Протоонкоген – предшественник онкогена. Как правило, протоонкогены – нормальные клеточные гены, активация или гиперэкспрессия которых в результате мутаций ведет к раку. Протоонкогены (например, ras и myc) обычно кодируют белки, контролирующие клеточные деление и дифференцировку.
Рандомизированное клиническое исследование – то, в котором пациентов распределяют в контрольную и экспериментальную (получающую исследуемое лечение) группы случайным образом.
Ретровирус – вирус, который хранит наследственную информацию в виде РНК, а не ДНК, но способен с помощью кодируемого им особого фермента – обратной транскриптазы – преобразовывать свои гены в форму ДНК.
РНК (рибонуклеиновая кислота) – молекула, исполняющая в клетке несколько функций, в том числе функцию “промежуточной инструкции”, посредника между геном и кодируемым им белком. Молекула РНК выглядит как цепочка азотистых оснований – А, Ц, Г и У, – нанизанных на сахарофосфатный остов. У ретро-и некоторых других вирусов РНК служит носителем генетической информации.
Трансфекция – введение ДНК или РНК в эукариотическую клетку. Трансгенные мыши – мыши с фрагментами чужеродной ДНК в геноме.
Транслокация (гена) – физический перенос гена из одной хромосомы в другую.
Фермент (энзим) – белок (или в особых случаях РНК), ускоряющий биохимические реакции.
Химерный ген – ген, создающийся за счет объединения как минимум двух генов. Может быть продуктом естественной транслокации или же сконструирован в лаборатории.
Хромосома – внутриклеточная структура из ДНК и белков, хранящая генетическую информацию.
Цитотоксичность – способность убивать клетки. Определение “цитотоксичный” чаще всего используют по отношению к химиопрепаратам, которые убивают клетки – прежде всего быстро делящиеся.
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