Центральная Азия: От века империй до наших дней — Адиб Халид

Сноски

1

Или modernity (иногда на русском так и пишется – модернити) – понятие, примерно близкое Новому и Новейшему времени в русскоязычной историографии, однако скорее концептуальное, чем хронологическое. Предполагается, что современность привнесла радикальные сдвиги в социальную, политическую, экономическую и культурную организацию общества сначала на Западе, потом и в остальном мире, – сдвиги, о природе которых до сих пор идут споры, но они точно связаны с индустриализацией, капитализмом, глобализацией, революциями и т. п. – Здесь и далее прим. ред.

2

Development (англ.) – понятие, важное для социальных наук с середины ХХ века. Оно подразумевает возможность правительств стран, прежде всего за пределами Запада, активно влиять на социальные и экономические процессы, чтобы двигать страну вперед, в сторону бесспорного прогресса (под которым обычно имеется в виду всеобщая грамотность, победа над голодом и болезнями, развитое сельское хозяйство, индустриализация). Отсюда противопоставление «развитых» и «развивающихся» стран.

3

Здесь автор несколько сгущает краски. Дискуссии о природе власти Российской империи, особенностях вхождения центральноазиатских регионов в ее состав, а также об отличиях России от других империй того времени активно шли на протяжении всего постсоветского периода.

4

Жанр поучительной литературы для государей, в которой, как правило, давался пример благоразумного правителя и образец справедливого правления, описывались обязанности властителей.

5

Словарь-справочник различных тюркских языков того времени, содержащий также исторические и географические сведения.

6

Туркоманы (туркманы) – термин, традиционно использовавшийся на Ближнем и Среднем Востоке в качестве обозначения тюркских народов огузской ветви. Этот и сходные этнонимы в исторической перспективе относятся не к центральноазиатским туркменам (туркменам Туркменистана), а к туркам, азербайджанцам и в целом к ближневосточным огузам-кочевникам.

7

То есть казахах в нынешнем понимании.

8

А́чех – мусульманский султанат, сформировался на севере острова Суматра в XII веке. В 1873 году Нидерланды напали на султанат и по итогам долгой войны захватили его в 1903 году.

9

Маньчжурское слово, обозначающее титул высших китайских чиновников.

10

Или Хуан-ди – легендарный древнейший правитель Китая.

11

Носителем культуры (нем.).

12

Деятельность организации признана террористической и запрещена на территории Российской Федерации решением Верховного Суда РФ от 14 февраля 2003 г. № ГКПИ 03-116.

13

Организация признана террористической решением Верховного Суда РФ от 13 ноября 2008 г. № ГКПИ 08-1956, деятельность организации запрещена на территории Российской Федерации.

14

С 2022 года городу вернули название Астана.

15

Деятельность Meta Platforms Inc. (в том числе по реализации соцсетей Facebook и Instagram) запрещена в Российской Федерации как экстремистская.

16

17

Решением Верховного Суда РФ от 14 февраля 2003 г. № ГКПИ 03-116 организация «Исламское движение Восточного Туркестана» признана террористической, ее деятельность запрещена на территории Российской Федерации.

18

19

Решением Верховного Суда РФ от 14 февраля 2003 г. № ГКПИ 03-116 организация «Исламская партия Туркестана» признана террористической, ее деятельность запрещена на территории Российской Федерации.

20

1

Information Office of the State Council, "History and Development of Xinjiang," May 26, 2003, http://en.people.cn/200305/26/eng20030526117240.shtml. Еще более убедительно тот же аргумент повторяется в другом официальном документе, опубликованном Государственным советом в июле 2019 года, согласно которому различные «этнические культуры» Синьцзяна составляют «часть китайской культуры» и не могут существовать независимо (Information Office of the State Council, "Historical Matters Concerning Xinjiang," July 22, 2019, http://english.scio.gov.cn/2019-07/22/content_75017992_6.htm).

2

Точное местоположение этой точки зависит от определения «открытой воды» и ближайшей береговой линии. Это наиболее общепринятая точка, однако в том же районе можно найти и другие альтернативные варианты континентальных полюсов. Дискуссию об этих альтернативных вариантах можно найти у Даниэля Гарсии Кастелланоса и Умберто Ломбардо в статье «Полюса недоступности: алгоритм расчета для самых отдаленных мест на Земле» (Daniel Garcia-Castellanos and Umberto Lombardo, "Poles of Inaccessibility: A Calculation Algorithm for the Remotest Places on Earth", Scottish Geographical Journal 123 [2007]: 227–233).

3

James A. Millward, The Silk Road: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

4

. 'Ala-ad-Din 'Ata Malik Juvaini, The History of the World Conqueror, trans. J. A. Boyle (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958), 1:97–98. К сожалению, на русский язык этот труд переведен только с английского перевода. См.: Джувейни Ата-Мелик. Чингисхан. История завоевателя мира. – М., 2004. – Прим. ред.

5

Hafiz Abru, A Persian Embassy to China, Being an Extract from Zubdatu't Tawarikh of Hafiz Abru, trans. K. M. Mitra (Lahore, 1934; repr., New York: Paragon, 1970), 12–15.

6

Juvaini, The History of the World Conqueror, 1:104–105.

7

Scott C. Levi, The Bukharan Crisis: A Connected History of 18th-Century Central Asia (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020), chap. 3; Erica Monahan, The Merchants of Siberia: Trade in Early Modern Eurasia (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2016).

8

Devin DeWeese, Islamization and Native Religion in the Golden Horde: Baba Tükles and Conversion to Islam in Historical and Epic Tradition (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1994), 541–543.

9

Mirza Haidar Dughlat, Tarikh-i-Rashidi: A History of the Khans of Moghulistan, in Classical Writings of the Medieval Islamic World: Persian Histories of the Mongol Dynasties, trans. Wheeler Thackston (London: I. B. Tauris, 2012), 1:6.

10

Mahmūd al-Kāšγ arī, Compendium of the Turkic Dialects (Dīwān Luγāt at-Turk), ed. And trans. Robert Dankoff (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Printing Office, 1982), 1:82.

11

Muḥ ammad Ṣ adiq Kashghari, In Remembrance of the Saints: Muḥammad Ṣadiq Kashghari's Taẕkira-i ʿAzizan, trans. David Brophy (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020), 34.

12

James A. Millward, Beyond the Pass: Economy, Ethnicity, and Empire in Qing Central Asia, 1759–1864 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,1998), 92; Henry G. Schwartz, "The Khwājas of Eastern Turkestan,"Central Asiatic Journal 20 (1976): 266–296.

13

Alexandre Papas, Soufisme et politique entre Chine, Tibet et Turkestan: Etude sur les Khwâjas naqshbandîs du Turkestan oriental (Paris: Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient, 2005).

14

Peter C. Perdue, China Marches West: The Qing Conquest of Central Eurasia (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 283.

15

Там же, 285.

16

Laura J. Newby, The Empire and the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations with Khoqand, c. 1760–1860 (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 21–27.

17

Millward, Beyond the Pass, 201.

18

Hodong Kim, Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004), 69.

19

Millward, Beyond the Pass, 51.

20

Kwangmin Kim, "Profit and Protection: Emin Khwaja and the Qing Conquest of Central Asia, 1759–1777,"Journal of Asian Studies 71 (2012): 603–626; David Brophy, "The Kings of Xinjiang: Muslim Elites and the Qing Empire,"Études orientales 25 (2008): 69–90.

21

Цит. по: Millward, Beyond the Pass, 133.

22

Brophy, "The Kings of Xinjiang," 84.

23

Molla Musa Sayrami, Tarikhi äminiyä, ed. Mähämmät Zunun (Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati, 1989), 28 (see 38–42 for the legend of the emperors' conversion).

24

Millward, Beyond the Pass, 205–208.

25

Scott C. Levi, The Bukharan Crisis: A Connected History of 18th-Century Central Asia (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2020).

26

James Pickett, Polymaths of Islam: Power and Networks of Knowledge in Central Asia (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2020).

27

Tōru Saguchi, "The Eastern Trade of the Khoqand Khanate,"Memoirs of the Research Department of the Toyo Bunko, no. 24 (1965): 51.

28

Scott C. Levi, The Rise and Fall of Khoqand, 1709–1876: Central Asia in the Global Age (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017).

29

Там же, 148–149.

30

Laura J. Newby, The Empire and the Khanate: A Political History of Qing Relations with Khoqand, c. 1760–1860 (Leiden: Brill, 2005), 55.

31

Hājjī Muḥ ammad Ḥ ākim Khān, Muntakhab al-tavārīkh, trans. Scott C. Levi, in Islamic Central Asia: An Anthology of Historical Sources, ed. Scott C. Levi and Ron Sela (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2010), 276–277.

32

Цит. по: Newby, The Empire and the Khanate, 94.

33

Там же, 110.

34

Millward, Beyond the Pass, 59.

35

Gong Zizhen, "Xiyu zhi xingsheng yi," in Gong Zizhen, Gong Zizhen quanji (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1975), 105–112. For an English translation, see David C. Wright, "Gong Zizhen and His Essay on the 'Western Regions,'" in Opuscula Altaica: Essays Presented in Honor of Henry Schwarz, ed. Edward H. Kaplan and Donald W. Whisenhunt (Bellingham: Center for East Asian Studies, Western Washington University, 1994), 655–685.

36

Meer Izzut-oollah, Travels in Central Asia in the Years 1812–13, trans. P. D. Henderson (Calcutta: Foreign Department, 1872), 60–61.

37

N. Khanykov, Bokhara: Its Amír and Its People, trans. Clement de Bode (London: James Madden, 1845) [Ханыков Н. В. Описание Бухарского ханства. – СПб.: Типография Императорской Академии Наук, 1843.]; Wolfgang Holzwarth, "Bukharan Armies and Uzbek Military Power, 1670–1870: Coping with the Legacy of a Nomadic Conquest," in Nomad Military Power in Iran and Adjacent Areas in the Islamic World, ed. Kurt Franz and Wolfgang Holzwarth (Wiesbaden: Reichert, 2015), 273–274.

38

T. K. Beisembiev, "Farghana's Contacts with India in the 18th and 19th Centuries,"Journal of Asian History 28 (1994): 126.

39

Joseph Wolff, Narrative of a Mission to Bokhara, in the Years 1843–1845, to Ascertain the Fate of Colonel Stoddart and Captain Conolly (London: J. W. Parker, 1845), 1:351–352.

40

S. V. Zhukovskii, Snosheniia Rossii s Bukharoi i Khivoi za poslednee trekhsotletie (Petrograd, 1915), 45–59. [Жуковский С. В. Сношения России с Бухарой и Хивой за последнее трехсотлетие. – Петроград: Типолитография Н.И. Евстифеева, 1915. С. 45–59.]

41

Erica Monahan, The Merchants of Siberia: Trade in Early Modern Eurasia (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2016).

42

Michael Khodarkovsky, Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002). [Ходарковский М. Степные рубежи России. Как создавалась колониальная империя. 1500–1800. – М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2019.]

43

Yuriy Malikov, Tsars, Cossacks, and Nomads: The Formation of a Borderland Culture in Northern Kazakhstan in the 18th and 19th Centuries (Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag, 2011).

44

Joo-Yup Lee, Qazaqlïq, or Ambitious Brigandage, and the Formation of the Qazaqs: State and Identity in Post-Mongol Central Eurasia (Leiden: Brill, 2016).

45

Gregory Afinogenov, "Languages of Hegemony on the Eighteenth-Century Kazakh Steppe,"International History Review 41 (2018): 1020–1038.

46

Khodarkovsky, Russia's Steppe Frontier, 153.

47

Jin Noda, The Kazakh Khanates between the Russian and Qing Empires (Leiden: Brill, 2016).

48

Alexander Morrison, The Russian Conquest of Central Asia: A Study in Imperial Expansion, 1814–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), 10.

49

M. A. Yapp, "The Legend of the Great Game,"Proceedings of the British Academy 111 (2000): 189–190.

50

Alexander Morrison, The Russian Conquest of Central Asia: A Study in Imperial Expansion, 1814–1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020), chap. 5.

51

Там же, 13–24.

52

Scott C. Levi, The Rise and Fall of Khoqand, 1709–1876 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017).

53

Там же, 174.

54

Hodong Kim, Holy War in China: The Muslim Rebellion and State in Chinese Central Asia, 1864–1877 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004).

55

Mulla Muhammad Yunus Jan Tashkandi, The Life of 'Alimqul: A Native Chronicle of Nineteenth Century Central Asia, ed. and trans. Timur K. Beisembiev (London: Routledge, 2003), 70.

56

Там же, 62–63.

57

The quotation is from an English translation of the treaty in Seymour Becker, Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968), 316.

58

Цит. по: Morrison, The Russian Conquest of Central Asia, 409.

59

. Afganskoe razgranichenie: Peregovory mezhdu Rossiei i Velikobritaniei, 1872–1885 (St. Petersburg: Izd. Ministerstva inostrannykh del, 1886). [Афганское разграничение: Переговоры между Россией и Великобританией, 1872–1885. – Санкт-Петербург: Изд. Министерства иностранных дел, 1886.]

60

Kim, Holy War in China, 187.

61

R. B. Shaw, Visits to High Tartary, Yarkand, and Kas hgar (London: John Murray, 1871).

62

Kim, Holy War in Chin a, 144–146 and 189–193 (quote on 189).

63

Zuo Zongtang, "Zun zhi tong chou quan ju zhe," in Zuo Zongtang, Zuo Zongtang quanji (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 1986), 9:7894–7896.

64

Zuo Zongtang, letter to Liu Dian, governor of Shaanxi (1875), in Zuo Zongtang, Zuo Zongtang quanji (Shanghai: Shanghai shudian, 1986), 14: 11839–11841.

65

James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 125–130; Immanuel C. Y. Hsü, "The Late Ch'ing Reconquest of Sinkiang: A Reappraisal of Tso Tsung-T'ang's Role,"Central Asiatic Journal 12 (1968): 50–63.

66

Immanuel C.Y. Hsü, The Ili Crisis: A Study in Sino-Russian Diplomacy, 1871–1881 (Oxford: Clarendon Press of Oxford University Press, 1965); S. C. M. Paine, Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and their Disputed Frontier (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1996), 132–173.

67

David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 68–72.

68

Eugene Schuyler, Turkistan: Notes of a Journey in Russian Turkistan, Khokand, Bukhara, and Kuldja (New York: Scribner, Armstrong & Co., 1876), 1:76.

69

Great Britain, Central Asia, No. 2 (1873): Correspondence Respecting Central Asia, C. 704 (London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1873), 70–75.

70

George N. Curzon, Russia in Central Asia in 1889 and the Anglo-Russian Question (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1889), 12.

71

Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 69–78.

72

Ch. E. de Ujfalvy de Mező-Kovesd, Expédition scientifique française en Russie, en Sibérie et dans le Turkestan (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1878), 2:14.

73

T. V. Kotiukova, Okraina na osobom polozhenii…: Turkestan v preddverii dramy (Moscow, 2016), chap. 1. [Котюкова Т.В. Окраина на особом положении… Туркестан в преддверии драмы. – М.: Научно-политическая книга, 2016. Гл. 1.]

74

F. Azadaev, Tashkent vo vtoroi polovine XIX v. (Tashkent: Izd. AN UzSSR, 1959), 72–75. [Азадаев Ф. Ташкент во второй половине XIX в. – Ташкент: АН УзССР, 1959. С. 72–75.]

75

James Pickett, "Written into Submission: Reassessing Sovereignty through a Forgotten Eurasian Dynasty,"American Historical Review 123 (2018): 817–845.

76

Ekaterina Pravilova, "River of Empire: Geopolitics, Irrigation, and the Amu Darya in the Late XIXth Century,"Cahiers d'Asie centrale, no. 17–18 (2009): 255–287.

77

Цит. по: Daniel R. Brower, Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2003), 44.

78

Allen J. Frank, Muslim Religious Institutions in Imperial Russia: The Islamic World of Novouzensk District and the Kazakh Inner Horde, 1780–1910 (Leiden: Brill, 2001); Charles Steinwedel,Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 1552–1917 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2016), 82–88.

79

K. P. fon-Kaufman, Proekt vsepoddanneishogo otcheta General-ad" iutanta K. P. fon-Kaufmana po grazhdanskomu upravleniiu i ustroistvu v oblastiakh Turkestanskogo general-gubernatorstva 7 noiabria 1867–25 marta 1881 g. (St. Petersburg, 1885), 82. [Кауфман К. П. фон. Проект всеподданнейшего отчета ген. – адъютанта К. П. фон Кауфмана I по гражданскому управлению и устройству в областях Туркестанского генерал-губернаторства: 7 нояб. 1867 – 25 марта 1881 г. – СПб.: изд. Воен. – учен. ком. Гл. штаба, 1885 г. С. 82.]

80

A. A. Tatishchev, Zemli i liudi: V gushche pereselencheskogo dvizheniia (1906–1921) (Moscow: Russkii put', 2001), 178. [Татищев А. А. Земли и люди. В гуще переселенческого движения (1906–1921). – М.: Русский путь, 2001. С. 178.]

81

Цит. по: Richard A. Pierce, Russian Central Asia, 1867–1917: A Study in Colonial Rule (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), 181–182.

82

Eric Schluessel, Land of Strangers: The Civilizing Project in Qing Central Asia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020).

83

David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 84–85.

84

Munavvar qori Abdurashidxon o'g'li, "What Is Reform?," trans. Adeeb Khalid, in Modernist Islam: A Sourcebook, 1840–1940, ed. Charles Kurzman (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 227–228.

85

На следующих страницах я излагаю выжимки из своей работы, с которой лучше всего можно ознакомиться в книге Adeeb Khalid, The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998).

86

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism, rev. ed. (London: Verso, 1991), 7. [Андерсон Б. Воображаемые сообщества. Размышления об истоках и распространении национализма. – М.: Кучково поле, 2016.]

87

Fiṭ rat Bukhārā'ī, Sayḥ a (Istanbul, 1911), excerpted in Ṣ adr al-Dīn'Aynī, Namūna-yiadabiyāt-i tājīk (Moscow: Nashriyāt-i Markazī-yi Khalq-i Ittiḥ ād-i Jamāhīr-i Shūravī-yi Sūsiyālistī, 1926), 535. Кааба – это святилище в центре Священной мечети в Мекке, самая важная святыня ислама. Кибла – направление в сторону Каабы. Все мусульманские ритуальные богослужения (в особенности намаз) совершаются лицом в сторону Каабы.

88

Muhammad Sālih Khwāja Tāshkandī, "Ta'rikh-i jadīda-yi Tāshkand" (ms., ca. 1908), 2a–2b.

89

Цит. по: 'Abdul 'Azīm Būstānī, Tuḥfa-yi sḥāhī, ed. Nādira Jalālī (Tehran: Anjuman-i Аsār va Mafākhir-iFarhang, 1388/2010), 203.

90

Fozilbek Otabek o'g'li, Dukchi Eshon voqeasi: Farg'onada istibdod jallodlari (Tashkent: Cho'lpon, 1992 [orig. 1927]); Hisao Komatsu, "The Andijan Uprising Reconsidered," in Muslim Societies: Historical and Comparative Aspects, ed. Tsugitaka Sato (London: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), 50–54; Aftandil Erkinov, "The Andijan Uprising of 1898 and Its Leader Dukchi-Ishan Described by Contemporary Poets," TIAS Central Eurasian Research Series, no. 3 (Tokyo: Department of Islamic Area Studies, University of Tokyo, 2009).

91

Eric Schluessel, Land of Strangers: The Civilizing Project in Qing Central Asia (New York: Columbia University Press, 2020).

92

David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 94–112.

93

Rian Thum, The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 177–182.

94

Цит. по: Brophy, Uyghur Nation, 130.

95

Peter Rottier, "Creating the Kazak Nation: The Intelligentsia's Quest for Acceptance in the Russian Empire, 1905–1920," PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 2005, chap. 4.

96

Mirjaqïp Dulatulï, "Oyan, Qazaq!" My translation is based on that of Gulnar Kendirbay ("The National Liberation Movement of the Kazakh Intelligentsia at the Beginning of the 20th Century,"Central Asian Survey 16 [1997]:496). Оригинальный текст – одно из самых известных произведений современной казахской поэзии, широкодоступное в интернете.

97

Цит. по: Edward J. M. Rhoads, Manchus and Han Ethnic Relations and Political Power in Late Qing and Early Republican China, 1861–1928 (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000), 14.

98

Young-tsu Wong, Search for Modern Nationalism: Zhang Binglin and Revolutionary China, 1869–1936 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1989), 61–66.

99

Цит. по: Melvyn C. Goldstein and Gelek Rimpoche, A History of Modern Tibet (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), 60.

100

Gang Zhao, "Reinventing China: Imperial Qing Ideology and the Rise of Modern Chinese National Identity in the Early Twentieth Century,"Modern China 32 (2006): 3–30. Несколько иной взгляд см.: William C. Kirby, "When Did China Become China? Thoughts on the Twentieth Century," in The Teleology of the Modern Nation-State: Japan and China, ed. Joshua A. Fogel (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2005), 105–114.

101

Цит. по: David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 128.

102

Judd C. Kinzley, Natural Resources and the New Frontier: Constructing Modern China's Borderlands (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2018), 61.

103

Salavat M. Iskhakov, "Turkic Muslims in the Russian Army: From the Beginning of the First World War to the Revolutions of 1917," in Combatants of Muslim Origin in European Armies in the Twentieth Century: Far from Jihad, ed. Xavier Bougarel, Raphaëlle Branche, and Cloé Drieu (London: Bloomsbury, 2017), 95–120. [Исхаков С. Тюрки-мусульмане в российской армии 1914–1917 гг. // Тюркологический сборник. 2002. – М., 2003.]

104

Mahmudxo'ja Behbudiy, "Rusiya va Turkiya arasinda harb,"Oyina, November 6, 1914, 3.

105

Peter Rottier, "Creating the Kazak Nation: The Intelligentsia's Quest for Acceptance in the Russian Empire, 1905–1920," PhD diss., University of Wisconsin, 2005, 269–282.

106

Peter Gatrell, A Whole Empire Walking (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999), 56.

107

Jeff Sahadeo, Russian Colonial Society in Tashkent, 1865–1923 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007), 170–176.

108

См. документы, собранные в: Qaharlï 1916 jïl/Groznyi 1916-i god (Almaty: Qazaqstan, 1998), 2:70–90.

109

Niccolò Pianciola, "Scales of Violence: The 1916 Central Asian Uprising in the Context of Wars and Revolutions (1914–1923)," in The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A Collapsing Empire in the Age of War and Revolution, ed. Aminat Chokobaeva, Cloé Drieu, and Alexander Morrison (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020), 169–190. On the broader context of the war, см. также: Joshua A. Sanborn, Imperial Apocalypse: The Great War and the Destruction of the Russian Empire (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), esp. 175–183.

110

Sirojiddin Maxdum Sidqiy, Toza hurriyat (Tashkent, 1917), 2.

111

. Alash qozghalïsï / Dvizhenie Alash: Sbornik dokumentov i materialov (Almaty: Alash, 2004), 1:219.

112

Подробнее о событиях 1917 года в Туркестане см.: Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2015), chap. 2. [Халид А. Создание Узбекистана. Нация, империя и революция в раннесоветский период. – СПб.: Academic Studies Press: БиблиоРоссика, 2022.]

113

Sharīfjān Makhdūm Ṣ adr-I Żiyā, Rūznāma-yi Ṣadr- i Żiyā: Vaqāyi'-nigārī-yi taḥavullāt-I siyāsī-ijtimā'ī-yi Bukhārā-yi sharīf, ed. Muḥ ammadjān Shakūrī Bukhārāyī (Tehran: Markaz-i asnād va khidmāt-i pazhūhashī, 1382/2004), 266.

114

Цит. по: Ф. Касымов Ф., Эргашев Б. Бухарская революция. Дорогу выбрал курултай // Родина. 1989. № 10. С. 33.

115

116

Цит. по: Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, 72. [Халид А. Создание Узбекистана.]

117

Marco Buttino, La rivoluzione capovolta: L'Asia centrale tra il crollo dell'impero Zarista e la formazione dell'URSS (Naples: L'Ancora del Mediterraneo, 2003).

118

Cho'lpon, "Ozod turk bayrami," in Cho'lpon, Asarlar, vol. 1 (Tashkent: Sharq, 1994), 1:126–127.

119

. Alash qozghalïsï, 1:472–482.

120

Цит. по: Семенюта В. Голод в Туркестане в 1917–1920 годах // Человек и политика. 1991. № 12. С. 72–78.

121

Marco Buttino, "Study of the Economic Crisis and Depopulation in Turkestan, 1917–1920,"Central Asian Survey 9, no. 4 (1990): 61–69.

122

Декреты советской власти. – М.: Изд. политической литературы, 1957. С. 113.

123

Ленин В. И. Полное собрание сочинений / 5-е изд. – М.: Изд. политической литературы, 1965. Т. 53. С. 190.

124

Цит. по: Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, 93–94. [Халид А. Создание Узбекистана.]

125

Аманжолова Д. На изломе. Алаш в этнополитической истории Казахстана. – Алматы: Таймас, 2009. С. 330.

126

Fitrat, Sharq siyosati (Tashkent, 1919), 40.

127

Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

128

Рыскулов Т. Р. Собрание сочинений: В 3 т. – Алматы: Казахстан, 1997. Т. 3. С. 175.

129

Цит. по: Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2015), 108. [Халид А. Создание Узбекистана.]

130

Lev Trotsky to the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party, August 5, 1919, in Jan M. Meijer, ed., The Trotsky Papers, 1917–1922, The Hague: Mouton, 1964, 1:625.

131

Richard H. Ullman, Anglo-Soviet Relations, 1917–1921, vol. 3: The Anglo-Soviet Accord (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1972), 474.

132

Sherali Turdiyev, Ular Germaniyada o'qigan edilar (Tashkent, 2006).

133

Niccolò Pianciola, "Décoloniser l'Asie centrale? Bolcheviks et colons au Semireč′e (1920–1922),"Cahiers du monde russe 49 (2008): 101–144.

134

Генис В. Л. Депортация русских из Туркестана в 1921 году («Дело Сафарова») // Вопросы истории. 1998. № 1. С. 44–58).

135

Халид А. Туркестан в 1917–1922 годах: борьба за власть на окраине России // Трагедия великой державы. Национальный вопрос и распад Советского Союза / Под ред. Г. Н. Севостьянова. – М.: Социально-политическая мысль, 2005. С. 211–215.

136

Цит. по: Justin M. Jacobs, Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016), 62.

137

David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 146–150; Ablet Kamalov, "Links across Time: Taranchis during the Uprising of 1916 in Semirech'e and the 'Atu' Massacre of 1918," in The Central Asian Revolt of 1916: A Collapsing Empire in the Age of War and Revolution, ed. Aminat Chokobaeva, Cloé Drieu, and Alexander Morrison (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020), 245–249.

138

Michael Share, "The Russian Civil War in Chinese Turkestan (Xinjiang), 1918–1921: A Little Known and Explored Front,"Europe-Asia Studies 62 (2010): 389–420; Петров В. И. Мятежное «сердце» Азии. Синьцзян. Краткая история народных движений и воспоминаний. – М.: Крафт+, 2003. С. 278–283.

139

Brophy, Uyghur Nation, 206.

140

Maurice Meisner, Li Ta-chao and the Origins of Chinese Marxism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1967), 144.

141

Сталин И. В. Наши задачи на Востоке // Правда. 1919. 2 марта.

142

Более подробное объяснение тем, представленных в этой главе, можно найти в книге Адиба Халида «Создание Узбекистана. Нация, империя и революция в раннесоветский период» (СПб.: Academic Studies Press: БиблиоРоссика, 2022).

143

Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001).

144

Abdurauf Fitrat, "'Tadrij'ga qorshu,"Tong, no. 3 (1920): 78–80.

145

. 1921 yil yanvarda bo'lgan birinchi o'lka o'zbek til va imlo qurultoyining chiqorgan qarorlari (Tashkent, 1922).

146

Marianne Kamp, The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006).

147

Sharīfjān Makhdūm Ṣ adr-i Żiyā, Rūznāma-yi Ṣadr-i Żiyā: Vaqāyi'-nigārī-yi taḥavullāt-i siyāsī-ijtimā'ī-yi Bukhārā-yi sharīf, ed. Muḥ ammadjān Shakūrī Bukhārāyī (Tehran: Markaz-i asnād va khidmāt-i pazhūhashī, 1382/2004), 290.

148

Fitrat, Qiyomat: Xayoli hikoya (Moscow: Markaziy Sharq Nashriyoti, 1923).

149

Fitrat, Shaytonning tangriga isyoni (Tashkent: O'rta Osiya Davlat Nashriyoti, 1924), 19–20. Более развернутый анализ этого текста и цитаты в предыдущей сноске см. в книге Адиба Халида «Создание Узбекистана. Нация, империя и революция в раннесоветский период» (СПб.: Academic Studies Press: БиблиоРоссика, 2022), в гл. 7.

150

Цит. по: Khalid, Making Uzbekistan, 176. [Халид А. Создание Узбекистана …]

151

Malise Ruthven, Historical Atlas of Islam (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 103.

152

Olivier Roy, La nouvelle Asie centrale, ou la fabrication des nations (Paris: Seuil, 1997), 101 and 117.

153

Сталин И. В. Марксизм и национальный вопрос (1913). [Сталин И. В. Марксизм и национальный вопрос // Сталин И. В. Cочинения. – Т. 2. – М.: ОГИЗ; Государственное издательство политической литературы, 1946. С. 290–367.]

154

Иосиф Варейкис Сталину, 27 марта 1924 года // ЦК РКП (б)–ВКП (б) и национальный вопрос. Кн. 1. 1918–1933 гг. – М.: РОССПЭН, 2005. С. 190.

155

Fitrat, "Yurt qayg'usi (Temur oldinda),"Hurriyat, October 31, 1917. Эта работа есть и в: Abdurauf Fitrat, Tanlangan asarlar, vol. 1 (Tashkent: Sharq, 2000), 33–35.

156

Fitrat, "Yurt qayg'usi,"Hurriyat, July 28, 1917.

157

Fitrat, "Yurt qayg'usi (Temur oldinda)."

158

Adrienne L. Edgar, Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004).

159

Daniel Prior, The Šabdan Baatır Codex: Epic and the Writing of Northern Kirghiz History (Leiden: Brill, 2013).

160

Rian Thum, The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014).

161

David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 178–181.

162

Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2015), 272. [Халид А. Создание Узбекистана …]

163

Российский государственный архив социально-политической истории (РГАСПИ, ф. 62, оп. 2, д. 101, лл. 1–4). См.: Adeeb Khalid, "National Consolidation as Soviet Work: The Origins of Uzbekistan,"Ab Imperio, 2016, no. 4: 185–205.

164

Стенографические отчеты см. в РГАСПИ (ф. 62, оп. 2, дд. 100–110). В книге Arne Haugen, The Establishment of National Republics in Soviet Central Asia (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003) можно найти анализ взаимосвязей в этом процессе.

165

Robert Kindler, Stalin's Nomads: Power and Famine in Kazakhstan, trans. Cynthia Klohr (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018), 78–87.

166

Ingeborg Baldauf, Schriftreform und Schriftwechsel bei den muslimischen Russland-und Sowjettürken (1850–1937): Ein Symptom ideengeschichtlicher und kulturpolitischer Entwicklungen (Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó, 1993).

167

Marianne Kamp, The New Woman in Uzbekistan: Islam, Modernity, and Unveiling under Communism (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2006).

168

Adeeb Khalid, Making Uzbekistan: Nation, Empire, and Revolution in the Early USSR (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2015), chap. 11. [Халид А. Создание Узбекистана. Нация, империя и революция в раннесоветский период. – СПб.: Academic Studies Press: БиблиоРоссика, 2022. Гл. 11.]

169

Kamp, The New Woman in Uzbekistan, 187.

170

Adrienne L. Edgar, Tribal Nation: The Making of Soviet Turkmenistan (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004), 209–212; Turganbek Allaniiazov, Krasnye Karakumy: Ocherki istorii bor'by s antisovetskim povstancheskim dvizhenii v Turkmenistane (mart–oktiabr' 1931 goda) (Jezkezgan: 2006).

171

РГАСПИ, ф. 558, оп. 11, д. 46, л. 117 (13 марта 1934 г.).

172

Sarah Cameron, The Hungry Steppe: Famine, Violence, and the Making of Soviet Kazakhstan (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2018), 5. [Камерон С. Голодная степь. Голод, насилие и создание Советского Казахстана. – М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2020. Гл. 5.]

173

Isabelle Ohayon, La sédentarisation des Kazakhs dans l'URSS de Staline: Collectivisation et changement social (1928–1945) (Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2006), 218.

174

Niccolò Pianciola, "Stalinist Spatial Hierarchies: Placing the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz in Soviet Economic Regionalization,"Central Asian Survey 36 (2017): 84.

175

Niccolò Pianciola, Stalinismo di frontiera: Colonizzazione agricola, sterminio dei nomadi e construzione statale in Asia centrale (1905–1936) (Rome: Viella, 2009), 392–393.

176

Cameron, The Hungry Steppe, chap. 5. [Камерон С. Голодная степь. Голод, насилие и создание Советского Казахстана. – М.: Новое литературное обозрение, 2020. Гл. 5.]

177

Там же, 170.

178

Yousof Mamoor, In Quest of a Homeland: Recollections of an Emigrant (Istanbul: Çitlembik, 2005), 92–113. Мамур – фамилия, которую Юсуф взял в эмиграции, путешествуя из Кашгара в Пешавар, затем в Кабул, а потом и в Нью-Йорк.

179

Joshua Kunitz, Dawn over Samarkand: The Rebirth of Central Asia (New York: Covici Friede, 1935), 13.

180

Langston Hughes, A Negro Looks at Soviet Central Asia (Moscow: Co-Operative Publishing Society of Foreign Workers in the USSR, 1934), 7–8.

181

Langston Hughes, "Letter to the Academy," in Langston Hughes, The Collected Poems of Langston Hughes, ed. Arnold Rampersad and David Roessel (New York: Knopf, 1994), 169.

182

Цит. по: Mambet Koigeldiev, "The Alash Movement and the Soviet Government: A Difference of Positions," in Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia, ed. Tomohiko Uyama (Sapporo: Slavic Research Center, Hokkaido University, 2007), 170–171.

183

РГАСПИ, ф. 17, оп. 67, д. 480, л. 27 (октябрь 1929 г.).

184

Отчет о судебном разбирательстве по делу антисоветского «Блока правых и троцкистов», заслушанный в Военной коллегии Верховного суда СССР… / Стенографический отчет (М., 1938).

185

Edgar, Tribal Nation, 127.

186

Устинов В. М. Турар Рыскулов: Очерки политической биографии. – Алматы: Казахстан, 1996. С. 399–405.

187

Цит. по: Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2001), 438.

188

Якубовский А. Ю. К вопросу об этногенезе узбекского народа. – Ташкент, 1941. С. 18–19.

189

"Sharqiy Türkistan dävlät qurulishi,"Istiqlal, no. 1–2 (November 1933), 14–15; Erkin Türkistan, November 15, 1933; Hamidullah Tarim, Turkistan tarikhi (Istanbul: Doğu Türkistan Dergisi, 1983), 151–153; Abduqadir Haji, "1933yildin 1937yilghichä Qäshqär, Khotän, Aqsularda bolub ötkän väqälär,"Shinjang tarikh matiriyalliri, no. 17 (Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati, 1986), 62–63.

190

"Milli gazetälär maqsadi,"Shärqi Türkistan häyati, July 21, 1933.

191

Цит. по: Justin M. Jacobs, Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016), 65.

192

Цит. по: David Brophy, Uyghur Nation: Reform and Revolution on the Russia-China Frontier (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 218.

193

Muhämmät Shaniyaz, Baldur oyghanghan adäm Abdukhaliq Uyghur (Ürümchi: Shinjang Yashlar-Ösmürlär Näshriyati, 2001).

194

Abdukhaliq Uyghur, "Oyghan," in Abdukhaliq Uyghur, Abdukhaliq Uyghur she'irliri, ed. Mähmut Zäyidi, Mähmut Äkbär, and Ismayil Tömüri (Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati, 2000), 8.

195

Uyghur, untitled poem, in Uyghur, Abdukhaliq Uyghur she'irliri, 90.

196

Uyghur, "Ghäzäp vä zar," in Uyghur, Abdukhaliq Uyghur she'irliri, 35.

197

Muhammad Emin Bughra, Sharqiy Türkistan tarikhi (Ankara, 1987 [orig. Srinagar, 1940]), 553.

198

Jacobs, Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State, 82–83.

199

David Brophy, "The Qumul Rebels' Appeal to Outer Mongolia,"Turcica 42 (2010): 334 (Brophy's translation).

200

В 1969 году мемуары Йолбарса опубликовали на Тайване, куда его отправили в изгнание. Цит. по: Andrew D. W. Forbes, Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang, 1911–1949, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986, 54 (some spellings modified).

201

Tarim, Turkistan tarikhi, 27.

202

. Shärqiy Türkistan häyati, July 28, 1933.

203

Abduqadir Haji, "1933-yildin 1937-yilghichä Qäshqär, Khotän, Aqsularda bolub ötkän väqälär," 53.

204

Фотографию паспорта ВТР см. в Bughra, Sharqiy Türkistan tarikhi, 600.

205

«Qanun-i asasiy», Istiqlal, no. 1–2 (November 1933), 21–41. Неполный и непрямой перевод конституции на английский язык можно найти в Forbes, Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia, 255–258.

206

Forbes, Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia, 115.

207

Гасанлы Дж. Сталин и мусульманское движение в Восточном Туркестане, 1931–1949. – М.: Наука, 2015. С. 21–25.

208

Tarim, Turkistan tarikhi, 131.

209

James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang, New York: Columbia University Press, 2007, 200. Миллуорд ссылается на синьцзянский источник. Цифры, как всегда, трудно установить. Британский консул в то время оценивал число погибших в 1700–2000 человек. См.: Forbes, Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia, 122.

210

Judd C. Kinzley, Natural Resources and the New Frontier: Constructing Modern China's Borderlands (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 2018), 86–121.

211

Письмо губернатора Шицай Шэна товарищам Сталину, Молотову и Ворошилову. Letter of Governor Shicai Sheng to Cdes. Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov, June 1934, trans. Gary Goldberg, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121894.

212

Письмо Сталина товарищу г. Апресову, генеральному консулу в Урумчи. Letter from Stalin to Cde. G. Apresov, Consul General in Urumqi, July 27, 1934, trans. Gary Goldberg, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121898.

213

Телеграмма от товарищей Сталина, Молотова и Ворошилова г. Апресову, генеральному консулу в Урумчи. Telegram from Cdes. Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov to G. Apresov, Consul General in Urumqi, 1936, trans. Gray Goldberg, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121892.

214

. Yängi häyat, August 30, 1934.

215

Brophy, Uyghur Nation, 255.

216

. Xinjiang minzhong fandi lianhehui ziliao huibian (Ürümchi: Xinjiang qingshaonian chubanshe, 1986), 51–53.

217

Bao Erhan [Burhan Shähidi], Xinjiang wushi nian: Bao Erhan huiyi lu (Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe, 1994), 193–194.

218

Gasanly, Sin'tszian v orbite sovetskoi politiki, 72.

219

Brophy, Uyghur Nation, 257; Bao, Xinjiang wushi nian, 244.

220

Цит, по: Brophy, Uyghur Nation, 257.

221

См., например: Concerning the 36th Division of the NRA's Appeals to the Soviet Government, September 1937, trans. Gary Goldberg, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121870.

222

Forbes, Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia, 130.

223

Там же, 141.

224

Там же, 141–144.

225

Gasanly, Sin'tszian v orbite sovetskoi politiki, 83–84.

226

Перевод письма от губернатора Шицай Шэна товарищам Сталину, Молотову и Ворошилову. Translation of a Letter from Governor Shicai Sheng to Cdes. Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov, January 4, 1939, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121890.

227

Flora Roberts, "A Time for Feasting? Autarky in the Tajik Ferghana Valley at War, 1941–45,"Central Asian Survey 36 (2017): 37–54.

228

David Motadel, Islam and Nazi Germany's War (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2014), 174.

229

Бабаджанов Б. Центральноазиатское духовное управление мусульманами: предыстория и последствия распада // Многомерные границы Центральной Азии / Ред. М. Б. Олкотт и А. Малашенко. – М., 2000.

230

РГАСПИ, ф. 17, оп. 162, д. 37, л. 79 (10 июня 1943 г.).

231

Усманходжаев А. Жизнь муфтиев Бабахановых. Служение возрождению ислама в Советском Союзе. – Нижний Новгород, 2008.

232

Jeff Eden, "A Soviet Jihad against Hitler: Ishan Babakhan Calls Central Asian Muslims to War,"Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 59 (2016): 256–257.

233

Там же, 256–257.

234

. O'zbekiston tarixi (1917–1991 yillari), vol. 2 (Tashkent: O'zbekiston, 2019), 60.

235

Roberto J. Carmack, Kazakhstan in World War II: Mobilization and Ethnicity in the Soviet Empire (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2019), 12.

236

Кривошеев Г. Ф. Россия и СССР в войнах XX века. Потери вооруженных сил. Статистическое исследование. – М.: ОЛМА-Пресс, 2001. С. 238.

237

Charles Shaw, "Making Ivan-Uzbek: War, Friendship of Peoples, and the Creation of Soviet Uzbekistan, 1941–1945," PhD diss., University of California, 2015, chaps. 3–4.

238

Масанов Н. Е. и др. История Казахстана: Народы и культуры. – Алматы: Дайк-Пресс, 2001), 306–316; O'zbekistonning yangi tarixi (Tashkent, 2000), 2:445.

239

Moritz Florin, "Becoming Soviet through War: The Kyrgyz and the Great Fatherland War,"Kritika 17 (2016): 495.

240

Brandon Schechter, "'The People's Instructions': Indigenizing the Great Patriotic War among 'Non-Russians,'"Ab Imperio, 2012, no. 3: 109–133.

241

"O'zbek xalqining jangchilariga ularning el-yurtlaridan maktub,"Pravda, October 31, 1942.

242

Письмо бойцам-таджикам от таджикского народа // Правда. 1943. 20 марта.

243

Why Were 101 Uzbeks Killed in the Netherlands in 1942?, BBC News, May 9, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-39849088

244

Mustafa Choqay to Vali Qayum-Khan, October 1941, Archives Mustafa Chokay Bey, Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales, Paris, carton 2, dossier 4, p. 8.

245

Там же, 10.

246

. Milliĵ Turkistan, November 1942, 3. Цит. по: Abdulhamid Ismoil, Turkiston Legioni: Tarixning o'qilmagan varaqlari (Bishkek: Vagant-Profit, 2007), 8.

247

Садыкова Б. История Туркестанского легиона в документах. – Алматы: Кайнар, 2002, 83–84.

248

Shaw, "Making Ivan-Uzbek."

249

Цит. по: Paul Stronski, Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010), 133.

250

Приказ СВГК СССР от 16.08.1941 № 270: текст доступен по адресу https://www.1000dokumente.de/index.html?c=dokument_ru&dokument=0033_obe&object=translation&l=ru.

251

Enver Altaylı, A Dark Path to Freedom: Ruzi Nazar, from the Red Army to the CIA, trans. David Barchard (London: Hurst & Co., 2017); Jeffrey B. Lilley, Have the Mountains Fallen? Two Journeys of Loss and Redemption in the Cold War (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2018).

252

Roostam Sadri, "The Islamic Republic of Eastern Turkestan: A Commemorative Review,"Journal of the Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs 5 (1984): 300.

253

Наиболее точный список членов первоначального правительства приведен в Shinjang üch vilayät inqilabi tarikhi (Beijing: Millätlär Näshriyati, 2000, 74–75).

254

Цит. по: Linda Benson, The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944–1949 (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1990), 45–46.

255

«Почему мы воюем» (Why Are We Fighting), брошюра, которую распространяли летом 1945 года, в переводе консульства США в Урумчи. Там же, 201.

256

Max Oidtmann, "Imperial Legacies and Revolutionary Legends: The Sibe Cavalry Company, the Eastern Turkestan Republic, and Historical Memories in Xinjiang,"Saksaha 12 (2014): 49–87.

257

Гасанлы Дж. Синьцзян в орбите советской политики. Сталин и мусульманское движение в Восточном Туркестане, 1931–1949. – М.: Наука, 2015. С. 110.

258

Письмо от губернатора Шицай Шэна товарищам Сталину, Молотову и Ворошилову, 10 мая 1942 г. Letter from Governor Shicai Sheng to Cdes. Stalin, Molotov, and Voroshilov, May 10, 1942, trans. Gary Goldberg, Wilson Center, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121902.

259

Sheng Shih-ts'ai [Sheng Shicai], "Red Failure in Sinkiang," in Allen S. Whiting and Sheng Shih-ts'ai, Sinkiang: Pawn or Pivot? (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1958), 239. Отрывок из бесстыдной и откровенно своекорыстной автобиографии Шэна, написанной в изгнании.

260

James Leibold, Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism: How the Qing Frontier and Its Indigenes Became Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 56.

261

Chiang Kai-shek, China's Destiny, trans. Wang Chung-hui (New York: Macmillan, 1947), 4. On Tao's authorship, see Leibold, Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism, 52.

262

Это слова современного историка, очень симпатизирующего Ву: Justin M. Jacobs, Xinjiang and the Modern Chinese State (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2016), 145.

263

Выдержка по Синьцзяну из Протокола № 40 заседаний Политбюро ЦК ВКП (б), 5 апреля 1943 г. Excerpt on Xinjiang from Minutes No. 40 of the VKP(B) CC Politburo Meetings, trans. Gary Goldberg, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121806.

264

Gasanly, Sin'tszian v orbite sovetskoi politiki, 6.

265

Там же, 136.

266

Там же, 176.

267

Письмо Алихана Туры Верховному главнокомандующему Сталину, 22 апреля 1945 г. Letter from Alihan Tore to Commander-In-Chief Marshal Stalin, trans. Gary Goldberg, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121726.

268

Uvaysxon Shokirov, Alixonto'ra Sog'uniy (Tashkent: Navro'z, 2014), 236–238 and 259ff.

269

Muhammät Imin Ömärov and Tursun Yasin, Äkhmätjan Qasimi (Ürümchi: Shinjang Yashlar-Ösmürlär Näshriyati, 1987); Abdurakhman Abdulla, Tashkäntchilär (Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati, 2004), 2:1–31.

270

Benson, The Ili Rebellion, 185–187.

271

Там же, 151.

272

David D. Wang, Under the Soviet Shadow. The Yining Incident: Ethnic Conflicts and International Rivalry in Xinjiang, 1944–1949 (Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 1999), 268–269.

273

İsa Yusuf Alptekin, Esir Doğu Türkistan İçin: İsa Yusuf Alptekin'in Mücadele Hatıraları, ed. M. Ali Taşçı (Istanbul: Doğu Türkistan Neşriyat Merkezi, 1985).

274

Linda Benson, "Uygur Politicians of the 1940s: Mehmet Emin Buğra, Isa Yusuf Alptekin and Mesut Sabri,"Central Asian Survey 10, no. 4 (1991): 93–94.

275

Ondřej Klimeš, Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c. 1900–1949 (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 188–226.

276

Chang Chih-chung [Zhang Zhizhong], "Dilemma in Sinkiang," Pacific Affairs 20 (1947): 428.

277

Alptekin, Esir Doğu Türkistan İçin, 464–465.

278

"Appeal to the Peoples of Xinjiang" (1948), trans. Gary Goldberg, Wilson Center, http://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/121813.

279

Alptekin, Esir Doğu Türkistan İçin, 470.

280

. Äkhmätjan Qasimi, "Uluschilar kimlär vä ular öz millitigä qandaq khiyanät qilidu?," in Äkhmätjan Qasimi, Maqalä vä nutuqlar, ed. Tursun Qahhariy (Almaty: Qazaqstan, 1992), 74.

281

Многие подробности жизни Шахиди окутаны тайной. В поисках информации о нем я обращался к следующему источнику: Yulduz Khalilullin, "Kto vy, Burkhan Shakhidi?," Tatarstan, no. 11 (2002), http://tatmsk.tatarstan.ru/kto-vi-burhan-shahidi.htm. В своих мемуарах Шахиди по понятным причинам скрыл русское происхождение (см.: Shinjangdiki 50 yilim [Beijing: Millätlär Näshriyati, 1986]).

282

Gasanly, Sin'tszian v orbite sovetskoi politiki, 329; İsa Alptekin, Doğu Türkistan dâvâsı (Istanbul: Otağ Yayınevi, 1973), 219; Alptekin, Esir Doğu Türkistan İçin, 534.

283

Gasanly, Sin'tszian v orbite sovetskoi politiki, 331.

284

Шифрованная телеграмма № 4159 от Филиппова [Сталина] Ковалеву (October 14, 1949, trans. Gary Goldberg, Wilson Center, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/176342); Charles Kraus, "How Stalin Elevated the Chinese Communist Party to Power in Xinjiang in 1949" (May 11, 2018), Sources and Methods (blog): Wilson Center, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blog-post/how-stalin-elevated-the-chinese-communist-party-to-power-xinjiang-1949.

285

Gasanly, Sin'tszian v orbite sovetskoi politiki, 319.

286

Там же.

287

Цит. по: Oidtmann, "Imperial Legacies and Revolutionary Legends," 55–57; Gardner Bovingdon, "Contested Histories," in Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (Armonk, New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2004), 354–357. Такое отношение не ограничивается официальной китайской историографией: Дэвид Ван основывает свое описание ВТР на этих предположениях и рассматривает «послушных пешек» Советского Союза (Under the Soviet Shadow, 18).

288

Togzhan Kassenova, "The Lasting Toll of Semipalatinsk's Nuclear Testing,"Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, September 28, 2009, http://thebulletin.org/lasting-toll-semipalatinsks-nuclear-testing.

289

Claus Bech Hansen, "Ambivalent Empire: Soviet Rule in the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, 1945–1964," PhD diss., European University Institute, 2013.

290

Тост Сталина за здоровье русского народа на приеме в Кремле в честь командующих войсками Красной армии, 24 мая 1945 г. Toast to the Russian People at a Reception in Honour of Red Army Commanders Given by the Soviet Government in the Kremlin on Thursday, May 24, 1945, Stalin Archive, https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/stalin/works/1945/05/24.htm).

291

Цит. по: Alexandre Bennigsen, "The Crisis of the Turkic National Epics, 1951–1952: Local Nationalism or Internationalism?,"Canadian Slavonic Papers 17 (1975): 463–474.

292

Alan Barenberg, Gulag Town, Company Town: Forced Labor and Its Legacy in Vorkuta (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2014).

293

Региональная политика Н. С. Хрущева. ЦК КПСС и региональные партийные комитеты 1953–1964 гг. – М.: РОССПЭН, 2009. С. 211–222.

294

Федор Раззаков Ф. Коррупция в политбюро. Дело «красного узбека». – М.: Эксмо, 2009. С. 110–111.

295

Цит. по: Artemy Kalinovsky, Laboratory of Socialist Development: Cold War Politics and Decolonization in Soviet Tajikistan (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2018), 34.

296

Абашин С. Советский кишлак. Между колониализмом и модернизацией. – М.: НЛО, 2015. С. 351.

297

Robert Craumer, "Agricultural Change, Labor Supply, and Rural Out-Migration in Soviet Central Asia," in Geographic Perspectives on Soviet Central Asia, ed. Robert A. Lewis (New York: Routledge, 1992), 143–144.

298

Grey Hodnett, "Technology and Social Change in Soviet Central Asia: The Politics of Cotton Growing," in Soviet Politics and Society in the 1970's, ed. Henry W. Morton and Rudolf L. Tőkés (New York: Free Press, 1974), 62–64.

299

Russell Zanca, Life in a Muslim Uzbek Village: Cotton Farming after Communism (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2011), 163; Shoshana Keller, "The Puzzle of the Manual Harvest in Uzbekistan: Economics, Status and Labour in the Khrushchev Era,"Central Asian Survey 34 (2015): 296–309.

300

Craumer, "Agricultural Change, Labor Supply, and Rural Out-Migration in Soviet Central Asia," 147.

301

Boris Rumer, Soviet Central Asia: "A Tragic Experiment" (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989), 72.

302

Erika Weinthal, State Making and Environmental Cooperation: Linking Domestic and International Politics in Central Asia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002), 82–102.

303

Nancy Lubin, Labour and Nationality in Soviet Central Asia: An Uneasy Compromise (London: St. Martin's Press, 1984), chap. 2; Kalinovsky, Laboratory of Socialist Development, 136 and 177.

304

Paul Stronski, Tashkent: Forging a Soviet City, 1930–1966 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2010).

305

Philipp Meuser, Seismic Modernism: Architecture and Housing in Soviet Tashkent (Berlin: Dom, 2016).

306

Ronald D. Liebowitz, "Soviet Geographical Imbalances and Soviet Central Asia," in Geographical Perspectives on Soviet Central Asia, ed. Robert A. Lewis (London: Routledge, 1992), 122.

307

Nancy Lubin, "Implications of Ethnic and Demographic Trends," in Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation, ed. William Fierman (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991), 57.

308

Узбекистан – Нечерноземью. – М.: Политиздат, 1979.

309

Philip P. Micklin, "Aral Sea Basin Water Resources and the Changing Aral Water Balance," in The Aral Sea: The Devastation and Partial Rehabilitation of a Great Lake, ed. Philip Micklin, Nikolay V. Aladin, and Igor Plotnikov (Berlin: Springer, 2014), 125.

310

Philip P. Micklin, "Desiccation of the Aral Sea: A Water Management Disaster in the Soviet Union,"Science 241 (September 2, 1988): 1170–1176.

311

Julia Obertreis, Imperial Desert Dreams: Cotton Growing and Irrigation in Central Asia, 1860–1991 (Göttingen: V&R unipress, 2017), 343–347 and 448. Данные по использованию химических веществ см.: Lubin, "Implications of Ethnic and Demographic Trends," 56.

312

Vincent Fourniau, Transformations soviétiques et mémoires en Asie centrale: De l'indigénisation à l'indépendance (Paris: Indes Savantes, 2019), 21.

313

Kathryn Dooley, "Selling Socialism, Consuming Difference: Ethnicity and Consumer Culture in Soviet Central Asia, 1945–1985," PhD diss., Harvard University, 2016, chap. 1.

314

Абашин С. Советский кишлак. Между колониализмом и модернизацией. – М.: НЛО, 2015.

315

Gillian Tett, "'Guardians of the Faith'? Gender and Religion in an (ex) Soviet Tajik Village," in Muslim Women's Choices: Religious Belief and Social Reality, ed. Camillia Fawzi El-Solh and Judy Mabro (Oxford: Berg, 1994), 144.

316

Abdulla Qahhor, "To'yda aza," in Abdulla Qahhor, Tanlangan asarlar (Tashkent: G'afur G'ulom, 2007), 117–121. Отсылку и анализ см.: Dooley, "Selling Socialism, Consuming Difference," 351–353.

317

Jeff Sahadeo, Voices from the Soviet Edge: Southern Migrants in Leningrad and Moscow (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2019).

318

Adrienne L. Edgar, Intermarriage and the Friendship of Peoples: Ethnic Mixing in Soviet Central Asia, forthcoming.

319

«Земля отцов» / Атамекен (Алматы, Казахфильм, 1966. Реж. Шакен Айманов).

320

Dooley, "Selling Socialism, Consuming Difference," 330–347.

321

Айтматов Ч. И дольше века длится день. – М.: Азбука-классика, 2006. Как мы увидим в главе 21, когда вернемся к этому роману, видение Айтматова гораздо сложнее, однако этот момент важен.

322

Бабахан Зияутдинхан ибн Ишан. Мусульмане в Стране Советов. – М.: Прогресс, 1980; Adeeb Khalid, Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), chap. 4.

323

Бабаджанов Б. О фетвах САДУМ против неисламских обычаев // Ислам на постсоветском пространстве: взгляд изнутри / Под. ред. Марты Брилл Олкотт и А. Малашенко. – М.: Центр Карнеги, 2001. С. 170–184.

324

О Хиндустани см.: Бабаджанов Б. М., Муминов А. К., Олкотт М. Б. Мухамаджан Хиндустани (1892–1989) и религиозная среда его эпохи (предварительные размышления о формировании «советского ислама» в Центральной Азии) // Восток. 2004. № 5. С. 43–49. После его смерти ученики опубликовали его автобиографию под названием Yodnoma: Hazrati Mavlono Muhammadjon Qo'qandiy (Hindustoniy) farzandlar, shogirdlar va do'stlar xotirasida (Dushanbe, 2003). Об Алихане-тюре см.: Uvaysxon Shokirov, Alixonto'ra Sog'uniy (Tashkent: Navro'z, 2014).

325

Milton J. Clark, "How the Kazakhs Fled to Freedom,"National Geographic Magazine 106 (1954), 621–644; Godfrey Lias, Kazak Exodus (London: Evans, 1956).

326

Zhe Wu, "Caught between Opposing Han Chauvinism and Opposing Local Nationalism: The Drift toward Ethnic Antagonism in Xinjiang Society, 1952–1963," in Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism, ed. Jeremy Brown and Matthew D. Johnson (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2015), 313.

327

Donald H. McMillen, Chinese Communist Power and Policy in Xinjiang, 1949–1977 (Boulder, Colo.: Westview, 1979), 57–60.

328

Там же, 114.

329

Xiaoyuan Liu, Frontier Passages: Ethnopolitics and the Rise of Chinese Communism, 1921–1945 (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2004), 64.

330

Цит. по: James Leibold, Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism: How the Qing Frontier and Its Indigenes Became Chinese (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), 90.

331

Там же, 91.

332

Там же, 148.

333

"Memorandum of Conversation between Anastas Mikoyan and Mao Zedong" (January 31, 1949), trans. Sergey Radchenko, Wilson Center, https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/112436.

334

Mao Zedong, "On the Ten Major Relationships" (April 25, 1956), in Mao Tsetung, Selected Works of Mao Tsetung (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1977), 5:295.

335

Zhiyi Zhang, A Discussion of the National Question in the Chinese Revolution and of Actual Nationalities Policy (Draft), in George Moseley, The Party and the National Question in China (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1966), 81–82.

336

Thomas S. Mullaney, Coming to Terms with the Nation: Ethnic Classification in Modern China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2011).

337

Gardner Bovingdon, The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 199n.

338

David Brophy, "The 1957–58 Xinjiang Committee Plenum and the Attack on 'Local Nationalism'" (December 11, 2017), document 5, Sources and Methods (blog), Wilson Center, https://www.wilsoncenter.org/blogpost/the-1957-58-xinjiang-committee-plenum-and-the-attack-local-nationalism.

339

Abdulla Abduräkhman, Tashkäntchilär, 2 vols. (Ürümchi: Shinjang Khälq Näshriyati, 2004).

340

Zhihua Shen and Danhui Li, After Leaning to One Side: China and Its Allies in the Cold War (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2011), 142.

341

Brophy, "The 1957–58 Xinjiang Committee Plenum and the Attack on 'Local Nationalism,'" document 3.2.

342

Linda Benson and Ingvar Svanberg, China's Last Nomads: The History and Culture of China's Kazaks (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), 166.

343

McMillen, Chinese Communist Power, 142.

344

Цит. по: George Moseley, A Sino-Soviet Cultural Frontier: The Ili Kazakh Autonomous Chou (Cambridge, MA: Harvard East Asian Research Center, 1966), 105.

345

Bruce F. Adams, "Reemigration from Western China to the USSR, 1954–1962," in Migration, Homeland, and Belonging in Eurasia, ed. Cynthia J. Buckley and Blair A. Ruble, with Erin Trouth Hofmann (Washington: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2008), 191.

346

William Clark and Ablet Kamalov, "Uighur Migration across Central Asian Frontiers,"Central Asian Survey 23 (2004): 167–182.

347

Цит. по: James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 275.

348

Benson and Svanberg, China's Last Nomads, 185.

349

Там же.

350

Цит. по: Minglang Zhou, Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages 1949–2002 (Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 2003), 301.

351

William Clark, "Ibrahim's Story,"Asian Ethnicity 12 (2011): 216.

352

. Tianshan nanbei jin zhaohui: Xinjiang zai fanxiu fangxiu douzheng zhong qianjin (Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe, 1976), 74–75.

353

Gardner Bovingdon, "The Not-So-Silent Majority: Uyghur Resistance to Han Rule in Xinjiang,"Modern China 28 (2002), 60–61.

354

Odd Arne Westad, The Global Cold War: Third World Interventions and the Making of Our Times (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2011).

355

«Правда Востока». 12 марта 1925 года.

356

Цит. по: Hannah Jansen, "Peoples' Internationalism: Central Asian Modernisers, Soviet Oriental Studies and Cultural Revolution in the East (1936–1977)," PhD diss., University of Amsterdam, 2020, 127.

357

Мухитдинов Н. А. Годы, проведенные в Кремле. – Ташкент, 1994. С. 312.

358

Ризаев С. Шараф Рашидов. Штрихи к портрету. – Ташкент: Ёзувчи, 1992. С. 24–28.

359

Vladislav M. Zubok, "The Mao-Khrushchev Conversations, 31 July–3 August 1958 and 2 October 1959," Cold War International History Project Bulletin, no. 12–13 (2002): 254.

360

Mao Tsetung, "On Khrushchov's Phoney Communism and Its Historical Lessons for the World" (July 1964), https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/mao/works/1964/phnycom.htm.

361

Все цитаты из: Sergey Radchenko, "The Sino-Soviet Split,"Cambridge History of the Cold War, ed. Melvyn P. Leffler and Odd Arne Westad, vol. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 356–357.

362

Artemy Kalinovsky, A Long Goodbye: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), chap. 1.

363

Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin, 2004), 104–105; Mohammad Yousaf and Mark Adkin, The Bear Trap: Afghanistan's Untold Story (London: Leo Cooper, 1992), 192–195.

364

См. интервью, собранные в книге: Marlène Laruelle and Botagoz Rakieva, Pamiat' iz plameni Afganistana: Interv'iu s voinami-internatsionalistami Afganskoi voiny 1979–1989 godov (Washington: Central Asia Program, George Washington University, 2015). Был собран ряд воспоминаний из Таджикистана, некоторые из которых касаются военной службы в Афганистане, и они доступны в интернете. См.: Artemy Kalinovsky, Isaac Scarborough, Marlene Laruelle, and Vadim Staklo, "Central Asian Memoirs of the Soviet Era," Russian Perspectives on Islam, https://islamperspectives.org/rpi/collections/show/18.

365

Yaacov Ro'i, Islam in the Soviet Union: From the Second World War to Gorbachev (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), 560.

366

Yegor Ligachev, Inside Gorbachev's Kremlin (New York: Random House, 1993), 214.

367

Leslie Holmes, The End of Communist Power: Anti-Corruption Campaigns and Legitimation Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 101.

368

Riccardo Mario Cucciola, "The Crisis of Soviet Power in Central Asia: The 'Uzbek Cotton Affair' (1975–1991)," PhD diss., IMT School for Advanced Studies Lucca, 2017, 284.

369

Anne Sheehy, "Slav Presence Increased in Uzbek Party Buro and Secretariat,"Radio Liberty Research Bulletin, February 24, 1986.

370

James Critchlow, "Prelude to 'Independence': How the Uzbek Party Apparatus Broke Moscow's Grip on Elite Recruitment," in Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation, ed. William Fierman (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991), 135–154.

371

Деревья зеленеют до метелей: Рафик Нишанов рассказывает Марине Заваде и Юрию Куликову / Рафик Нишанов, Марина Завада, Юрий Куликов. – М.: Молодая гвардия, 2012. С. 258.

372

Cucciola, "The Crisis of Soviet Power in Central Asia," 360n.

373

Sergei P. Poliakov, Everyday Islam: Religion and Tradition in Rural Central Asia, trans. Anthony Olcott (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 1992), 4. [Поляков С. П. Традиционализм в современном центральноазиатском обществе. – М.: Знание: Центр. дом науч. атеизма, 1989.]

374

Artemy Kalinovsky, Laboratory of Socialist Development: Cold War Politics and Decolonization in Soviet Tajikistan (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2018), 226–227.

375

Цит. по: Patricia Carley, "The Price of the Plan: Perceptions of Cotton and Health in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan,"Central Asian Survey 8, no. 4 (1989): 23.

376

Ризаев С. Шараф Рашидов. Штрихи к портрету. – Ташкент: Ёзувчи, 1992. С. 78–79.

377

Boris Rumer, "Central Asia's Cotton Economy and Its Costs," in Soviet Central Asia: The Failed Transformation, ed. William Fierman (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1991), 84–87.

378

William Fierman, "Political Development in Uzbekistan: Democratization?," in Conflict, Cleavage and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, ed. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 367.

379

Victoria Clement, Learning to Become Turkmen: Literacy, Language, and Power, 1914–2014 (Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2018), 117–118.

380

Vladimir Babak, "The Formation of Political Parties and Movements in Central Asia," in Democracy and Pluralism in Muslim Eurasia, ed. Yaacov Ro'i (London: Frank Cass, 2004), 152–154. [Бабак В. Казахстан: формирование многопартийной системы // Центральная азия и Кавказ. 2005. № 2(38). С. 87–99.]

381

Айтматов Ч. И дольше века длится день. – М.: Азбука-классика, 2006.

382

Fierman, "Political Development in Uzbekistan," 368.

383

Цит. по: Kirill Nourzhanov and Christian Bleuer, Tajikistan: A Political and Social History (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 2013), 178–179.

384

Bakhtiyar Babadjanov and Muzaffar Kamilov, "Muhammadjân Hindûstânî (1892–1989) and the Beginning of the Great Schism among the Muslims of Uzbekistan," in Islam in Politics in Russia and Central Asia (Early Eighteenth to Late Twentieth Centuries), ed. Stéphane A. Dudoignon and Hisao Komatsu (London: Kegan Paul, 2001), 195–219.

385

Adeeb Khalid, Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), 146. [Халид А. Ислам после коммунизма. Религия и политика в Центральной Азии. – М.: НЛО, 2010.]

386

Правда. 1991. 7 февраля.

387

Bayram Balci, Missionaires de l'Islam en Asie centrale: Les écoles turques de Fethullah Gülen (Paris: Maisonneuve & Larose, 2003).

388

Muriel Atkin, "Thwarted Democratization in Tajikistan," in Conflict, Cleavage and Change in Central Asia and the Caucasus, ed. Karen Dawisha and Bruce Parrott (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997), 277–311.

389

О гражданской войне в Таджикистане см.: Tim Epkenhans, The Origins of the Civil War in Tajikistan: Nationalism, Islamism, and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Space (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016); Jesse Driscoll, Warlords and Coalition Politics in Post-Soviet States (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015).

390

Minglang Zhou, "The Fate of the Soviet Model of Multinational State-Building in the People's Republic of China," in China Learns from the Soviet Union, 1949–Present, ed. Thomas P. Bernstein and Hua-Yu Li (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2010), 488–490.

391

Agnieszka Joniak-Lüthi, "Roads in China's Borderlands: Interfaces of Spatial Representations, Perceptions, Practices, and Knowledges,"Modern Asian Studies 50 (2016): 118–140.

392

Zhou, "The Fate of the Soviet Model," 492.

393

Nicolas Becquelin, "Xinjiang in the Nineties,"China Journal 44 (2000): 69.

394

Stanley W. Toops, "The Demography of Xinjiang," in Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland, ed. S. Frederick Starr (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2004), 241–263.

395

Tom Cliff, Oil and Water: Being Han in Xinjian g (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2016).

396

Adeeb Khalid, Islam after Communism: Religion and Politics in Central Asia (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), chap. 6. [Халид А. Ислам после коммунизма. Религия и политика в Центральной Азии. – М.: НЛО, 2010.]

397

Rogers Brubaker, Nationalism Reframed: Nationhood and the National Question in the New Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 83–84.

398

Laura L. Adams, The Spectacular State: Culture and National Identity in Uzbekistan (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2010).

399

Цит. по: Natalie Koch, The Geopolitics of Spectacle: Space, Synecdoche, and the New Capitals of Asia (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2018), 47.

400

Henry E. Hale, Patronal Politics: Eurasian Regime Dynamics in Comparative Perspective (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014); Lawrence P. Markowitz, State Erosion: Unlootable Resources and Unruly Elites in Central Asia (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2013).

401

Alexander Cooley and John Heathershaw, Dictators without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017).

402

Gardner Bovingdon, The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), chap. 3; Joanne Smith Finley, The Arts of Symbolic Resistance: Uyghur Identities and Uyghur-Han Relations in Contemporary Xinjiang (Leiden: Brill, 2013), chaps. 3–4.

403

Jay Dautcher, Down a Narrow Road: Identity and Masculinity in a Uyghur Community in Xinjiang, China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University East Asia Center, 2009).

404

Herbert S. Yee, "Ethnic Consciousness and Identity: A Research Report on Uygur-Han Relations in Xinjiang,"Asian Ethnicity 6 (2005): 35–50.

405

Цит. по: Bovingdon, The Uyghurs, 95. The translation is by Bovingdon.

406

Цит. по: Smith Finley, The Arts of Symbolic Resistance, 193.

407

Bovingdon, The Uyghurs, 100–101.

408

Ilham Tohti, "Present-Day Ethnic Problems in Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region: Overview and Recommendations," trans. Cindy Carter, April 22–May 19, 2015, China Change, https://chinachange.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/ilham-tohtipresent-day-ethnic-problems-in-xinjiang-uighur-autonomous-region-overview-and-recommendationscomplete-translation3.pdf; Andrew Jacobs, "Uighurs in China Say Bias Is Growing,"NYT, October 7, 2013.

409

Emily Hannum and Yu Xie, "Ethnic Stratification in Northwest China: Occupational Differences between Han Chinese and National Minorities in Xinjiang, 1982–1990,"Demography 35 (1998): 323–333; Ben Hopper and Michael Webber, "Modernisation and Ethnic Estrangement: Uyghur Migration to Urumqi, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, PRC,"Inner Asia 11 (2009): 173–203; Xiaogang Wu and Xi Song, "Ethnic Stratification amid China's Economic Transition: Evidence from the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region,"Social Science Research 44 (2014): 158–172.

410

Information Office of the State Council, "History and Development of Xinjiang," May 26, 2003, http://en.people.cn/200305/26/print20030526117240.html.

411

Ildikó Bellér-Hann, "The Bulldozer State: Chinese Socialist Development in Xinjiang," in Ethnographies of the State in Central Asia: Performing Politics, ed. Madeleine Reeves, Johan Rasanayagam, and Judith Beyer (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2014), 181; Gardner Bovingdon, "The History of History in Xinjiang,"Twentieth-Century China 26 (2001): 95.

412

Классический анализ легенды о Благоухающей наложнице см.: James Millward, "A Uyghur Muslim in Qianlong's Court: The Meanings of the Fragrant Concubine,"Journal of Asian Studies 53 (1994): 427–458.

413

Joshua Hammer, "Demolishing Kashgar's History,"Smithsonian Magazine, March 2010, 24–33.

414

Jean-Paul Loubes, La Chine et la ville au XXIe siècle: La sinisation urbaine au Xinjiang ouïghour et en Mongolie intérieur (Paris: Éditions du Sextant, 2015), 119–134.

415

Tianyang Liu and Zhenjie Yuan, "Making a Safer Space? Rethinking Space and Securitization in the Old Town Redevelopment Project of Kashgar, China,"Political Geography 69 (2019): 30–42.

416

Bayram Balci, Islam in Central Asia and the Caucasus since the Fall of the Soviet Union (London: Hurst, 2018).

417

Peter Boehm and Andrew Osborn, "Uzbekistan: 'In the Narrow Lane, the Machine Guns Clattered Remorselessly for Two Hours,'"Independent on Sunday (London), May 22, 2005; Human Rights Watch, "'Bullets Were Falling Like Rain': The Andijan Massacre, May 13, 2005" (June 2005), https://www.hrw.org/report/2005/06/06/bullets-were-falling-rain/andijan-massacre-may-13-2005.

418

Igor Rotar, "Political Islam in Tajikistan after the Formation of the IS," CERIA Brief no. 8, October 2015, https://app.box.com/s/f8f5s98pd6pkd2l1xaxipdnnvzwnzrvq.

419

Цит. по: Rémi Castets, "The Modern Chinese State and Strategies of Control over Uyghur Islam,"Central Asian Affairs 2 (2015): 237–238.

420

Gerry Shih, "Chinese Troops Sit on Afghan Doorstep,"Washington Post, February 19, 2019.

421

Saparmyrat Turkmenbashy, Rukhnama: Reflections on the Spiritual Values of the Turkmen (Ashgabat, Turkmenistan, 2003), 9.

422

Sebastien Peyrouse, Turkmenistan: Strategies of Power, Dilemmas of Development (Armonk, New York: M. E. Sharpe, 2012), 146–154.

423

Boris Petric, Where Are All Our Sheep? Kyrgyzstan, a Global Political Arena, trans. Cynthia Schoch (New York: Berghahn, 2015), 11.

424

Scott Radnitz, Weapons of the Wealthy: Predatory Regimes and Elite-Led Protests in Central Asia (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2010), 63–64; Erica Marat, "Extent of Akayev Regime Corruption Becoming Clearer,"Eurasia Daily Monitor, April 26, 2005, https://jamestown.org/program/extent-of-akayev-regime-corruption-becoming-clearer/.

425

Global Witness, "Blood Red Carpet," March 2015, available for download from https://www.globalwitness.org/en/reports/surrey-mansion-used-hide-suspect-funds/; Alexander Cooley and John Heathershaw, Dictators without Borders: Power and Money in Central Asia (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2017), chap. 5.

426

Richard Pomfret, The Central Asian Economies in the Twenty-First Century: Paving a New Silk Road (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019), 71–72.

427

Joanna Lillis, Dark Shadows: Inside the Secret World of Kazakhstan (London: I. B. Tauris, 2019), 81.

428

Megha Rajagopalan, "This Is What a 21st-Century Police State Really Looks Like," BuzzFeed News, October 17, 2017, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/meghara/the-police-state-of-the-future-is-already-here; James Millward, "'Re-Educating' Xinjiang's Muslims,"New York Review of Books, February 7, 2019, 38–41.

429

Gardner Bovingdon, The Uyghurs: Strangers in Their Own Land (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 123–128; James A. Millward, Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang (New York: Columbia University Press, 2007), 325–328.

430

Постоянное представительство КНР при ООН, «Террористическая деятельность организаций "Восточного Туркестана " и их связи с Усамой бен Ладеном и движением "Талибан"». Terrorist Activities Perpetrated by 'Eastern Turkistan' Organizations and Their Links with Osama bin Laden and the Taliban," November 29, 2001, https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/ceee/eng/ztlm/fdkbzy/t112733.htm).

431

Sean R. Roberts, The War on the Uyghurs: China's Campaign against Xinjiang's Muslims (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2020), chaps. 2–3.

432

Richard Bernstein, "When China Convinced the U.S. That Uighurs Were Waging Jihad,"Atlantic, March 19, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/03/us-uighurs-guantanamo-china-terror/584107/.

433

James Millward, "Does the 2009 Urumchi Violence Mark a Turning Point?"Central Asian Survey 28 (2009): 347–360.

434

"China Puts Urumqi under 'Full Surveillance,'"Guardian, January 25, 2011.

435

Цит. по: Andrew Jacobs, "After Deadly Clash, China and Uighurs Disagree on Events That Led to Violence,"NYT, July 30, 2014.

436

Andrew Jacobs, "Imam in China Who Defended Party's Policies in Xinjiang Is Stabbed to Death,"NYT, July 31, 2014.

437

«Китай. Синьцзян. Беспорядки в Кашгаре унесли жизни 15 человек» (China: Unrest in Kashgar, Xinjiang, Leaves 15 Dead, BBC News, July 31, 2011).

438

Reuters, "China's President Warns against Growing Threats to National Security," April 26, 2014.

439

Austin Ramzy and Chris Buckley, "'Absolutely No Mercy': Leaked Files Expose How China Organized Mass Detentions of Muslims,"NYT, November 16, 2019.

440

См. изображение в: Darren Byler, "Imagining Re-Engineered Muslims in Northwest China," April 26, 2017, The Art of Life in Chinese Central Asia (blog), https://livingotherwise.com/2017/04/26/imagining-re-engineered-muslims-northwest-china/.

441

Mark Elliott, "The Case of the Missing Indigene: Debate over a 'Second-Generation' Ethnic Policy,"China Journal, no. 73 (2015): 186–213. See also James Leibold, Ethnic Policy in China: Is Reform Inevitable? (Honolulu, HI: East-West Center, 2013), and "Hu the Uniter: Hu Lianhe and the Radical Turn in China's Xinjiang Policy,"China Brief 18, no. 16 (2018): 7–11.

442

Цит. по: Julia Bowie and David Gitter, "The CCP's Plan to 'Sinicize' Religions,"Diplomat, June 14, 2018.

443

Я благодарен Максу Ойдтманну за то, что он помог мне провести это различие.

444

James Leibold, "More Than a Category: Han Supremacism on the Chinese Internet,"China Quarterly no. 203 (2010): 539–559; Kevin Carrico, The Great Han: Race, Nationalism, and Tradition in China Today (Oakland: University of California Press, 2017).

445

"Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Regulation on De-Extremification," March 29, 2017, https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/xinjiang-uyghur-autonomous-region-regulation-on-de-extremification/.

446

Цит. по: Adrian Zenz, "'Thoroughly Reforming Them Towards a Healthy Heart Attitude': China's Political Re-Education Campaign in Xinjiang,"Central Asian Survey 38 (2019): 116.

447

Цит. по: Shohret Hoshur, "Chinese Authorities Jail Four Wealthiest Uyghurs in Xinjiang's Kashgar in New Purge," Radio Free Asia (RFA), January 5, 2018.

448

«Уйгуры вынуждены менять имена детей до 16 лет согласно «Списку запрещенных имен» Синьцзяна». Xinjiang's 'List of Forbidden Names' Forces Uyghurs to Change Names of Children Under 16, RFA [2017], https://www.rfa.org/english/news/special/uyghur-oppression/ChenPolicy6.html.

449

Timothy Grose, "'Once Their Mental State Is Healthy, They Will Be Able to Live Happily in Society': How China's Government Conflates Uighur Identity with Mental Illness," ChinaFile, August 2, 2019, https://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/once-their-mental-state-healthy-they-will-be-able-live-happily-society.

450

Human Rights Watch, "Eradicating Ideological Viruses": China's Campaign of Repression Against Xinjiang's Muslims (New York: Human Rights Watch, 2018), 15.

451

BBC Urdu, November 18, 2018.

452

Uyghur Human Rights Project, "The Persecution of the Intellectuals in the Uyghur Region: Disappeared Forever?," Uyghur Human Rights Project, October 2018, https://docs.uhrp.org/pdf/UHRPDisappearedForever.pdf.Expatriates maintain an online database of thosewho have been disappeared.See "Xinjiang Victims Database,"https://www.shahit.biz/eng/.

453

John Sudworth, "China Uighurs: A Model's Video Gives a Rare Glimpse inside Internment," BBC News, August 4, 2020; Merdan Ghappar, "Wear Your Mask under Your Hood: An Eyewitness Account of Arbitrary Detention in Xinjiang during the 2020 Coronavirus Pandemic," trans. James A. Millward, Medium, August 4, 2020, https://medium.com/@millwarj/wear-your-mask-under-your-hood-an-account-of-prisoner-abuse-in-xinjiang-during-the-2020-3007a1f7437d; David Stavrou, "A Million People Are Jailed at China's Gulags. I Managed to Escape. Here's What Really Goes on Inside,"Haaretz, October 17, 2019; Bruce Pannier, "Kazakh Man Recounts 'Reeducation' In Western Chinese Camp,"Qishloq Ovozi, April 26, 2018, https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-recounts-reeducation-in-western-chinese-camp/29194106.html.

454

Edmund Waite, "From Holy Man to National Villain: Popular Historical Narratives about Apaq Khoja amongst Uyghurs in Contemporary Xinjiang,"Inner Asia 8 (2006): 5–28; Rian Thum, The Sacred Routes of Uyghur History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 236–244.

455

"China Punishes Xinjiang Official for Refusing to Smoke near Muslim Elders,"South China Morning Post, April 11, 2017.

456

Shohret Hoshur, "Prominent Uyghur Intellectual Given Two-Year Suspended Death Sentence for 'Separatism,'" RFA, September 28, 2018.

457

Shohret Hoshur, "Xinjiang Authorities Arrest Uyghur Court Official Who Denounced Political Re-Education Camps," RFA, December 18, 2018.

458

Eset Sulaiman, "Xinjiang Authorities Ban Books by Uyghur Former Chairman of Region," RFA, August 15, 2017.

459

Цит. по: Mihray Abdilim, "Xinjiang's Kashgar University Students, Teachers Forced to Give up Muslim Dietary Restrictions," RFA, November 6, 2018.

460

Darren Byler, "China's Government Has Ordered a Million Citizens to Occupy Uighur Homes. Here's What They Think They're Doing," ChinaFile, October 24, 2018, http://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/postcard/million-citizens-occupy-uighur-homes-xinjiang.

461

"China Is Putting Uighur Children in 'Orphanages' Even If Their Parents Are Alive,"Independent (London), September 21, 2018.

462

Спутниковые снимки с задокументированными разрушениями см.: Bahram K. Sintash, Demolishing Faith: The Destruction and Desecration of Uyghur Mosques and Shrines (Washington: Uyghur Human Rights Project, 2019).

463

Joanne Smith Finley, "'Now We Don't Talk Anymore': Inside the 'Cleansing' of Xinjiang," ChinaFile, December 28, 2018, http://www.chinafile.com/reporting-opinion/viewpoint/now-we-dont-talk-anymore.

464

Kurban Niyaz and Shohret Hoshur, "Xinjiang Authorities Convert Uyghur Mosques into Propaganda Centers," RFA, August 3, 2017.

465

Sintash, Demolishing Faith; Lily Kuo, "Revealed: New Evidence of China's Mission to Raze the Mosques of Xinjiang,"Guardian, May 7, 2019. В последнем источнике можно найти множество спутниковых снимков.

466

Mihray Abdilim, "Authorities to Destroy Uyghur Cemetery in Xinjiang Capital," RFA, June 4, 2020.

467

State Council Information Office of the People's Republic of China, "Historical Matters Concerning Xinjiang" (July 22, 2019), http://english.scio.gov.cn/2019-07/22/content255017992.htm.

468

Shawn Zhang, "Detention Camp Construction Is Booming in Xinjiang," June 18, 2018, Medium, https://medium.com/@shawnwzhang/detention-camp-construction-is-booming-in-xinjiang-a2525044c6b1; John Sudworth, "China's Hidden Camps: What's Happened to the Vanished Uighurs of Xinjiang?," BBC, October 24, 2018, https://bbc.in/2ytNBMY.

469

Vicky Xiuzhong Xu et al., Uyghurs for Sale: 'Re-Education,' Forced Labour and Surveillance beyond Xinjiang (Canberra: Australian Strategic Policy Institute, 2020).

470

Chris Buckley, "China's Prisons Swell after Deluge of Arrests Engulfs Muslims,"NYT, August 31, 2019.

471

Adrian Zenz, Sterilizations, IUDs, and Mandatory Birth Control: The CCP's Campaign to Suppress Uyghur Birthrates in Xinjiang (Washington: Jamestown Foundation, 2020).

472

Lawrence Davidson, Cultural Genocide (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2012).

473

Roberts, The War on the Uyghurs. Точка зрения изложена достаточно вдумчиво.

474

Xu et al., Uyghurs for Sale, 5.

475

Darren Byler, "China's Hi-Tech War on Its Muslim Minority,"Guardian, April 11, 2019.

476

Jeff Sahadeo, Voices from the Soviet Edge: Southern Migrants in Leningrad and Moscow (Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2019), 212; Timur Dadabaev, Identity and Memory in Post-Soviet Central Asia (London: Routledge, 2018).

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