34. W. Behringer, ‘Witchcraft studies in Austria, Germany and Switzerland’, in J. Barry, M. Hester and G. Roberts (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe: Studies in Culture and belief (Cambridge, 1996), с. 64–95 [82–83]. О Шпренгере и розарии: Ellington, Mary, с. 34 и 257 (прим.).
35. Disquisitionum Magicarum libri sex: P. G. Maxwell-Stuart (ed.), Martin Del Rio: Investigations into Magic (2000), особ. с. 8. Об истории издания «Молота ведьм»: Monter, ‘Heresy executions’, с. 62.
36. M. Summers (ed.), H. Kramer and J. Sprenger, Malleus Maleficarum (London, 1928), с. 41–42.
37. A. Rowlands, ‘Witchcraft and old women in early modern Germany’, PP 173 (Nov. 2001), 50–89, особ. с. 65, 70, 78.
38. Ankarloo and Henningsen (eds), Early Modern Witchcraft, с. 290.
39. M. Del Rio, Disquisitionum Magicarum libri sex (Lyon, 1612), ‘Proloquium’, страницы не проставлены; для сравнения: Maxwell-Stuart (ed.), Martin Del Rio, с. 28–29.
40. W. Behringer, Witchcraft Persecutions in Bavaria: popular Magic, religious zealotry and reason of state in early modern Europe (Cambridge, 1997), с. 393, 402–405.
41. J. D. Tracy, Europe’s Reformations 1450–1650 (Lanham, 2000), с. 256.
42. G. Murdock, ‘Death, prophecy and judgement in Transylvania’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 206–223 [213–214].
43. W. G. Naphy, Plagues, Poisons and Potions: Plague-spreading conspiracies in the western Alps c. 1530–1640 (Manchester, 2002), особ. с. 3, 93–94, 197–201. Ср. также: Cottret, Calvin, с. 179–181; Clark, Thinking with Demons, с. 522–523.
44. G. Henningsen, The Witches’ Advocate: Basque witchcraft and the Spanish Inquisition (1609–1614) (Reno, 1980), с. 22. О вере в ведьм в Нидерландах, см.: W. de Blécourt, ‘On the continuation of witchcraft’, in Barry, Hester and Roberts (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Europe, с. 335–352.
45. Chadwick, Early Reformation, с. 408–409; о Харденберге см. гл. 7; Clark, Thinking with Demons, с. 198–208.
46. R. B. Evenhuis, Ook dat was Amsterdam, III: De kerk der hervorming in de tweede helft van der seventiede eeuw: nabloei en inzinking (Baarn, 1971), Ch. 6, цитируется в обзоре: C. R. Boxer, JEH 25 (1974), 323–326.
47. Примеры: J. Wormald, ‘The witches, the devil and the King’, in T. Brotherstone and D. Ditchburn (eds), Freedom and Authority: Scotland c.1050 – c. 1650 (Tuckwell, 2000), с. 165–180 [170].
48. E. J. Cowan, ‘The darker vision of the Scottish Renaissance: The Devil and Francis Stewart’, in I. B. Cowan and D. Shaw (eds), The Renaissance and Reformation in Scotland: essays in honour of Gordon Donaldson (Edinburgh, 1983), с. 125–140.
49. В том, что Яков проявлял столь явный интерес к ведьмам, выражено сомнение в кн.: Wormald, ‘The witches, the devil and the King’; решительное возражение: J. Goodare, ‘The Scottish witchcraft panic of 1597’, in J. Goodare (ed.), The Scottish Witchhunt in Context (Edinburgh, 2002), с. 51–72. Роль Дании в перемене настроений Якова, на которой прежде делался заметный акцент, подвергнута сомнению в публикации: P. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘The fear of the King is death: James VI and the witches of East Lothian’, Northern Scotland 18 (1998), 209–225 [212–213]. Основные источники представлены в кн.: L. Normand and G. Roberts (eds), Witchcraft in Early Modern Scotland (Exeter, 2000).
50. J. Sharpe, The bewitching of Anne Gunter: a horrible and true story of football, witchcraft, murder and the king of England (London, 1999), особ. с. 175–189. См. также: M. MacDonald (ed.), Witchcraft and Hysteria in Elizabethan London: Edward Jorden and the Mary Glover case (London, 1991), вступление, особ. с. xlix – l.
51. За это предположение я в долгу перед Малкольмом Гэскиллом.
52. C. Larner, Enemies of God: the witch-hunt in Scotland (London, 1981), особ. с. 63, 107. О том, как подобные волнения, связанные с политикой, проявлялись в преследовании скотоложцев, см.: P. G. Maxwell-Stuart, ‘“Wilde, filthie, execrabill, destestabill and unnatural sin”: bestiality in early modern Scotland’, in T. Betteridge (ed.), Sodomy in Early Modern Europe (Manchester, 2002), с. 82–93.
53. Behringer, ‘Witchcraft studies in Austria, Germany and Switzerland’, с. 86–88.
54. Ibid., с. 88–89.
55. H. Kamen, The Spanish Inquisition: an historical revision (London, 1997), с. 269–276; Henningsen, Witches’ Advocate, особ. с. 387–389.
1. Достойный обзор: C. Marsh, ‘“Departing well and Christianly”: will-making and popular religion in early modern England’, in E. J. Carlson (ed.), Religion and the English People 1500–1640 (16th Century Essays and Studies 45, 1998), 201–243; пример использования завещаний и их преамбул, возможно, слишком схематичный: C. Litzenberger, ‘Local responses to religious changes: evidence from Gloucestershire wills’, ibid., 245–270.
2. MacCulloch, Cranmer, с. 508–510.
3. C. Koslofsky, The Reformation of the Dead: Death and Ritual in Early Modern Germany, 1450–1700 (Basingstoke, 2000), с. 41–77, 87. О Шотландии: Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 340, о Новой Англии: Bonomi, Under the Cope of Heaven, с. 69.
4. Koslofsky, Reformation of the Dead, с. 89–90, 93–95.
5. Ibid., с. 41–77, 87; R. Houlbrooke, Death, Religion and the Family in England 1480–1750 (Oxford, 1998), с. 272.
6. J. Ayre (ed.), The Works of Thomas Becon (3 vols, PS, 1843–1844); о сомнениях в Швейцарии: Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, introduction, с. 13n; о Франции: L. J. Taylor, ‘Funeral sermons and orations as religious propaganda in 16th century France’, ibid., с. 224–239; об Англии: Houlbrooke, Death, Religion and the Family in England, Ch. 10.
7. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 211–212.
8. Houlbrooke, Death, Religion and the Family in England, с. 287–289; D. Levine and K. Wrightson, The Making of an Industrial Society: Whickham 1560–1765 (Oxford, 1991), с. 292–294, 341–343.
9. Один пример – надгробная плита на могиле сэра Джона Ньютона, умершего в 1568 году в Ист-Харптри, Сомерсет. Ее разрушили в XIX веке и бесцеремонно пустили на восстановление церковного крыльца. Еще одна, которую примерно в 1590 году поставили на могиле сэра Хамфри и леди Редклифф, остается in situ в Элстоу, Бедфордшир.
10. Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 333–341.
11. Достойные рассуждения и несколько примеров народного скептицизма: N. Caciola, ‘Spirits seeking bodies: death, possession and communal memory in the Middle Ages’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 66–86; сравните также: C. S. Watkins, ‘Sin, penance and purgatory in the Anglo-Norman realm: the evidence of visions and ghost stories’, PP 175 (May 2002), 3–33.
12. Koslofsky, Reformation of the Dead, с. 48; о Чистилище: ibid., с. 34–39.
13. Пример из Бернтайленда, Файф, см.: Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, илл. 22 (здесь представлена как илл. 19b).
14. H. Mayr-Harting, Perceptions of Angels in History (Oxford, 1998). Полезное рассуждение: B. Gordon, ‘Malevolent ghosts and ministering angels: apparitions and pastoral care in the Swiss Reformation’, in Gordon and Marshall (eds), Place of the Dead, с. 87–109.
15. R. W. Scribner, ‘Ritual and popular religion in Catholic Germany at the time of the Reformation’, JEH 35 (1984), 47–77 [76–77].
16. D. Cressy, Birth, Marriage and Death: ritual, religion and the life-cycle in Tudor and Stuart England (Oxford, 1997), гл. 6.
17. Для сравнения: B. Tolley, Pastors and Parishioners in Württemberg during the late Reformation 1581–1621 (Stanford, 1995), с. 64–72; Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 183–226, 358–359; M. Todd, ‘Profane pastimes and the Reformed community: the persistence of popular festivities in early modern Scotland’, Journal of British Studies 39 (2000), 123–156 [140].
18. R. Hutton, ‘The English Reformation and the evidence of folklore’, PP 148 (Aug. 1995), 89–116, особ. с. 116.
19. A. McGrath, Reformation Thought: an introduction (3rd edn., Oxford, 1999), с. 165.
20. C. Hill, The English Bible and the seventeenth-century Revolution (London, 1993), с. 47. О Библиях реформатов: F. Higman, ‘“Without great effort and with pleasure”: sixteenth century Genevan Bibles and reading practices’, in O. O’Sullivan (ed.), The Bible as Book: the Reformation (London and New Castle DE, 2000), с. 115–122.
21. A. C. Southern, Elizabethan Recusant Prose 1559–1603 (London, 1950), с. 233.
22. Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 71.
23. О норме часов, для сравнения: Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 48–49; в Амстердаме: C. R. Boxer, JEH 19 (1968), 254–257 [256], цит. по: R. B. Evenhuis, Ook dat was Amsterdam: de kerk der hervorming in de gouden eeuw (2 vols, Amsterdam, 1965, 1967); in Geneva, O. Fatio and O. Labarthe (eds), Registres de la Compagnie des Pasteurs de Genève III: 1565–1574 (Geneva, 1969), с. 57.
24. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 162; о Лондоне: M. Morrissey, ‘Interdisciplinarity and the study of early modern sermons’, HJ 42 (1999), 1111–1123 [1112].
25. J. D. Tracy, Europe’s Reformations 1450–1650 (Lanham, 2000), с. 274.
26. Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 29, 40–44, 53–54, 68–69.
27. S. Karant-Nunn, The Reformation of Ritual: an interpretation of early modern Germany (London and New York, 1997), с. 161.
28. Todd,