American Journal of Preventive Medicine 14, no. 4 (1998): 245–58.
16. S. W. Porges, “Orienting in a Defensive World: Mammalian Modifications of Our Evolutionary Heritage: A Polyvagal Theory”, Psychophysiology 32 (1995): 301–18.
17. B. A. Van der Kolk, “The Body Keeps the Score: Memory and the Evolving Psychobiology of Posttraumatic Stress”, Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1, no. 5 (1994): 253–65.
Глава 6. Теряя тело, теряя себя
1. K. L. Walsh, et al., “Resiliency Factors in the Relation Between Childhood Sexual Abuse and Adulthood Sexual Assault in College-Age Women”, Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 16, no. 1 (2007): 1–17.
2. A. C. McFarlane, “The Long-Term Costs of Traumatic Stress: Intertwined Physical and Psychological Consequences”, World Psychiatry 9, no. 1 (2010): 3–10.
3. W. James, “What Is an Emotion?” Mind 9: 188–205.
4. R. L. Bluhm, et al., “Alterations in Default Network Connectivity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Related to Early-Life Trauma”, Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 34, no. 3 (2009): 187. См. также: J. K. Daniels, et al., “Switching Between Executive and Default Mode Networks in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Alterations in Functional Connectivity”, Journal of Psychiatry & Neuroscience 35, no. 4 (2010): 258.
5. A. Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (New York: Hartcourt Brace, 1999). Damasio actually says, “Consciousness was invented so that we could know life”, с. 31.
6. A. Damasio, Feeling of What Happens, стр. 28.
7. Там же, стр. 29.
8. A. Damasio, Self Comes to Mind: Constructing the Conscious Brain (New York: Random House Digital, 2012), 17.
9. Damasio, Feeling of What Happens, стр. 256.
10. Antonio R. Damasio, et al., “Subcortical and Cortical Brain Activity During the Feeling of Self-Generated Emotions”. Nature Neuroscience 3, vol. 10 (2000):1049–56.
11. A. A. T. S. Reinders, et al., “One Brain, Two Selves”, NeuroImage 20 (2003): 2119–25. См. также: E. R. S. Nijenhuis, O. Van der Hart, and K. Steele, “The Emerging Psychobiology of Trauma-Related Dissociation and Dissociative Disorders”, in Biological Psychiatry, vol. 2., eds. H. A. H. D’Haenen, J. A. den Boer, and P. Willner (West Sussex, UK: Wiley 2002), 1079–198; J. Parvizi and A. R. Damasio, “Consciousness and the Brain Stem”, Cognition 79 (2001): 135–59; F. W. Putnam, “Dissociation and Disturbances of Self”, in Dysfunctions of the Self, vol. 5, eds. D. Cicchetti and S. L. Toth (Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press, 1994), 251–65; and F. W. Putnam, Dissociation in Children and Adolescents: A Developmental Perspective (New York: Guilford, 1997).
12. A. D’Argembeau, et al., “Distinct Regions of the Medial Prefrontal Cortex Are Associated with Self-Referential Processing and Perspective Taking”, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 19, no. 6 (2007): 935–44. См. также: N. A. Farb, et al., “Attending to the Present: Mindfulness Meditation Reveals Distinct Neural Modes of Self-Reference”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 2, no. 4 (2007): 313–22; and B. K. Hölzel, et al., “Investigation of Mindfulness Meditation Practitioners with Voxel-Based Morphometry”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 3, no. 1 (2008): 55–61.
13. P. A. Levine, Healing Trauma: A Pioneering Program for Restoring the Wisdom of Your Body (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2008); and P. A. Levine, In an Unspoken Voice: How the Body Releases Trauma and Restores Goodness (Berkeley, CA: North Atlantic Books, 2010).
14. P. Ogden and K. Minton, “Sensorimotor Psychotherapy: One Method for Processing Traumatic Memory”, Traumatology 6, no. 3 (2000): 149–73; and P. Ogden, K. Minton, and C. Pain, Trauma and the Body: A Sensorimotor Approach to Psychotherapy, Norton Series on Interpersonal Neurobiology (New York: WW Norton & Company, 2006).
15. D. A. Bakal, Minding the Body: Clinical Uses of Somatic Awareness (New York: Guilford Press, 2001).
16. На эту тему было проведено огромное количество исследований. Вот лишь несколько примеров: J. Wolfe, et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and War-Zone Exposure as Correlates of Perceived Health in Female Vietnam War Veterans”, Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 62, no. 6 (1994): 1235–40; L. A. Zoellner, M. L. Goodwin, and E. B. Foa, “PTSD Severity and Health Perceptions in Female Victims of Sexual Assault”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 13, no. 4 (2000): 635–49; E. M. Sledjeski, B. Speisman, and L. C. Dierker, “Does Number of Lifetime Traumas Explain the Relationship Between PTSD and Chronic Medical Conditions? Answers from the National Comorbidity Survey-Replication (NCS-R)”, Journal of Behavioral Medicine 31 (2008): 341–49; J. A. Boscarino, “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Physical Illness: Results from Clinical and Epidemiologic Studies”, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1032 (2004): 141–53; M. Cloitre, et al., “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Extent of Trauma Exposure as Correlates of Medical Problems and Perceived Health Among Women with Childhood Abuse”, Women & Health 34, no. 3 (2001): 1–17; D. Lauterbach, R. Vora, and M. Rakow, “The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Self-Reported Health Problems”, Psychosomatic Medicine 67, no. 6 (2005): 939–47; B. S. McEwen, “Protective and Damaging Effects of Stress Mediators”, New England Journal of Medicine 338, no. 3 (1998): 171–79; P. P. Schnurr and B. L. Green, Trauma and Health: Physical Health Consequences of Exposure to Extreme Stress (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004).
17. P. K. Trickett, J. G. Noll, and F. W. Putnam, “The Impact of Sexual Abuse on Female Development: Lessons from a Multigenerational, Longitudinal Research Study”, Development and Psychopathology 23, no. 2 (2011): 453.
18. K. Kosten and F. Giller Jr., “Alexithymia as a Predictor of Treatment Response in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 5, no. 4 (October 1992): 563–73.
19. G. J. Taylor and R. M. Bagby, “New Trends in Alexithymia Research”, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 73, no. 2 (2004): 68–77.
20. R. D. Lane, et al., “Impaired Verbal and Nonverbal Emotion Recognition in Alexithymia”, Psychosomatic Medicine 58, no. 3 (1996): 203–10.
21. H. Krystal and J. H. Krystal, Integration and Self-Healing: Affect, Trauma, Alexithymia (New York: Analytic Press, 1988).
22. P. Frewen, et al., “Clinical and Neural Correlates of Alexithymia in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder”, Journal of Abnormal Psychology 117, no. 1 (2008): 171–81.
23. D. Finkelhor, R. K. Ormrod, and H. A. Turner, “Re-Victimization Patterns in a National Longitudinal Sample of Children and Youth”, Child Abuse & Neglect 31, no. 5 (2007): 479–502; J. A. Schumm, S. E. Hobfoll, and N. J. Keogh, “Revictimization and Interpersonal Resource Loss Predicts PTSD Among Women in Substance-Use Treatment”, Journal of Traumatic Stress 17, no. 2 (2004): 173–81; J. D. Ford, J. D. Elhai, D. F. Connor, and B. C. Frueh, “Poly-Victimization and Risk of Posttraumatic, Depressive, and Substance Use Disorders and Involvement in Delinquency in a National Sample of Adolescents”, Journal of Adolescent Health 46, no. 6 (2010): 545–52.
24. P. Schilder, “Depersonalization”, in Introduction to a Psychoanalytic Psychiatry (New York: International Universities Press, 1952), стр. 120.
25. S. Arzy, et al., “Neural Mechanisms of Embodiment: Asomatognosia Due to Premotor Cortex Damage”, Archives of Neurology 63, no. 7 (2006): 1022–25. См. также: S. Arzy, et al., “Induction of an Illusory Shadow Person”, Nature 443, no. 7109 (2006): 287; S. Arzy, et al., “Neural Basis of Embodiment: Distinct Contributions of Temporoparietal Junction and Extrastriate Body Area”, Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 31 (2006): 8074–81; O. Blanke, et al., “Out-of-Body Experience and Autoscopy of Neurological Origin”, Brain 127, part 2 (2004): 243–58; and M. Sierra, et al., “Unpacking the Depersonalization Syndrome: An Exploratory Factor Analysis on the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale”, Psychological Medicine 35 (2005): 1523–32.
26. A. A. T. Reinders, et al., “Psychobiological Characteristics of Dissociative Identity Disorder: A Symptom Provocation Study”, Biological Psychiatry 60, no. 7 (2006): 730–40.
27. В своей книге «Focusing» Юджин Гендил придумал термин «испытанное чувство»: «испытанное чувство не воспринимается мозгом, а является физическим ощущением. Тело по-своему воспринимает ситуацию, человека или событие». Focusing (New York: Random House Digital, 1982).
28. C. Steuwe, et al., “Effect of Direct Eye Contact in PTSD Related to Interpersonal Trauma: An fMRI Study of Activation of an Innate Alarm System”, Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 9, no. 1 (January 2012): 88–97.
Глава 7. На одной волне: привязанность и подстройка
1. N. Murray, E. Koby, and B. van der Kolk, “The Effects of Abuse on Children’s Thoughts”, Глава 4 in Psychological Trauma (Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Press, 1987).
2. Исследователь привязанности Мэри Майн рассказывала шестилетним детям историю про мальчика, мать которого пропала, и попросила их ее продолжить. Большинство детей, у которых были теплые и защищенные отношения с матерью в младенчестве, придумали оригинальное продолжение с хорошим концом, в то время как дети, чьи отношения с матерью пять лет назад классифицировались как беспорядочная привязанность, как правило, придумывали всякие трагедии и зачастую давали пугающие ответы вроде: «Родители умрут» или «Ребенок себя убьет». Из книги: Mary Main, Nancy Kaplan, and Jude Cassidy, “Security in Infancy, Childhood, and Adulthood: A Move to the Level of Representation”,