Шум. Несовершенство человеческих суждений — страница 48 из 48

Science Advances 4, no. 1 (2018): 1–6; Sam Corbett-Davies et al., “A Computer Program Used for Bail and Sentencing Decisions Was Labeled Biased Against Blacks. It’s Actually Not That Clear”, Washington Post, October 17, 2016, www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/10/17/can-an-algorithm-be-racist-our-analysis-is-more-cautious-than-propublicas; Alexandra Chouldechova, “Fair Prediction with Disparate Impact: A Study of Bias in Recidivism Prediction Instruments”, Big Data 153 (2017): 5; и Jon Kleinberg, Sendhil Mullainathan, and Manish Raghavan, “Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores”, Leibniz International Proceedings in Informatics, January 2017.


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407 Они наверняка знают…: Tom R. Tyler, Why People Obey the Law, 2nd ed. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2020).

408 одно известное и весьма заковыристое судебное разбирательство…: Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 (1974).

409 Влиятельные комментаторы в свое время…: Laurence H. Tribe, “Structural Due Process”, Harvard Civil Rights – Civil Liberties Law Review 10, no. 2 (spring 1975): 269.

410 Вспомним ярко выраженную негативную…: Stith and Cabranes, Fear of Judging, 177.

411 серии книг для повышения и восстановления энергетики…: См., например, Philip K. Howard, The Death of Common Sense: How Law Is Suffocating America (New York: Random House, 1995); и Philip K. Howard, Try Common Sense: Replacing the Failed Ideologies of Right and Left (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2019).


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412 «Норм сообщества Facebook» от 2020 года…: 12. Hate Speech, Facebook: Community Standards, www.facebook.com/communi-tystandards/hate_speech.

413 New Yorker…: Andrew Marantz, “Why Facebook Can’t Fix Itself”, The New Yorker, October 12, 2020.

414 зашумленные суждения, назвав их «бюрократическим правосудием»: bureaucratic justice: Jerry L. Mashaw, Bureaucratic Justice (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983).

415 В основном все как раз наоборот…: David M. Trubek, “Max Weber on Law and the Rise of Capitalism”, Wisconsin Law Review 720 (1972): 733, n. 22 (quoting Max Weber, The Religion of China [1951], 149).