s and weakening of post-inhibitory rebound. Long-lasting ordered flows of impulses play an essential role in the process of processing and storing information in the CNS and in execution of active behaviors. Various processes at the level of systemic organization of neurons may participate in supporting disinhibition at the level of behavior. These may include: 1) an increased prevalence of excitatory effects on neurons over inhibitory ones; 2) a process of «inhibition of inhibition», in which the activity of inhibitory interneurons is turned off as a result of inhibition by the same inhibitory cells; or 3) depolarization induced suppression of inhibition (DSI), in which special molecules form as a result of the activation of nerve cells. These molecules interact with receptors located at the presynaptic contacts of inhibitory interneurons, which interferes with the release of the inhibitory mediator. Presentation and discussion of these results, with reference to data from general neurophysiology and molecular biology, suggest that disinhibition is the third specific neural process in the CNS, in addition to the processes of excitation and inhibition
4. WHEN IN THE COURSE OF EVOLUTION OF LIVING BEINGS
THERE WAS A INHIBITION OF BEHAVIOUR AND INHIBITORY
INTERACTIONS OF NERVOUS CELLS.
5. RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON STUDYING OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL BASES OF INTERNAL INHIBITION.
SHULGINA G.I.
6. FUNCTIONAL VALUE OF RELATIVE INCREASE IN HYPER
POLARIZING INHIBITION BY ELABORATION OF INTERNAL INHIBITION
– RESTRICTION OF THE EXIT OF EXCITEMENT TO EFFECTORS
7. PARTICIPATION OF GABA – NEUROTRANSMITTER’S SYSTEM IN ELABORATION OF INTERNAL INHIBITION
The research described here investigates the role played by inhibitory processes in the discriminations made by the nervous system of humans and animals between familiar and unfamiliar and significant and no significant events.The experiments in conscious non-immobilized rabbits showed that cessation of the reactions without reinforcement (elaboration of the internal inhibition) is accompanied by an enhanced phasic state, by alternation of activation and inhibition of neuron firing, and by the corresponding slow potential oscillation (SPO). These changes can be either localized, predominantly in the structures of conditioned stimulus, or under enhancement of the inhibitory state, generalized in the brain structures. On the basis of our experience and published data, it is concluded that the above event results from relative enhancement of the inhibitory hyperpolarizing processes due to increase in reactivity of the inhibitory systems to stimulus, which acquires inhibitory properties during learning. Changes in the excitability and reactivity of neuron populations appearing during enhancement of the hyperpolarizing inhibition, and differing in the various brain structures, play an active role in the execution of the main function of the internal inhibition: limitation of excitation transmission to the effectors. An inhibitory mediator gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is of great importance in inhibiting the excitation in response to the stimulus which lost its biological significance. These experimental data and their interpretation in the light of published data give the basis for the development of the hyperpolarization theory of internal inhibition.
Сomparing of the effects of two inhibitory mediators of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA): 1) Phenibut, a nonselective agonist of ionotropic GABAA and metabotropic GABAB receptors and 2) Gaboxadol, a selective agonist of ionotropic GABAA receptors on the process of developing active defensive and inhibitory conditioned reflexes in alert non-immobilized rabbits. It was found that Phenibut, but not Gaboxadol, accelerates the development of defensive reflexes at an early stage of conditioning. Both Phenibut and Gaboxadol facilitate the development of conditioned inhibition, but the effect of Gaboxadol occurs at later stages of conditioning and is less stable than that of Phenibut. The earlier and more stable effects of Phenibut, as compared to Gaboxadol, on storage in memory of the inhibitory significance of a stimulus may occur because GABAB receptors play the dominant role in the development of internal inhibition during an early stage of conditioning. On the other hand this may occur because the participation of both GABAA and GABAB receptors are essential to the process. We discuss the polyfunctionality of GABA receptors as a function of their structure and the positions of the relevant neurons in the brain as this factor can affect regulation of various types of psychological processes
Results of own experiences at the accounting of data of literature allow to assume that both factors, and elaboration of internal inhibition, and Phenibut weaken freezing – the phenomenon used in experiments as biological analog fear, owing to increase of level of activity of GABA neurotransmitter system of a brain.
CHAPTER IV.
NEYROFIZIOLOGIC AND NEUROTRANSMITTER’S PROVIDING GENETICALLY CAUSED TYPES OF INHIBITION
In the work the analysis of data concerning neurophysiologic and neurotransmitter’s maintenance of inborn, genetically inherent inhibition of behavior is carried out. Inhibition of behavior without preliminary training arises or at action super strong stimuli, (exceeding the maximum value inhibition), or at interaction of two and more active systems from which more intensive system suppresses another (external inhibition, dominant inhibition, «freezing», «prepulse inhibition», etc.). These kinds of inhibitions arise against activation ЭЭГ that assumes participation in their realization of structures of the formation reticularis and corresponding neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, noradrenalin, dopamine, serotonin). At various forms of a pathology of behavior conditions of interaction of processes of excitation and inhibition in CNS become incorrect at realization as well as in the case of genetically inherent forms of inhibition of behavior and in the case of the internal inhibition.
CHAPTER V
EXPERIMENTS ON NEURONET MODEL FOR IMITATION OF PROCESSES OF INTERACTION OF EXCITING AND INHIBITORY NEYRONLIKE ELEMENTS WHEN TRAINING
Desynchronous (low voltage fast activity), synchronous (high voltage slow waves) as well as convulsive brain activities were simulated by a computer model of neuronal population. Network excitatory and inhibitory elements possessed fundamental dynamic properties of real neurons. Being independent both of the excitability of elements and of external influence efficacy, synchronous (desynchronous) network activity resulted from the increase (decrease) of the average power of «neuronal» interconnections which imitated mutual and recurrent excitation and inhibition. The inhibition efficacy being reduced as compared with excitation, synchronization of elements became intensified. As a consequence, the rhythmic activity amplitude increased and the appearance of self-sustained oscilla-tions simulating convulsive activity was facilitated. The probable mechanism of EEG activation by virtue of the reduction of mutual and recurrent excitation and inhibition efficacy as well as the significance of inhibitory mechanism deficiency for epileptogenesis are discussed.
Calculation on a mathematical model showed that for undistorted conduction of excitation through a net of excitatory elements (EEs) a system is necessary of optimum correlation of EEs parameters, links between them and of external influences. When these parameters are deviated from their optimum values, excitation is conducted through the net either with attenuation or with intensification (as a result of divergence and conver- gence of the influences of the previous layer on the following one). The background activity which is above threshold of impulse activity emergence and which is created by common effects on all EEs, prevents the revealing of the input EEs activation at the net output. Nearthreshold tonic net activation facilitates excitation conduction through it. Periodic net activity facilitates excitation conduction through it only under optimum correlation of its parameters and the time of its conduction through the net. At disturbance of this condition, excitation conduction through the net is limited.
In experiments on training of the model for ensuring reliability in recognition and classification of images need of use of three types of inhibition is found: preexciting inhibition, dominant inhibition and inhibition, organizing work of «an acceptor of result of action». The possibility of generalization of the images, similar and dissimilar, was realized by introduction to network of the additional block. During training one of its elements is in a condition of activation every time when on an entrance the image belonging to a certain class moves. Generalization happens by the principle of coincidence in time.
CHAPTER VI
APPLIED RELEVANCE OF KNOWLEDGE OF NEUROPHYSIOLOGY OF INHIBITION OF BEHAVIOUR
Excitement, inhibition and genetics.
Inhibition and frontal departments of a brain.
GABA and depression.
Post-traumatic stressful frustration (PTSR).
The neurophysiological explanation of epidemic of a suicide during the period is social – an economic crisis.
The neurophysiological bases of suicide, narcotism, alcoholism, and terrorism have much total. All terrorists – kamikazes also, in essence, are potential self-murderers. All these phenomenons are the forms of self-destructions, quickly, or slowly, that are conditioned by the long stress pressure of the environment. The man elaborates multitude restrains to do the things, that are impossible fulfill in particular circumstances or are impossible to do at all his life. The nerve cells, which are realize the inhibition of the forbidden activity, establish the state of the heightened sensibility in the contrary nerves centers simultaneously. The property of reciprocal induction of excitation and inhibition determine these events. The reciprocal induction of excitation and inhibition is necessary for concentration of attention and for realization of other brain function. If the nervous system is exhausted or overdrived, the excitation and inhibition are not balanced, the catastrophical disturbance of brain function regulation arises. The inhibition, which is induced by the activation of any nervous center, goes out their bounds. It inhibits the center, which induced the inhibition primarily. The centers, which were inhibited, on the contrary, become active. Thereby it is arise the perversion of brain activity, conversion of one drive into other. On the base of neurophysiological analyses, the base reason of suicide epidemic in time of social-economic crises is the overwork of survival instincts, inability of self-reproduction realization, failure of information, that is necessary for achievement of living aims, failure of positive social contacts and weakening of brain inhibition in consequence of nervous system exhausting in conditioning of long-run influences of various kinds of stressing factors. Impassioned wish to live turn into impassioned wish to dead, or simply to abandon from all problem in alcoholism, narcotism, or in spiritual or national fanaticism. The statistic of the suicide reasons confirms these conclusions (Lipatov, 1997). Opposition to the suicide epidemic is the opposition to the terrorism, because the terrorism is the perverted tendency to punish the innocent people for the alien crime, often by means of own existence.