Protestantism in Scotland, с. 76, 83, 113. В рассуждениях о Германии я очень благодарен доктору Стефану Эренпрайсу за разрешение процитировать его еще не опубликованную работу: ‘The use of catechisms: production and exchange of texts in 16th and 17th-century Europe’; его сведения о Германии взяты из работы: J. M. Reu, Quellen zur Geschichte des kirchlichen Unterrichts (9 vols, Leipzig, 1923–1935). I. Green, The Christian’s ABC: Catechisms and Catechizing in England c. 1550–1740 (Oxford, 1996), особ. илл. на с. 51.
29. Tolley, Pastors and Parishioners in Württemberg (Stanford, 1995), с. 73–76, 82–85, 116; C. Haigh, ‘Success and failure in the English Reformation’, PP 173 (Nov. 2001), 28–49 [41–48].
30. О Граце: Pörtner, Styria, с. 219; о Франции: Ehrenpreis, ‘Use of catechisms’. Об Испании, см. выше, гл. 10, с. 482–483.
31. A. Walsham, ‘“Domme preachers”? Post-Reformation English Catholicism and the culture of print’, PP 168 (Aug. 2000), 72–123, особ. с. 104–105; B. S. Gregory, ‘The “true and zealouse service of God”: Robert Parsons, Edmund Bunny, and The first booke of the Christian Exercise’, JEH 45 (1994), 238–268. Кроме того, Банни создал версию книги Фомы Кемпийского «О подражании Христу», которую могли без опасений читать протестанты.
32. K. Konkola, ‘“People of the Book”: the production of theological texts in early modern England’, Papers of the Bibliographical Society of America 94 (2000), 5–34.
33. P. Benedict, The Faith and Fortune of France’s Huguenots, 1600–1685 (Aldeshot, 2001), с. 154.
34. Цит. по: K. H. Marcus, ‘Hymnody and hymnals in Basel, 1526–1606’, SCJ 32 (2001), 730.
35. M. Rössler, Bibliographie der deutschen Liedpredigt (Nieuwkoop, 1976).
36. K. L. Parker, ‘Richard Greenham’s “Spiritual Physicke”: the comfort of afflicted consciences in Elizabethan pastoral care’, in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 71–83 [78].
37. Marcus, ‘Hymnody in Basel’, 735–736.
38. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 18, 167–168.
39. G. R. Potter and M. Greengrass, John Calvin: Documents of Modern History (London, 1983), с. 90.
40. G. Strauss, ‘The dilemma of popular history’, PP 132 (Aug. 1991), 130–149 [133].
41. Для сравнения: P. Burke, Popular Culture in Early Modern Europe (London, 1978), гл. 8, ‘The Triumph of Lent’.
42. MacCulloch, Later Reformation, с. 136–137; C. Marsh et al., Songs of the Seventeenth Century (Belfast, 1995), с. 4, 35, 85; J. N. King, English Reformation Literature: the Tudor origins of the Protestant tradition (Princeton, 1982), с. 211, 277–279.
43. R. Hutton, Stations of the Sun: a History of the ritual year in Britain (Oxford, 1996), с. 155.
44. M. Maher, ‘Confession and consolation: the Society of Jesus and its promotion of the general confession’, in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 184–200, особ. с. 185–186, 194–195; см. выше: гл. 9, с. 474–475.
45. G. Bray (ed.), Tudor Church Reform: the Henrician Canons of 1535 and the Reformatio Legum Ecclesiasticarum (Church of England Record Society 8, 2000).
46. E. Christiansen, обзор публикации: H. Bergan, Skriftemål og skirftestol: Skriftemålet i den norske kirke fra reformasjonstiden til idag (Oslo, 1982), JEH 34 (1983), 483. Подробное обсуждение обычаев немецких лютеран: M. J. Haemig and R. Rittgers in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, с. 30–70.
47. C. H. Parker, ‘The moral agency and moral autonomy of church folk in the Dutch Reformed Church of Delft’, JEH 48 (1997), 44–70 [48].
48. A. Duke, ‘The ambivalent face of Calvinism in the Netherlands 1561–1618’, in M. Prestwich (ed.), International Calvinism 1541–1715 (Oxford, 1985), с. 109–134 [128–129].
49. Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 96–97.
50. J. Pollmann, ‘Off the record: problems in the quantification of Calvinist Church discipline’, SCJ 33 (2002), 423–437. О Франции, см.: R. A. Mentzer, ‘Notions of sin and penitence within the French Reformed community’, in Lualdi and Thayer (eds), Penitence, 84–100 [87, 92].
51. D. Postles, ‘Penance and the market-place: a Reformation dialogue with the medieval church (c. 1250 – c. 1600)’, JEH 54 (2003), 422–440. О последующих событиях: Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, гл. 3.
52. Murdock, Calvinism on the Frontier, с. 210.
53. Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 135, 321.
54. Ibid., с. 170.
55. K. M. Brown, ‘In search of the godly magistrate in Reformation Scotland’, JEH 40 (1989), 553–581 [567]. Об отношении Церкви Шотландии к родительским наставлениям в браке см. ниже, гл. 15, с. 687–688.
56. T. Scott, Regional Identity and Economic Change: the Upper Rhine, 1450–1660 (Oxford, 1998), с. 226–228, 234–235.
57. A. Ryrie, ‘Counting sheep, counting shepherds: the problem of allegiance’, in Marshall and Ryrie (eds), Beginnings of English Protestantism, с. 84–110 [102–103].
58. D. Cressy, Bonfires and Bells: National Memory and the Protestant Calendar in Elizabethan and early Stuart England (London, 1989). Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, с. 225–226.
59. Todd, Protestantism in Scotland, Ch. 2.
60. L. E. Schmidt, Holy Fairs: Scottish communions and American revivals in the early modern period (Princeton, 1989), с. 21–26.
61. M. Hill, ‘Ulster awakened: the ‘59 Revival reconsidered’, JEH 41 (1990), 443–462 [445].
62. M. J. Westerkamp, Triumph of the Laity: Scots-Irish piety and the Great Awakening 1625–1760 (Oxford, 1988), с. 15.
63. R. H. Tawney, Religion and the Rise of Capitalism (London, 1926), с. 226–227.
64. Eisenstein, Printing Revolution, с. 103.
65. Это утверждение ярче всего выражено в ряде сочинений Джона Босси; ср. особ.: J. Bossy, Christianity in the West 1400–1700 (Oxford, 1985), с. 140–152, 167–171. Склонность к такой аргументации можно также усмотреть в классических английских «ревизионистских» работах, посвященных Реформации, например: J. J. Scarisbrick, The Reformation and the English People (Oxford, 1983); E. Duffy, The Stripping of the Altars: traditional religion in England 1400–1580 (New Haven and London, 1992).
1. T. Taylor, The Prehistory of Sex: Four Million Years of Human Sexual Culture (London, 1996), с. 7.
2. Цит. по: J. Boswell, Christianity, Social Tolerance and Homosexuality (Chicago, 1980), с. 164.
3. H. J. Schroeder (ed.), Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent (London, 1941), с. 182.
4. Цит. по: W. R. Naphy, Sex Crimes from Renaissance to Enlightenment (Stroud, 2002), с. 18. Для других примеров, для сравнения: Ellington, Mary, с. 168.
5. I. Maclean, ‘The notion of woman in medicine, anatomy and physiology’, in R. Hutson (ed.), Feminism and Renaissance Studies (Oxford and New York, 1999), с. 127–135.
6. P. Brown, The Body and Sexuality: Men, Women and Sexual renunciation in early Christianity (London, 1989), с. 396–447, особ. с. 416.
7. A. Fletcher, Gender, Sex and Subordination in England 1500–1800 (New Haven and London, 1995.
8. C. Fantazzi (ed.), J. L. Vives, The Education of a Christian Woman (Chicago and London, 2000), с. 232.
9. J. Kelly: ‘Did women have a Renaissance?’, reprinted from R. Bridenthal (ed.), Becoming Visible: women in European history (New York, 1977), in Hutson (ed.), Feminism and Renaissance Studies, с. 21–47.
10. M. E. Wiesner, ‘Frail, weak and helpless: women’s legal position in theory and reality’, in J. Friedman (ed.), Regnum, Religio et Ratio: essays presented to Robert Kingdon (SCES 8, 1987), 161–169; Wiesner, ‘The Holy Roman Empire: women and politics beyond liberalism, individual rights and revolutionary theory’, in H. L. Smith (ed.), Women Writers and the Early Modern British Political Tradition (Cambridge, 1998), с. 305–323.
11. J. L. Irwin (ed.), A. M. van Schurman, Whether a Christian woman should be educated and other writings from her intellectual circle (Chicago and London, 1998), особ. с. 5.
12. См. мои дальнейшие рассуждения на эту тему в публикации: D. MacCulloch, ‘Mary and the Protestant Reformers’, in R. N. Swanson (ed.), The Place of Mary in Christian History (SCH 39, 2006).
13. W. Tappolet with A. Ebneter, Das Marienlob der Reformatoren: Martin Luther, Johannes Calvin, Huldrych Zwingli, Heinrich Bullinger (Tübingen, 1962), с. 245, 280.
14. Naphy (ed.), Documents, с. 101.
15. Tappolet with Ebneter, Marienlob, с. 246.
16. P. Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love in Earlier Generations (revised edn., Cambridge, 1980), гл. 1.
17. R. A. Houlbrooke, The English Family 1450–1700 (London and New York, 1984), с. 10, 20.
18. D. Cressy, ‘Kinship and kin interaction in early modern England’, PP 113 (Nov. 1986), 38–69 [67].
19. E. A. Wrigley and R. Schofield, The Population History of England 1541–1750 (revised edn. Cambridge, 1989), с. 255; для сравнения: E. A. Wrigley, R. S. Davies, J. E. Oeppen and R. S. Schofield, English Population History from Family Reconstitution 1580–1837 (Cambridge, 1997), с. 135.
20. R. A. Houston, The Population History of Britain and Ireland 1500–1750 (Basingstoke, 1988), с. 58–59. Для сравнения: Laslett, Family Life and Illicit Love, с. 4.
21. О конкретных примерах такой реакции в Нюрнберге во время чумы, см.: M. Beer, ‘Private correspondence in Germany in the Reformation era: a forgotten source for the history of the burgher family’,