Комментарии
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Demos, V., & Jache, А. (1981) When you care enough: An analysis of attitudes toward aging in humorous birthday cards. The Gerontologist, 21, 209–215.
(Здесь и далее — авторские примечания)
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Alter, A. L., & Hershfield, H. E. (2014). People search for meaning when they approach a new decade in chronological age. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 17066-17070.
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Fell, J. (2012, May). 5 Questions: Elaine LaLanne. Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/2012/may/26/ealth/ la-he-five-questions-lalanne-20120526
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Pew Research Center (2009). Growing old in America: Expectation vs. reality, http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2009/06/29/ growing-old-in-america-expectations-vs-reality
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Survey shows what boomers and seniors like to be called: By their name! CNN iReport. December 5, 2013. http://ireport. cnn. com/docs/DOC-1066224
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Graham, J. (2012, April 19). The new old age caring and coping: „Elderly" no more. New York Times.https://newoldage. blogs, nytimes. com/2012/04/19/elderly-no-more/?_r=o
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Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1998). Successful aging: The MacArtur Foundation Study. New York: Pantheon.
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Cosco, T. D., Prina, A. M., Perales, J., Stephan, В. C., & Brayne, C. (2014). Operational definitions of successful aging: A systematic review. International Psychogeriatrics, 26. 373–381.
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Merle. A. (2016, April 14). The reading habits of ultrasuccessful people. Huffington Post.http://www.huffingtonpost. com/andrew-merle/the-reading-habits-of-ult_b_9688130.html
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Jeune, В., Robine, J.-M., Young, R., Desjardins, B., Skyt-the, A., & Vaupel, J. W. (2010). Jeanne Calment and her successors. Biographical notes on the longest living humans. In H. Maier, J. Gampe, B. Jeune, J. W. Vaupel, & J.-M. Robine (Eds.), Supercentenarians (285–323). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
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Olshansky, S. J. (2011). Aging of US presidents. Journal of the American Medical Association, 306, 2328–2329.
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http://musicvaultz.com/tag/pete-townshend
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Stephan, Y., Caudroit, J., & Chalabaev, A. (2011). Subjective health and memory self-efficacy as mediators in the relation between subjective age and life satisfaction among older adults. Aging & Mental Health, 15, 428–436; Stephan, Y., Chalabaev, A., Kotter-Grhn, D., & Jaconelli, A. (2013). „Feeling younger, being stronger": An experimental study of subjective age and physical functioning among older adults. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 68, 1–7; Kotter-Grhn, D., Kleinspehn-Am-merlahn, A., Gerstorf, D., & Smith, J. (2009). Self-percep-tions of aging predict mortality and change with approaching death: 16-year longitudinal results from the Berlin Aging Study. Psychology and Aging, 24, 654–667.
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Rubin, D. C., & Berntsen, D. (2006). People over forty feel 20 % younger than their age: Subjective age across the lifespan. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 13, 776–780.
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Возможно, для тех, кому нет сорока, дело обстоит совершенно иначе. Моему сыну скоро исполнится три, однако он регулярно сообщает окружающим, что ему скоро восемь. Я слышал также, что подростки иногда врут насчет своего возраста — например, пытаясь выдать себя за совершеннолетних.
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Elejalde-Ruiz, A. (October 12, 2011). How old you feel inside? Chicago Tribune,http://www.chicagotribune.com/lifestyles/ health/sc-health-1012-senior-health-emotional-age-20111012-story.html
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Dance, sing, just ‘keep moving,’ Dick Van Dyke tells seniors. An interview with Dick Van Dyke. Weekend Edition Sunday, NPR [National Public Radio], October 11, 2015. http://www. npr. org/2015/10/11/44 7591736/dance-sing-j ust-keep-moving-dick-van-dyke-tells-seniors
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Hsu, L. M., Chung, J., & Langer, E. J. (2010). The influence of age-related cues on health and longevity. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 632–648.
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Hsu, L. M., Chung, J., & Langer, E. J. (2010). The influence of age-related cues on health and longevity. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5, 632–648.
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Gerstorf, D., Hlr, G., Drewelies, J., Eibich, P., Duezel, S., Demuth, I…. Lindenberg, U. (2015). Secular changes in late-life cognition and well-being: Towards a long bright future with short brisk ending? Psychology and Aging, 30, 301–310.
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Эта книга фокусируется главным образом на психологии старения, но существует великолепный учебник, описывающий более сложные взаимодействия социальных, психологических и биологических факторов, которые влияют на старение: Whitbourne, S. К., & Whitbourne, S. В. (2010). Adult development and aging: Biopsychologic al perspectives. Hoboken, NJ: John Viley & Sons.
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В научных кругах имеет широкое хождение шуточка: «Множественное число от слова случай — данные». Она как бы подразумевает, что всякого рода отдельные случаи могут порождать ценные выводы, однако научное исследование куда убедительнее, если в нем учтено множество наблюдений, доступных для количественного анализа.
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Выражаю признательность д-ру Джею Бренману, сообщившему важные подробности насчет жизненного цикла дрозофилы и ее продолжительности жизни.
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Впечатляющий пример такого продления жизни дрозофилы см. в: Ulgherait, М., Rana, A., Rera, М., Graniel, J., & Walker, D. W. (2014). AMPK modulates tissue and organismal aging in a non-cell-autonomous manner. Cell Reports, 8, 1767–1780.
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Schaie, K. W. (2005). What can we learn from longitudinal studies of adult development? Research in Human Development, 2, 133–158.
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Rnnlund, M., Nyberg, L., Bckman, L., & Nilsson, L. G. (2005). Stability, growth, and decline in adult life span development of declarative memory: Cross-sectional and longitudinal data from a population-based study. Psychology and Aging, 20, 3-18.
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Исследование Термана вкратце описано в книге Ховарда Фридмана (Howard S. Friedman) и Лесли Р. Мартин (Leslie R. Martin) (двух из тех ученых, которые проводили анализ по следам работ Термана) «The Longevity Project» [ «Проект „Долголетие"»]. В ней представлено множество неожиданных (и развенчивающих мифы) наблюдений и умозаключений по поводу тех факторов, которые влияют на то, насколько хорошо мы стареем и какие типы людей «хорошо живут» даже в старости. Аналогичное исследование, но уже проводившееся на протяжении 30 лет, описано в: George Valliant, Aging Well.
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Siegel, M., Bradley, E. H., & Kasl, S. V. (2003). Self-rated life expectancy as a predictor of mortality: Evidence from the HRS and AHEAD surveys. Gerontology, 49, 265–271.
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Cacchione, P. Z., Powlishta, К. K., Grant, E. A., Buckles, V. D., & Morros, J. C. (2003). Accuracy of collateral source reports in very mild to mild dementia of the Alzheimer type. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 51, 819–823.
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Baltes, P. B. (1997). On the incomplete architecture of human ontogeny: Selection, optimization, and compensation as foundation of developmental theory. American Psychologist, 52, 366.
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Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990). Psychological perspectives on successful aging: The model of selective optimization with compensation. Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences, 1, 1-34.
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Carstensen, L. L. (2009). A long bright future: An action plan for a lifetime of happiness, health, and financial security. New York: Broadway Books.
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Hummert, M. L., Garstka, T. A., Shaner, J. L., & Strahm, S. (1995). Judgements about stereotypes of the elderly attitudes, age associations, and typicality ratings of young, middle-aged, and elderly adults. Research on Aging, 17, 168–189.
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Donlon, M., Ashman, O., Levy, B. R. (2005). Revision of older television characters: A stereotype-awareness intervention. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 307–319.
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Levy, B. (2009). Stereotype embodiment a psychosocial approach to aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 332–336.
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Levy, B. R., Ferrucci, L., Zonderman, A. B., Slade, M. D., Troncoso, J., & Resnick, S. M. (2016). A culture-brain link: Negative age stereotypes predict Alzheimer’s disease biomarkers. Psychology and Aging, 31, 82–88.
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Levy, B. R., Zonderman, A. B., Slade, M. D., & Ferrucci, L. (2009). Age stereotypes held earlier in life predict cardiovascular events in later life. Psychological Science, 20, 296–298.
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Langer, E. J. (2009). Counterclockwise. New York: Random House Digital.
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Iacono, D., Markesbery, W. R., Gross, M., Pletnikova, O., Ru-dow, G., Zandi, P., & Troncoso, J. C. (2009). The Nun Study. Clinically silent AD, neuronal hypertrophy, and linguistic skills in early life. Neurology, 73, 665–673.
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Snowdon, D.A., Greiner, L. H., Mortimer, J. A., Riley, К. P., Greiner, P. A., & Markesbery, W. R. (1997). Brain infraction and the clinical expression of Alzheimer disease: The Nun Study. Journal of American Medical Association, 277, 813–817.
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Iacono, D., Markesbery, W. R., Gross, M., Pletnikova, O., Ru-dow, G., Zandi, P., & Troncoso, J. C. (2009). The Nun Study. Clinically silent AD, neuronal hypertrophy, and linguistic skills in early life. Neurology, 73, 665–673.
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Cabeza, R., Anderson, N. D., Locantore, J. K., & McIntosh, A. R. (2002). Aging gracefully: Compensatory brain activity in high-performing older adults. Neuroimage, 17, 1394–1402.
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Tucker, A. M., & Stern, Y. (2011). Cognitive reserve in aging. Current Alzheimer Research, 8, 354–360.
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Reuter-Lorenz, P. A., & Park, D. C. (2014). How does it STAC up? Revisiting the scaffolding theory of aging and cognition. Neuropsychology Review, 24, 355–370.
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Bennett, D. A., Schneider, J. A., Tang, Y., Arnold, S. E., & Wilson, R. S. (2006). The effect of social networks on the relation between Alzheimer’s disease pathology and level of cognitive function in old people: A longitudinal cohort study. Lancet Neurology, 5, 406–412.
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Erickson, K. I., Voss, M. W., Prakash, R. S., Basak, C., Szabo, A., Chaddock, L…. Wojcicki, T. R. (2011). Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 108, 3017–3022.
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Примеры использования такого подхода см. в очень проницательной книге Карла Пиллемера, удачно озаглавленной «30 уроков для жизни» (Karl Pillemer, «30 Lessons for Living»). Пиллемер проинтервьюировал тысячу с лишним американцев старше 65 лет, стараясь получить от них практические рекомендации по всем вопросам нашей жизни, от семьи и детей до денег и карьеры.
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Leigh, J. P., Tancredi, D. J., & Kravitz, R. L. (2009). Physician career satisfaction within specialties. ВМС Health Services Research, 9, 166.
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Donlon, M., Ashan, O., & Levy, B.R. (2005). Revision of older television characters: A stereotype-awareness intervention. Journal of Social Issues, 61, 307–319.
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Levy, B. R. (2009). Stereotype embodiment: A psychosocial approach to aging. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 332–336.
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Sarkisian, C. A., Prohaska, T. R., Wong, M. D., Hirsch, S., & Mangione, С. M. (2005). The relationship between expectations for aging and physical activity among older adults. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 20, 911–915.
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Carstensen, L. L., Pasupathi, M., Mayr, U., & Nesselroade, J. R. (2000). Emotional experience in everyday life across the adult life span, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79, 644–655.
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Tergesen, A. (2014, November 30). Why everything you think about aging may be wrong. Wall Street Journal, https:// www.wsj.com/articles/why-everything-you-think-about-aging-may-be-wrong-1417408057
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Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 9985–9990.
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Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 9985–9990.
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Lacey, H. P., Smith, D. M., & Ubel, P. A. (2006). Hope I die before I get old: Mispredicting happiness across the adult lifespan. Journal of Happiness Studies, 7, 167–182.
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Mather, M., & Carstensen, L. L. (2005). Aging and motivated cognition: The positivity effect in attention and memory. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 9, 496–502.
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Fingerman, К. L., Hay, E. L., & Birditt, K. S. (2004). The best of ties, the worst of ties: Close, problematic, and ambivalent social relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 792–808.
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Tergesen, A. (2014, November 30). Why everything yon think about aging may be wrong. Wall Street Journal, https:// www.wsj.com/articles/why-everything-yon-think-abont-aging-may-be-wrong-1417408057
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Fingerman, K. L., Hay, E. L., & Birditt, K. S. (2004). The best of ties, the worst of ties: Close, problematic, and ambivalent social relationships. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 792–808.
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English, T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2014). Selective narrowing of social networks across adulthood is associated with improved emotional experience in daily life. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38, 195–202.
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Tergesen, A. (2014, November 30). Why everything yon think about aging may be wrong. Wall Street Journal. https://www. wsj.com/articles/why-everything-you-think-about-aging-may-be-wrong-1417408057
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Bhattachargee, A., & Mogilner, C. (2014). Happiness from ordinary and extraordinary experiences. Journal of Consumer Research, 41, 1-17.
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Baltes, P. B., & Smith, J. (2003). New frontiers in the future of aging. From successful aging of the young old to the dilemmas of the fourth age. Gerontology, 49, 123–135.
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Mather, A., & Ponzio, A. (2017). Emotion and aging. In L. Feldman Barrett, M. Lewis, & J. Haviland-Jones (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (319–335). New York: Guildford Press.
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Birditt, K. S., & Fingerman, K.L. (2003). Age and gender differences in adults’ descriptions of emotional reactions to interpersonal problems. Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 58, P237-P245.
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Bilkebring, P., Vstfjll, D., & Johansson, B. (2013). Regulation of experienced and anticipated regret for daily decisions in younger and older adults in Swedish one-week diary study. Geropsych: The Journal of Gerontopsychology and Geriatric Psychiatry, 26, 233–241.
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Mather, M., Mazar, N., Gorlick, M. A., Lighthall, N. R., Burgeno, J., Schoeke, A., & Ariely, D. (2012). Risk preferences and aging: The „certainty effect** in older adults’ decision making. Psychology and Aging, 27, 801–816.
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Castel, A. D., Friedman, M. C., McGillivray, S., Flores, C.C., Murayama, K., Kerr, T., & Drolet, A. (2016). I owe you: Age-related similarities and differences in associative memory for gains and losses. Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition, 23, 549–565.
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Stone, A. A., Schwartz, J. E., Broderick, J. E., & Deaton, A. (2010). A snapshot of the age distribution of psychological well-being in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 9985–9990.
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Blanchard-Fields, F., & Coats, A. H. (2008). The experience of anger and sadness in everyday problems impacts age differences in emotion regulation. Developmental Psychology, 44, 1547–1556.
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Fung, H. H., & Carstensen, L. L. (2006). Goals change when life’s fragility is primed: Lessons learned from older adults, the September 11 attacks and SARS. Social Cognition, 24, 248–278.
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Моя бабушка Мириам Нович посвятила этому делу всю свою жизнь. См. ее книгу: Novitch, М. (1981). Spiritual Resistance: Art from Concentration Camps, 1940–1945. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America. Подробности ее биографии, а также рассказ о ее главной миссии см., напр., в: Geva, S. (2015). „То collect the tears of the Jewish people**: The story of Miriam Novitch. Holocaust Studies, 21, 73–92.
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Mazerolle, M., Rgner, I., Barber, S. J., Paccalin, M., Miazo-la, A. C., Huguet, P., & Rigalleau, F. (2017). Negative aging stereotypes impair performance on brief cognitive tests used to screen for predementia. Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Science, 72 (6), 932–936.
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Некоторые исследования позволяют предположить, что фотографирование музейных экспонатов вообще-то ухудшает запоминание вами этих объектов (Henkel, L. А. (2014). Point-and-shoot memories: The influence of taking photos on memory for a museum tour. Psychological Science, 25, 396–402). Однако другие работы, проводившиеся в той же области, показывают: если вы знаете, что информация где-то надежно записана, это высвобождает вашу собственную память для запоминания других вещей (Storm, В. С., & Stone, S. М. (2015). Saving-enhanced memory: The benefits of saving on the learning and remembering of new information. Psychological Science, 26, 182–188). Таким образом, ясно одно: использование высоких технологий в качестве подспорья для нашей памяти имеет свои плюсы и минусы.
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Мне иногда нравятся борения и трудности, сопутствующие установке нового фильтра для воды или ремонту протекающей раковины, но я отдаю себе отчет, что решение более серьезных сантехнических проблем лучше поручать специалистам.
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Так это описывает сравнительно молодой журналист (Араш Маркази, старший корреспондент ESPN), который тоже туда захаживал: Markazi, А. (2010, October). Где всем было известно его имя. http://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles/ ucla/post/_/id/3105/where-everyone-knew-his-name
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Могу лично засвидетельствовать: это замечательные пончики (мои любимые), так что, думаю, у Джона Вудена был неплохой вкус.
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В этой книге не обсуждается то, как люди относятся к смерти, но существуют превосходные книги, где рассматривается эта важная тема: люди помоложе и люди постарше, бесспорно, очень по-разному смотрят на финал жизни, и их «уровни принятия» смерти весьма различны.
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Вот замечательная книга, где обсуждается множество советов пожилых людей по поводу любви, которая длится всю жизнь: Pillemer, К.А. (2012). 30 lessons for loving: Advice from the wisest Americans on love, relationships, and marriage. New York: Penguin.
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