the Wife or, anexhortation to the Roman Catholic Clergy of Ireland. L., 1750.
12. Bernard Mandeville‘s «A modest defence of publick stews». Prostitution and its discontents on Georgian England / ed. by I. Primer. New York, 2006.
13. Brewster J. Meditations for penitents: for those engaged in the important duty or self-examination, to which is added, an assize sermon, with an appendix. L., 1813.
14. Brewster J. On the prevention of crimes and on the advantages of solitary imprisonment. L., 1792.
15. Brewster J. Sermons for prisons. To which are added prayers for the use of prisoners in solitary confinement. Stockton, 1790.
16. Cary J. An essay on the state of England in relation to its trade, its poor, and its taxes, for carrying on the present war against France by John Cary, merchant in Bristoll // Seventeenth century economic documents. Oxford, 1972.
17. Chidley S. A Cry against a Crying Sin. A just complaint to the Magistrates // The Harleian Miscellany or, A collection of scarce, curious, and entertaining pamphlets and tracts, as well in manuscript as in print, found in the late earl of Oxford’s library, interspersed with historical, political, and critical notes. Vol. VI. L., 1810.
18. Cobden Ed. The Duty and Reward of Turning Others to Righteousness: A Sermon Preachers to the Societies for the Reformation of Manners. L., 1736.
19. Colhoun P. A treatise on the police of the Metropolis. L., 1806.
20. Dalton M. The Country Justice: Containing The Practice, Duty and Power of The Justices of the Peace, as well in as out of their sessions. Savoy (London), 1746.
21. Davenant C. An essay upon the probable methods of making people gainers in the balance of trade. L., 1699.