Ссылки
1
Т. Е. Page et al., eds., The Scriptores Historiae Augustae (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1940), II: 115, 157.
2
Ювенал. Сатиры IV, 259-260.
3
Апулей. Метаморфозы, или Золотой осел. XI, 3. Пер. С. Маркиша.
4
Е. Н. Warmington. The Commerce between the Roman Empire and India (New Delhi: Munshriram Manoharlal, 1995). P. 147-165, 174-175, 180-183. О хлопке в Римской империи см. С. 210-212. О трудностях производства хлопка в доиндустриальном мире см. С. 253-254.
5
S. D. Goitein. A Mediterranean Society (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967). I. P. 347-348.
6
Ibid. P. 298.
7
Ibid. P. 299-300.
8
Ibid. P. 340-342.
9
Ibid. P. 219.
10
Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. 1,2. М., 1962.
11
Paul Melars. «The Impossible Coincindence. A Single-Species Model for the Origins of Modern Human Behavior in Europe», Evolutionary Anthropology, 14:1 (February, 2005). P. 12-27.
12
Фридман Т. Плоский мир. Краткая история XXI века. М., 2007 г.
13
Warmington, P. 35-39. См. также: William H. McNeill. Plagues and Peoples (New York: Anchor, 1998). P. 128.
14
Warmington, P. 279-284. См. также: Ian Carapace. Review of Roman Coins from India (Paula J. Turner) in The Classical Review, 41 (January 1991). P. 264-265.
15
Alfred W. Crosby. The Columbian Exchange (Westport, CT: Greenwood, 1973). P. 75-81.
16
Ibid. P. 88.
17
Ibid. P. 21.
18
Из личной переписки с Патрисией Риссо.
19
Кейнс Дж. М. Общая теория занятости, процента и денег. VI. Пер. Н. Любимовой.
20
Daniel Boorstin. Hidden History (New York, Harper and Row, 1987). P. 14.
21
Robert L. O'Connell. Soul of the Sword (New York: Free Press, 2002). P. 9-23.
22
Ibid.
23
Mellars, P. 12-27.
24
Геродот. История. IV. Пер. Г. А. Стратановского.
25
P. F. de Moraes Fairas. «Silent Trade: Myth and Historical Evidence», History in Africa, I (1974). P. 9-24.
26
Colin Renfrew. «Trade and Culture Process in European History», Current Anthropology 10 (April—June 1969). P. 151-169. Более доступную версию текста см.: J. E. Dixon, J. R. Cann, and Colin Renfrew, «Obsidian and the Origins of Trade», Scientific American, 218 (March 1968). P. 38-46.
27
Detlev Elmers. «The Beginnings of Boatbuilding in Central Europe», in The Earliest Ships (Annapolis, MD, Naval Institute Press, 1996). P. 10, 11, 20.
28
Phyllis Deane. The First Industrial Revolution (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981). P. 82.
29
Геродот. История. I. Пер. Г. А. Стратановского.
30
Gil. J. Stein. Rethinking World Systems (Tuscon: University of Arizona Press, 1999). P. 83-84.
31
Christopher Edens. «Dynamics of Trade in the Ancient Mesopotamian World System», American Anthropologist, 94 (March 1992). P. 118-127.
32
Jacquetta Hawkes. The First Great Civilizations: Life in Mesopotamia, the Indus Valley and Egypt (New York: Knopf, 1973). P. 110-111,138-139.
33
Ibid.; A. L. Oppenheim. «The Seafaring Merchants of Ur», Journal of the American Oriental Society, 74:1 (January—March 1954). P. 10-11.
34
Robert Raymond. Out of the Fiery Furnace (University Park: Pensylvania State University Press, 1968). P. 1-18; R. F. Tylcote, A History of Metallurgy (London: Metals Society, 1976). P. 9, 11.
35
Donald Harden. The Phoenicians (New York: Praeger, 1962). P. 171.
36
Christoph Bachhuber. «Aspects of Late Helladic Sea Trade», master's thesis, Texas A&M University, December 2003, 100.
37
James D. Muhly. «Sources of Tin and the Beginnings of Bronze Metallurgy», American Journal of Archaeology, 89 (April 1985). P. 276. См. также Peter Throckmorton, «Sailors in the Time of Troy», in The Sea Remembers (New York: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1987). 32.
38
Oppenheim, 8.
39
H. E. W. Crawford. «Mesopotamia's Invisible Exports in the Third Millenium ВС», World Archaeology, 5 (October 1973). P. 232-241.
40
Edens, 130.
41
Ibid. 118-119.
42
Albano Beja-Pereira et al. «African Origins of the Domestic Donkey», Science, 304 (June 18, 2004). P. 1781-1782.
43
Stein. P. 88.
44
Ibid. P. 117-169.
45
George F. Hourani and John Carswell, Arab Seafaring (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995). P. 7.
46
Shelley Wachmann. «Paddled and Oared Boats before the Iron Age», in Robert Gardiner, ed. The Age of the Galley (Edison, NJ: Chartwell, 2000) P. 21-22.
47
3 Цар 9: 26-28.
48
Harden. P. 157-179.
49
Геродот. История. IV. Пер. Г. А. Стратановского.
50
Hourani and Carswell. P. 8-19.
51
Ibid. P. 19.
52
Carol A. Redmount. «The Wadi Tumilat and the 'Canal of the Pha raohs'», Journal of Near Eastern Studies, 54:2 (April 1995). P. 127-135; and Joseph Rabino. «The Statistical Story of the Suez Canal», Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 50:3 (September 1887). P. 496-498.
53
Jack Turner. Spice (New York: Vintage, 2004). P. 69-70.
54
Warmington. P. 183, 303-304.
55
Персии Флакк Авл. Сатира пятая. Пер. Ф. А. Петровского.
56
Плиний Старший. Естественная история. 4,21. Пер. В. Севергина.
57
Там же, 12:83.
58
Warnington. P. 261-318.
59
Ibid. Р. 273.
60
Dennis Flynn and Arturio Giraldez. «Path dependence, time lags, and the birth of globalization: A critique of O'Rourke and Williamson», European Review of Economic History, 8 (April 2004). P. 81-86.
61
Rustichello. The Travels of Marco Polo (NewYork: Signet Clas sics, 2004). P. xxiv.
62
Flynn and Giraldez, 85. Курсив автора.
63
Фукидид. История. VII, 68. Пер. Ф. Г. Мищенко.
64
Tome Pires, The Suma Oriental of Tome Pires and The Book of Francisco Rodrigues, Armando Cortesao, ed., (Glasgow, Robert Maclehose, 1944), 11:87.
65
Фукидид. История. VII, 87. Пер. Ф. Г. Мищенко.
66
William H. McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 112.
67
Фукидид. История. Т. I. Пер. Г. Стратановского.
68
Ellen Churchill Semple. «Geographic Factors in the Ancient Mediterranean Grain Trade», Annals of Association of American Geo graphers, 11 (1921). P. 47-48, 54.
69
Геродот. История. 172. Пер. Г. Стратановского.
70
Геродот. История. 49. Пер. Г. Стратановского.
71
Donald Kagan. The Peloponnesian War (New York: Viking, 2003). P. 8-9, 65, 85-86.
72
Фукидид. История. VI, 20.
73
Ксенофонт. Греческая история. II. Пер. С. Я. Лурье.
74
Leila Hadley. A Journey with Elsa Cloud (New York: Penguin, 1998). P. 468.
75
Bertram Thomas. Arabia Felix (New York: Scribner, 1932). P. 172-174.
76
Richard W. Bulliet. The Camel and The Wheel (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990). P. 28-35.
77
Jared Diamond. Guns, Germs, and Steel (New York: Norton, 1999). P. 168-175.
78
Bulliet. P. 37-38,87-89,281.
79
Ibid. Р. 141-171.
80
С сайта ФАО (http://www.fao.org/AG/AGAInfo/commis sions/docs/greece04/App40.pdf). Про австралийскую популяцию см.: Simon Worrall. «Full Speed Ahead», Smithsonian, 36:10 (January 2006). P. 93.
81
Janet Abu-Lughod. Before European Hegemony (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969). P. 176.
82
Nigel Groom. Frankincense and Myrrh (Beirut: Librairie du Liban, 1981). P. 5, 148-154, 177-213.
83
Притч 7: 16-20.
84
Pliny, 45 (12:64).
85
Ibid. 43 (12:58).
86
Феофраст. Исследование о растениях. Книга IX. Пер. М. Е. Сергеенко.
87
Groom, 136.
88
Ibid. P. 6-7.
89
Pliny, 12:111-113.
90
Ibid. 12:65.
91
Ibid. 43; 12:59.
92
Groom. P. 149-162.
93
Maxime Rodinson. Mohammed (New York: Pantheon, 1971) P. 11-14.
94
Ibid. P. 39-40.
95
J. J. Saunders. The History of Medieval Islam (New York: Barnes and Noble, 1965). P. 22.
96
Bultiett. P.105-106.
97
Rodinson. P. 32.
98
Saunders. P. 13-14.
99
Karen Armstrong. Muhammad (New York: Harper San Francisco, 1993). P. 65-86.
100
Хадисы ибн-Аббаса, 3:34:311 и Хакима бин Низама 3:34:296. http://www.usc.edu/dept/MSA/fundamentals/hadithsunnah/ bukhari/034.sbt.html#003.034.264.
101
Там же, рассказ Джабира бин Абдуллы, 3:34:310.
102
Saunders. P. 47.
103
Ibid. Р. 91.
104
Hourani. Р. 57-61.
105
Bengt E. Hovftn. «Ninth-century dirham hoards from Sweden». Journal of Baltic Studies, 13:3 (Autumn 1982). P. 202-219.
106
Edwin O. Reischauer. «Notes on T'ang Dynasty Sea Routes». Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies, 5 (June 1940). P. 142-144.
107
Saunders. P. 115-122.
108
Hourani. P. 52.
109
Subhi Y. Labib, «Capitalism in Medieval Islam». The Journal of Economic History 29:1 (March 1969). P. 93-94.
110
Марко Поло. Книга о разнообразии мира. Пер. И. Минаева. М., Эксмо, 2005. Главы VII-XXIV.
111
Чжао Жугуа, Чжу Фань Чжи (Сообщение о государстве Шриваджая)// Восток, № 6, 1996.
112
Там же, С. 27.
113
Friedrich Hirth, «The Mystery of Fu-lin», Journal of the American Oriental Society, 33 (1913). P. 193-208.
114
Чжао Жугуа.
115
Там же.
116
Цит. по: Hourani, P. 64.
117
Цит. по: S. Maqbul Ahmad, ed., Arabic Classical Accounts of India and China (Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study, 1989) P. 36.
118
Ibid. P. 46.
119
Ibid. P. 51-52.
120
Цит. по: Arabic Classical Accounts of India and China. P. 38- 40, 46-47, 52-52, 56.
121
Бурзуг ибн-Шахрияр. Книга о чудесах Индии. М., 1959.
122
Там же.
123
Там же.
124
Там же.
125
Там же.
126
Там же.
127
Hourani. P. 11.
128
Edward H. Schafer. The Golden Peaches of Samarkand (Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1963) P. 16.
129
Чжао Жугуа. Чжу Фань Чжи. Пер. М. Ю. Ульянова.
130
Там же.
131
Там же.
132
Quoted on Howe. P. 37-39.
133
Ibid. P. 39.
134
Тысяча и одна ночь / Пер. М. А. Салье. М., Художественная литература, 1988. Т. 2. С. 223.
135
М. N. Pearson. «Introduction I: The Subject», in Ashin Das Gupta, ed., India and the Indian Ocean 1500-1800 (Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1987) P. 15.
136
Тысяча и одна ночь. Т. 2. С. 207.
137
Там же. С. 229.
138
Там же. С. 230.
139
Igor de Rachewiltz. Papal Envoys to the Great Khans (London: Faber and Faber, 1971) P. 202.
140
Chaudhuri. Trade and Civilisation in the Indian Ocean, 29.
141
Цит. по: Samuel Lee trans. The Travels oflbn Battuta (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2004) P. 108.
142
Ross E. Dunn. The Adventures of Ibn Battuta (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989) P. 196.
143
Цит. no: Lee. P. 108-109.
144
Цит. по: Labib. P. 90.
145
Цит. по: Dunn. P. 191.
146
Цит. по: Rustichello. P. 204.
147
Цит. по: Dunn. P. 223.
148
Цит. по: Lee. P. 204-205.
149
С. Defremery and В. R. Sanguinetti. Voyages d'Ibn Battuta (Paris, 1970), 4. P. 282-283, quoted in Dunn. P. 258.
150
Цит. по: Lee. P. 209.
151
Цит. по: Rustichello. P. 204.
152
Lee, 216; and Dunn. P. 260.
153
Patricia Risso. Merchants of Faith (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1995). P. 19-20.
154
Pearson. P. 18.
155
Louise Levathes. When China Ruled the Seas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994) P. 42-43.
156
Цит. по: М. H. Moreland. «The Ships of the Arabian Sea around AD 1500». The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland (January 1939). P. 67.
157
Ibid. P. 68.
158
Ibid. P. 182-192.
159
William J. Bernstein. The Birth of Plenty (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004).
160
Ma Huan. Ying-Yai Sheng-Lan (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press for the Hakluyt Society, 1970) P. 6.
161
Joseph Needham. Science and Civilisation in China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971), IV:3:480-482.
162
Levathes. P. 73-74.
163
Цит. по: Ma Huan. P. 108-109.
164
Ibid. Р. 139.
165
Levathes. Р. 119, 140-141.
166
Ibid. Р. 186.
167
Ma Huan. Р. 6-7, 10-11.
168
Цит. по: The Suma Oriental of Tome Fires and The Book of Fransisco Rodrigues. 1:42.
169
Ibid. 1:41-42.
170
Ibid. 11:234.
171
Ibid. 11:234.
172
Abu-Lughod. P. 309.
173
Robert Sabatino Lopez. «European Merchants in the Medieval Indes: The Evidence of Commercial Documents». Journal of Economic History, 3 (November 1943). P. 165.
174
The Suma Oriental of Tome Fires and The Book of Francisco Rodriguez. 11:270.
175
Ibid. 11:253.
176
Ibid. 11:273-274.
177
Risso. P. 54.
178
С R. Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire (New York: Knopf, 1969) P. 45.
179
E. Ashtor. «Profits from Trade with the Levant in the Fifteenth Century». Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 38 (1975). P. 250-257. Цитаты см.: Стефан Цвейг. Магеллан. Пер. А. Кулишер.
180
Frederic С. Lane. «Venetian Shipping during the Commercial Revolution». The American Historical Review, 38:2 (January 1933). P. 228.
181
Abu-Lughod. P. 52-68.
182
Чосер Дж. Кентерберийские рассказы. Рассказ о сэре Томасе. Пер. И. Кашкина.
183
Andrew Dalby. Dangerous Tastes (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000) P. 16, 78.
184
Pliny, 12:30.
185
Joanna Hall Brierly. Spices (Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press, 1994) P. 4-8.
186
John Villiers. «Trade and Society in the Banda Islands in the Sixteenth Century». Modern Asian Studies, 15, no. 4 (1981). P. 738
187
Warmington. 227-228.
188
Цитируется по Dalby. P. 40.
189
Чжао Жугуа. Описание всего иноземного / Пер. с китайского Ульянов М. Ю. См. также: Geoffrey Hudson, «Medieval Trade of China» in D. S. Richards, ed., Islam and the Trade of Asia (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1970) P. 163.
190
Turner. P. 85, 92.
191
Ibn Khurdadhbih. Al-Masalik Wa'l Mamalik («Книга путей») in Arabic Classical Accounts of India and China (Shimla: Indian Insti tute of Advanced Study, 1989) P. 7. Henry Yule, ed. The Book of Mar co Polo (London: John Murray, 1921), ii: 272.
192
Жан де Жуанвиль, Жоффруа де Виллардуэн. История Крестовых походов. Гл. 9. Пер. Илана Е. Полоцка.
193
Ibid.
194
Howe. P. 33.
195
David Ayalon. The Mamluk Military Society (London: Variorum Reprints, 1979), IX:46.
196
Daniel Pipes. Slave Soldiers and Islam (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1981) P. 78.
197
Lynn White, Jr. Medieval Technology and Social Change (Ox ford: Clarendon, 1962) P. 10-25. Критику этого утверждения см.: P. H. Sawyer and R. H. Hilton, «Technical Determinism: The Stirrup and the Plough». Past and Present, 24 (April 1963). P. 90-100.
198
Andrew Ehrenkreutz. «Strategic Implications of the Slave Trade between Genoa and Mamluk Egypt in the Second Half of the Thirteenth Century». In A. L. Udovitch, ed. The Islamic Middle East, 700-1900 (Princeton, NJ: Darwin, 1981) P. 337.
199
David Ayalon. «The Circassians in the Mamluk Kingdom». Journal of the American Oriental Society, 69 (July — September 1949). P. 146.
200
David Ayalon. «Studies on the Structure of the Mamluk Army — I». Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, 15 (1953). P. 206-207.
201
Ayalon. «The Circassians in the Mamluk Kingdom». 146.
202
Pipes. P. 83.
203
Ibid. P. 83-84.
204
Ayalon. The Mamluk Military Society, Xb:6.
205
Ibid. Xb: 15.
206
Ibid. Xa: 197, 221.
207
Ehrenkreutz. P. 336.
208
Saunders. P. 165.
209
Ibid. P. 47, 49.
210
David Ayalon. The Mamluk Military Society, VIII:49.
211
Michael W. Dols. The Black Death in the Middle East (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1977) P. 21, 56-57.
212
Ehrenkreutz. P. 343.
213
Howe. P. 98-99.
214
S. D. Goitein. «New Light on the Beginnings of the Karim Merchants». Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 1 (August 1957). P. 182-183.
215
Labib. P. 84.
216
Ibid. P. 83.
217
Walter J Fischel. «The Spice Trade in Mamluk Egypt». Journal of Economic and Social History of the Orient 1 (August 1957). P. 161-173.
218
Ibid. P. 74-75.
219
Mark Wheelis, из личной переписки.
220
Wu, 289-291. См. также: Rosemary Horrox. The Black Death (Manchester, England: Manchester University Press, 1994) P. 5.
221
A. B. Christie et al. «Plague in camels and goats: their role in human epidemics». Journal of Infectious Disease, 141:6 (June 1980). P. 724-726.
222
Гиппократ. Эпидемии. Пер. В. И. Руднева.
223
Фукидид. История. II. Пер. Г. А. Стратановского.
224
J. F.Gilliam. «The Plague under Marcus Aurelius». The American Journal of Philology 82, no. 3 (July 1961). P. 225-251. См. также McNeill. P. 131.
225
Ibid. Р. 178-179.
226
Прокопий Кесарийский. Война с персами. Пер. А. Чекалова.
227
Там же.
228
Там же.
229
Там же.
230
Dols. P.21-27.
231
Josiah С. Russell. «That Earlier Plague». Demography 5, no. 1 (1968). P. 174-184.
232
McNeill. P. 147-148.
233
Ibid. P. 138-139,142.
234
Ibid. P. 173-176.
235
Horrox. Р. 17.
236
Ibid.
237
Mark Wheelis. «Biological warfare at the 1346 Siege of Kaffa». Emerg. Infect. Dis. [serial online] September 2002 [accsessed Decem ber 15, 2005]: 8. Available from URL: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/ EID/vol8no9/01 -0536.htm
238
Horrox. Р. 36.
239
Ibid. P. 39.
240
Allan Evans. Review of Genova marinara nel duecento: Bene detto Zaccaria, ammirglio e mercante. Speculum 11, no. 3 (July 1936). P. 417.
241
Марк Уилис, неопубликованный материал.
242
McNeill. P. 179, 182.
243
Horrox. P. 20.
244
Ibid. P. 9-13.
245
Ibid. P. 209-210.
246
Ibid. P. 13-18.
247
Frederic С Lane. Venice: A Maritime Republic (Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1973) P. 19; B. Z. Kedar. Merchants in Crisis (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1976) P. 5.
248
Dols. P. 58-59.
249
Horrox. P. 18.
250
Ibid. P. 25. Сведения о численности населения см.: Daron Ace-moglu et al. «Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions and the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution». Quarterly Journal of Economics, 117 (November 2002). P. 1231-1294.
251
Dols. P. 60.
252
Ibid. P. 65.
253
Ibid. P. 57.
254
David Neustadt (Ayalon), «The Plague and its Effects upon the Mamluk Army». Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (1946). P. 67-73.
255
Dols. P. 188.
256
Abu-Lughod. P. 236-239; Dols. P. 197, 265.
257
McNeill. Р. 130.
258
Ibn Khaldun, trans. Franz Rosenthal. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History (New York: Pantheon, 1958) P. 64.
259
Robert В. Serjeant. The Portuguese off the South Arabian Coast: Hadrami Chronicles (Oxford: Clarendon, 1963) P. 43.
260
Ehrenkreutz. P. 338-339.
261
Charles E. Nowell. «The Historical Prester John». Speculum, 28:3 (July 1953). P. 434-445.
262
Robert Silverberg. In the Realm of Prester John (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1972). P. 3-7, quote, 45.
263
Ibid. P. 43.
264
Ibid. P. 2.
265
Pearson. P.83.
266
Dana B. Durand. Review of Precursori di Colombo? Il tentativo di viaggio transoceanio dei genovesi fratelli Vivaldi nel 1291 by Alberto Magnaghi, Geographical Review, 26:3 (July 1936). P. 525-526.
267
Felipe Fernandez-Armesto. Columbus (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 191). P. 9.
268
J. H. Plumb, Introduction, in С R. Boxer, The Portuguese Sea borne Empire, P. xxxvi.
269
Silverberg. P. 194-195.
270
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. 28-29.
271
Howe. P. 105.
272
Samuel Eliot Morison. Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970). P. 24-26,41.
273
Ibid. P. 33-34, 64.
274
Сравнительный анализ историографии побудительных мотивов Колумба см. Cecil Jane. Select Documents Illustrating the Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus (London: Hakluyt Society, 1930). P. xiii-cl.
275
C. Varela, ed. Crisobal Colon: Textos у documentos completos (Madrid: 1984) P. 256, quoted in Fernandes-Armesto, 134.
276
Quoted in Fernandez-Armesto. P. 97.
277
Ibid. P. 54-108.
278
Zweig. P. 26.
279
Acemogluetal. P. 1231-1294.
280
A.R. Disney. Twilight of the Pepper Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978) P. 21.
281
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. 20-22.
282
Morison. P. 368-374.
283
M. N. Pearson. «India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century» in India and the Indian Ocean. P. 78.
284
Рутейру. Введение.
285
Там же. Река Добрых Знаков.
286
Там же. Мозамбик.
287
Там же.
288
Там же. Момбаса.
289
Там же. Малинди.
290
Sanjay Subrahmanyam, The Career and Legend of Vasco da Gama (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977). P. 121-128.
291
Рутейру. Каликут.
292
Там же.
293
Там же.
294
Там же.
295
Там же. Царь посылает за Диогу Диашем.
296
Там же. Через Аравийское море.
297
Earl J. Hamilton. «American Treasure and the Rise of Capitalism». Economica 27 (November 1929). P. 348.
298
Boxer, The Portuguese Seaborne Empire, 206.
299
William Brooks Greenlee, trans. The Voyage of Pedro Shares Cabral to Brazil and India (London: Hakluyt Society, 1938). P. xxiii- xxviii, 83-85.
300
Quoted in Subrahmanyam. P. 205.
301
Ibid. P. 214.
302
Ibid. P. 215.
303
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. xxiii.
304
Ibid. P. 227.
305
Genevieve Bouchon and Denys Lombard. «The Indian Ocean in the Fifteenth Century» in India and the Indian Ocean, ed. A. D. Gupta and M. N. Pearson (Calcutta: Oxford University Press, 1987). P. 55-56.
306
Quoted in Silverberg. P. 216.
307
Pearson. «India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century». P. 67-68.
308
Ibid. P. 87.
309
Quoted in Zweig. P. 52.
310
Zweig. P. 33-69.
311
Ibid. P. 192-240.
312
Pearson. «India and the Indian Ocean in the Sixteenth Century». P. 90.
313
Quoted in Frederic С. Lane. «The Mediterranean Spice Trade: Fur ther Evidence of Its Revival in the Sixteenth Century». American Historical Review, 45:3 (April 1940). P. 589.
314
Ibid. P. 587.
315
Frederic С Lane. «Venetian Shipping during the Commercial Revolution». P. 228-234.
316
Om Prakash. «European Commercial Enterprise in Precolonial Europe» in The New Cambridge History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 11:5, 45.
317
Ibid. P. 581, 287-588. Противоположную точку зрения см.: С. Н. Н. Wake. «The Changing Pattern of Europe's Pepper and Spice Imports, ca. 1400-1700». Journal of European Economic History. (Fall 1979). P. 361-403. Но даже Уэйк отмечает, что в XVI веке через Красное море и Венецию шел значительный поток пряностей.
318
М. N. Pearson. The New Cambridge History of India (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 1:1, 44.
319
Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. 59.
320
Charles R. Boxer. «A Note on Portuguese Reactions to the Revival of the Red Sea Spice Trade and the Rise of Atjeh, 1540-1600». Journal of Southeast Asian History 10 (1969). P. 420.
321
Ibid. P. 425.
322
Charles R. Boxer. The Great Ship from Amacon (Lisbon: Centro de Estudios Histyricos Ultramarinos, 1959). P. 1-2.
323
Ibid. P. 22.
324
Ibid. P. 15-16.
325
Ibid. P. 16-18.
326
M. N. Pearson. The New Cambridge History of India, 1:1. P. 37-39.
327
M. A. P. Meilink-Roelofsz, Asian Trade and European Influence in the Indonesian Archipelago Between 1500 and About 1630 (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1962). P. 144.
328
Ibid. P. 43.
329
Prakash. P. 54.
330
John Villiers. «Las Yslas de Esperar en Dios: The Jesuit Mission in Moro 1546-1571». Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 3 (1988, special issue). P. 597.
331
Paramita R. Abdurachman. «Niachile Pokaraga»: A Sad Story of a Moluccan Queen». Modern Asian Studies 22, no. 3 (1988, special issue). P. 589.
332
Andaya. P. 116-141.
333
Disney. P. 20-21.
334
Homer H. Dubs and Robert S. Smith. «Chinese in Mexico City in 1635». Far Eastern Quarterly 1, no. 4 (August 1942). P. 387.
335
Horace Stern. «The First Jewish Settlers in America: Their Strug gle for Religious Freedom», Jewish Quarterly Review 45, no. 4 (April 1955). P. 289, 292-293, цит. 293.
336
Philippa Scott. «The Book of Silk» (London: Thames and Hudson, 1993) P. 22, 24, 33.
337
J. H. Parry. Review of «Friar Andras de Urdaneta, O. S. A»., Hispanic American Historical Review 47, no.2 (May 1967). P. 262.
338
William Lytle Schurz. «Mexico, Peru, and the Manila Galleon», American Historical Review 1, no. 4 (November 1918). P. 390.
339
Ibid. P. 394-395.
340
Dubs and Smith. P. 387.
341
Ibid. P. 398.
342
Ibid. P. 391.
343
Ibid. P. 387
344
Потребление сахара — http://www.fao.org/documents/ show_cdr.asp?urlJile=/docrep/009/J7927e/j7927e07.htm. Население Евросоюза 457 миллионов — http://www.cia.gov/cia/publi cations/factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html; население США 299 миллионов — http://www.census.gov/population/www/popclo ckus.html. Средневековое европейское потребление — Henry Hobhouse. Seeds of Change (New York: Harper and Row, 1986). P. 44.
345
Norge W. Jerome, in James M. Weiffenbach, ed. Taste and Development: The Genesis of Sweet Preference, Washington D.C.: Natio nal Institutes of Health, 1974) P. 243.
346
Sidney W. Mintz Sweetness and Power, (New York: «Penguin», 1986)P.xxi,6.
347
Paul Hentzner— http://www.britania.com/history/docs/ hentzner.html
348
J. H. Galloway. The Mediterranean Sugar Industry, Geographical Review 67, no. 2 (April 1977) P. 182-188.
349
Mintz. P. 23.
350
Galloway. P. 180.
351
Alberto Vieria. «Sugar Islands» and «Introduction», in Stuart B. Schwartz, ed. Tropical Babylons (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004) P. 10, 62-73.
352
Jonathan I. Israel. Dutch Primacy in World Trade, 1585-1740 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1989) P. 161-168.
353
Stern. P. 289. Для более детального изучения вопроса см. Arnold Wiznitzer «The Exodus from Brazil and Arrival in New Am sterdam of the Jewish Pilgrim Fathers, 1654», Publication of the Ame rican Jewish Historical Society44, no. 1 (September 1954). P. 80-95.
354
J. E. Heeres. «Het Aandeel der Nederlanders in de Ontdekking van Australie, 1606-1765», Leiden: Boekhandel en Drukkerij Voorheen E. J. Brill, 1899. P. xii-xiv. Также см. Estensen. P. 126-127.
355
Ibid. P. 156-164. Более подробно о крушении «Батавии» см. Mike Dash. Batavias Graveyard (New York, Crown Publishers, 2002).
356
John J. McCusker. Money and Exchange in Europe and Ame rica 1600-1775 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1978). P. 7-8.
357
Kristof Glamann. Dutch-Asiatic Trade 1620-1740 ('s-Graven-hage, Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff, 1981). P. 64-65.
358
Jeremy N. Green. «The Wreck of the Dutch East Indiaman the Vergulde Draek, 1656», International Journal of Nautical Archaeo logy and Underwater Exploration 2, № 2 (1973). P. 272-274, 278- 279. Более подробно см. Miriam Estensen. Discovery, the Quest of the Great South Land (New York: St. Martin's, 1998). P. 193-194.
359
Donald Simpson. «The Treasure in the Vergulde Draek: A Sample of V. О. С Bullion Exports in the 17th Century», Great Circle 2, no. 1 (April 1980). P. 13.
360
Derek Wilson. The World Encompassed: Francis Drake and His Great Voyage (New York: Harper and Row, 1977). P. 60-63.
361
Marguerite Eyer Wilbur. The East India Company (Stanford University Press. 1945). P. 5-9.
362
Charles Boxer, The Dutch Seaborne Empire (New York: Penguin, 1988). P. 21.
363
Arthur Coke Burnell, ed. The Voyage of John Huyghen van Linschoten to the East Indies (New York: Burt Franklin, 1885). I: xxvi.
364
Ibid. P. 112.
365
John Bastin. «The Changing Balance of the Southeast Asian Pepper Trade», in M. N. Pearson, Spices in the Indian Ocean World (Aldershot: Variorum, 1996). P. 285.
366
Ibid. 25.
367
Ibid.
368
Michael Greenberg. British Trade and the Opening of China (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969). P. 2.
369
Wilbur. P. 18-24.
370
Charles Boxer. The Portuguese Seaborne Empire. P. 110.
371
Sidney Homer and Richard Sylla. A History of Interest Rates (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1996). P. 137-138.
372
Jan De Vries and Van Der Woude. The First Modern Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996). P. 137-138.
373
Israel. P. 21-22.
374
Ibid. P. 27.
375
Цит. по Т. S. Ashton. The Industrial Revolution, 1760-1830 (Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1967). P. 9.
376
Wilbur, 21. См. также Jonathan В. Baskin and Paul J. Miranti. A History of Corporate Finance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997). P. 75.
377
Meilink-Roelofsz. P. 195-196.
378
Vincent С Loth. «Armed Incidents and Unpaid Bills: Anglo-Dutch Rivalry in the Banda Islands in the Seventeenth Century». Modern Asi an Studies 29, no. 4 (October 1995). P. 707.
379
Meilink-Roelofsz. P. 193.
380
Boxer. The Dutch Seaborne Empire. P. 75.
381
Andaya. P. 152-155.
382
Israel. P. 185.
383
Boxer. The Dutch Seaborne Empire. P. 107.
384
Ibid. P. 164.
385
Loth. 705-740.
386
Niels Steensgaard. The Asian Trade Revolution of the Seven teenth Century (Chicago, University of Chicago Press, 1974). P. 345-397.
387
Meilink-Roelofsz. P. 222-225.
388
Boxer. The Dutch Seaborne Empire. P. 128.
389
Ibid. P. 265-267. Цит. по: С R. Boxer. Jan Compagnie in Japan, 1600-1850 (The Hague: Nijhoff, 1950). P. 90.
390
Israel. P. 172-175.
391
Ibid. P. 177.
392
Ibid. P. 91-92.
393
De Vries and Van Der Woude. P. 642-646; цит. 643.
394
Hobhouse. P. 105.
395
Glamann. P. 47-34.
396
Ibid. P. 108-111.
397
Israel. P. 199-202.
398
Ibid. P. 208-224, 262-269, 287.
399
Arthur Meier Schlesinger. «The Uprising Against the East India Company». Political Science Quarterly 32, no. 1 (March 1917). P. 60-79.
400
Ibid. P. 67-68.
401
Ibid. P. 69.
402
Ibid. P. 70.
403
Jean de La Roque. A voyage to Arabia foelix through the Eastern Ocean and the Streights of the Red Sea, being the first made by the French in the years 1708,1709 and 1710 (London: Printed for James Hodges, 1742). P. 296-297.
404
Ibid. P. 309.
405
Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1988). P. 22-26.
406
Ibid. P. 335.
407
Ibid. P. 313.
408
Ibid. P. 321, Hattox. P. 36-37.
409
La Roque. P. 336. См. также Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer, The World of Caffeine (New York: Routledge, 2001). P. 14.
410
Цит. по Weinberg and Bealer. P. 13.
411
Ibid. P. 15.
412
Цит. по Fernand Braudel. Capitalism and Material Life MOO- WOO (New York: Harper and Row, 1967). P. 184.
413
Ibid. P. 46.
414
David Liss. The Coffee Trader (New York: Random House, 2003). P. 15.
415
Douglass С. North and Barry R. Weingast. «Constitutions and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutional Governing Public Choice in Seventeenth-Century England», Journal of Academic History 49 (December 1989). P. 803-32.
416
Ibid. P. 200-201.
417
Ibid. P. 207-211.
418
Про голландского священника см.: Boxer. Jan Compagnie, p. 61. Цитата из: Braudel. P. 186.
419
Boxer. Jan Compagnie. P. 61-62.
420
Jonathan F. Wendel and Richard C. Cronin. «Polyploidity and the Evolutionary History of Cotton», Advances in Agronomy 78 (2003). P. 139-186.
421
Neil McKendrick, John Brewer, and J. H. Plumb. The Birth of a Consumer Society (London: Europa, 1982). P. 36-37.
422
Hobhouse, 144.
423
Audrey W. Douglas. «Cotton Textiles in England: The East India Company's Attempt to Exploit Developments in Fashion 1660-1727». Journal of British Studies 8, no. 2 (May 1969). P. 29.
424
Ibid. P. 30.
425
Defoe's Review (New York: Columbia University Press, 1938), no. 43 (January 6, 1712). P. 8.
426
Ibid. no. 11 (January 26, 1706). P. 3.
427
Douglas. P. 33.
428
Ramakrishna Mukherjee. The Rise and Fall of the East India Company (Berlin: VEB Deutsher Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1958). P. 226.
429
Ibid. P. 282.
430
Alfred С. Wood. A History of the Levant Company (London: Frank Cass, 1964). P. 1-11, 102-105.
431
Ibid. P. 103-104.
432
Ibid. P. 104.
433
Ibid. P. 104-105.
434
Цит. по: Douglas Irwin. Against the Tide (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996). P. 48.
435
Charles Davenant. Essay on the East-India-Trade (London: Printed for author, 1696). P. 22, 26, 32.
436
Henri Martyn. Considerations on the East India Trade (London: Printed for J. Roberts, 1701). P. 10, фоторепродукция в: J. R. McCul- louch. Early English Tracts on Commerce (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970). Есть сомнение в том, кому принадлежит авторство этого трактата. На титульном листе автор не указан, но большинство исследователей считают автором Мартина. См.: P. J. Thomas. Merchantilism and the East India Trade (London: Frank Cass, 1963). P. 171-173.
437
Ibid. P. 37.
438
Ibid. P. 32-33.
439
George L. Cherry. «The Development of the English Free-Trade Movement in Parliament, 1689-1702», Journal of Modern History 25, no. 2 (June 1953). P. 103-119.
440
Ibid. P. 110.
441
K. N. Chaudhuri. The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978). P. 294-295.
442
Цит по Thomas. P. 136.
443
Beverly Lemire. Fashion's Favourite (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991). P. 32.
444
Ibid. P. 145-146.
445
Ibid. P. 34-42, 160.
446
Т. К. Derry and Trevor I. Williams. A Short History of Technology (New York: Dover, 1993). P. 105-107, 558-561.
447
E. J. Hobsbawm. «The Machine Breakers», Past and Present 1 (February 1952). P. 57-70.
448
Lemire. P. 54.
449
McKendricketal. P. 34-39.
450
Hobhouse. P. 148-154.
451
С.R. Harler. The Culture and Marketing of Tea, 2nd ed. (London: Oxford University Press, 1958). P. 109, 225.
452
Chaudhuri. The Trading World of Asia and the English East India Company. P. 386.
453
James Walvin. Fruits of Empire (New York: New York University Press, 197). P. 16-19.
454
N. McKendrick. «Josiah Wedgwood: An Eighteen-Century Entrepreneur in Salesmanship and Marketing Techniques», Economic History Review 12, no. 3 (1960). P. 412-426.
455
Jonas Hanway цит. по: Walvin. P. 22.
456
Philip Curtin. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex. P. 83.
457
Richard S. Dunn. Sugar and Slaves (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1972). P. 7-21, 61, 64-65.
458
Richard Ligon. A True & Exact History of the Island Barbadoes (London: Peter Parker, 1673). P. 20-21.
459
Цит. по David Eltis. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). P. 201.
460
Ibid. P. 127, 201-202.
461
Ligon. P. 96.
462
Hugh Thomas. The slave Trade (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1999). P. 201-207.
463
Dunn. Р. 112-116.
464
Ibid. P. 73.
465
Расчет из Eltis, 50, таблица 2-2.
466
Philip Curtin. The Atlantic Slave Trade (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969). P. 69, 81.
467
Paul Bairoch. Economics and World History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). P. 146.
468
Curtin. The Rise and Fall of the Plantation Complex. P. 39-40.
469
David Brion Davis. Inhuman Bondage (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). P. 90-91.
470
Eltis. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas. P. 176.
471
Цит. по: Davis. Inhuman Bondage. P. 92.
472
Профессор Кертин опубликовал свои первые научные расчеты в 1967 году в ключевой работе «Атлантическая работорговля» («The Atlantic Slave Trade»). Основные его заключения подтвердил и уточнил профессор Элтис. См. The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas, «The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Tra de: A Reassessment». William and Mary Quarterly. 58, no. 1 (January 2001). P. 17-46, и David Eltis and David Richardson. «Prises of African Slaves Newly Arrived in the Americas, 1673-1865: New Evidence on Long-Run Trends and Regional Differentials», in David Eltis, ed. Slavery in the Development of the Americas (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004). P. 181-211.
473
Curtin, The Atlantic Slave Trade. P. 268. Более свежие и, на верное, более точные оценки трансатлантических перевозок рабов см. Eltis. «The Volume and Structure of the Transatlantic Slave Trade: A Reassessment». P. 17-46.
474
Davis. Inhuman Bondage. P. 80.
475
Ibid. P. 11-12,40-41.
476
Michael Tadman. «The Demodraphic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas», American Historical Review, 105, no. 5 (December 2000). P. 1556.
477
Ibid. P. 1554-1555, 1561.
478
Ibid. P. 1536.
479
Цит. по: Greenberg. P. 45.
480
Ibid. P. 78-79.
481
Jehangir R. P. Mody. Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy (Bombay: R.M.D.C. Press. 1959). P. 2-Й, 21-28.
482
Hsin-pao Chan. Comissioner Lin and the Opium War (New York, Norton, 1964). P. 121-122.
483
Цитируется по J. R.Ward. «The Industrial Revolution and British Imperialism, 1750-1850», Economic History Review 47, no 1 (Febru ary 1994). P. 47.
484
Смит А. Исследование о природе и причинах богатства народов. — М.: Эксмо, 2007. Гл. VIII.
485
Там же, гл. IX.
486
Anthony Webster. «The Political Economy of Trade Liberalization: The East India Company Charter Act of 1813», The Economic History Review 43, no. 3 (August 1990). P. 404-419.
487
Jack Beeching. The Chinese Opium Wars (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1975). P. 51.
488
W. Travis Hanes III. The Opium Wars (Naperville IL: Source books, 2002). P. 13-19.
489
Hsin-pao. P. 9-10.
490
Greenberg. P.86.
491
Ibid. P. 5.
492
Hsin-pao. P. 4.
493
Greenberg. P. 6, 8.
494
Carl Trocki. Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy (London: Routledge, 1999). P. 6, 14-21.
495
Hsin-pao. P. 16-17.
496
Trocki. P. 34.
497
Paul Johnson. The Birth of the Modern (New York: Harper Collins, 1991). P. 761-774; Hsin-pao, 95-96.
498
Greenberg. P. 110.
499
Robert Blake. Sardine Matheson (London: Wieldfield &Nicholson, 1999). P. 44-45.
500
Сомерсет Моэм. «На китайской ширме». М., 2002.
501
R.K. Newman. «Opium Smoking in Late Imperial China: A Recon sideration», Modern Asian Studies 24, no. 4 (October 1995); 784.
502
Hsin-pao. P. 85-91.
503
Greenberg. P. 22-28.
504
Ibid. P. 96-97.
505
Greenberg. P. 36-41, 136-139.
506
Blake. P. 46.
507
Trocki. Р. 103.
508
Basil Lubbock. The Opium Clippers (Glasgow: Brown, Son, and Ferguson, 1933). P. 72-77.
509
Trocki. P. 106.
510
Неизвестный корреспондент XIX века, цит. «Behind the Mask», Economist, March 18, 2004.
511
Greenberg. P. 13.
512
Ibid. P. 112-113, 142.
513
Hsin-pao. P. 51-61.
514
Ibid. P. 62.
515
Ibid. P. 189-203. См. также Hanes. P. 66-83.
516
Edward Le Fevour. Western Enterprise in Late Ching China (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1968). P. 13.
517
Trocki. P. 110-115.
518
Джавахарлал Неру. Открытие Индии. М., 1955 г.
519
Colin Simmons. «De-industrialization, Industrialization, and the Indian Economy, c. 185-1947», Modern Asia Studies 19, no. 3 (April 1985). P. 600.
520
B. R. Tomlinson. «The Economy of Modern India», The New Cambridge History of India, vol. 3, 3. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993). P. 102.
521
Morris D. Morris. «Towards a Reinterpretation of Nineteenth Century Indian Economic History», Journal of Economic History 23, no. 4 (December 1963). P. 613.
522
См., напр., Morris; Tomlinson; and Tirthankar Roy. «Economic History and Modern India: Redefinding the Link», Journal of Economic Perspectives 16, no. 3 (Summer 2002). P. 19-130.
523
Paul Bairoch. «European Trade Policy, 1815-1914», in Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds. The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). P. VIII: 109.
524
Jeffrey Williamson. «De-Industrialization and Underdevelopment: A Comparative Assessment around Periphery 1750-1939» (December 2004). P. 15.
525
Расчеты из: Donald Grove Barnes. A History of the English Corn Laws (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1961). P. 295-296.
526
Интерполировано из: Maddison. The World Economy, 95.
527
Ibid. P. 299-300; and S. Fairlie. «The Corn Laws Reconsidered», Economic History Review 18, no. 3 (1965). P. 563.
528
Barnes. P. 72-73.
529
Ibid. P. 5-89.
530
David Weatherall. David Ricardo, A Biography (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1976). P. 1-3.
531
Ibid. P. 38-39; P. 69-71.
532
David Ricardo. Principles of Political Economy and Taxation (London: Dutton, 1911). P. 77-93, цит. 77.
533
Barnes. Р. 133-135, 177-179.
534
Weatherall. Р. 101-106, 135-137.
535
Joyce Marlow. ThePeterloo Massacre (London: Panther, 1969). P. 53-54.
536
Wendy Hinde. Richard Cobden (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987). P. 1-2.
537
Richard Cobden. England, Ireland and America (Philadelphia: Institute for the Study of Human Issues, 1980). P. 94.
538
Ibid. P. 29.
539
Norman McCord. The Anti-Corn League (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1958). P. 34-36.
540
Johnson. P. 167.
541
Hinde. P. 50-52, цит. 51.
542
Ibid. P. 52.
543
Barnes. P. 254.
544
Henry Donaldson Jordan. «The Political Methods of the Anti-Corn Law League». Political Science Quarterly 42, no. 1 (March 1972). P. 66.
545
G. Kitson Clark. «The Repeal of the Corn Laws and the Politics of the Forties». The Economic History Review 4, no. 1 (1951). P. 5.
546
Jordan. P. 69-73.
547
Fay. Р. 105.
548
Цит. Hinde. Р. 147.
549
Lord Ernie. English Farming (Chicago: Quadrangle, 1961). P. 274.
550
Fay. P. 98; см. также Fairlie. P. 571.
551
Barnes. P. 274-276. См. также Michael Lusztig. «Solving Peel's Puzzle: Repeal of the Corn Laws and Institutional Preservation», Comparative Politics 27, no. 4 (July 1995). P. 400-401.
552
Hinde. P. 103-104, 135-168.
553
Jeffrey G. Williamson. «The Impact of the Corn Laws Just Prior to Repeal», Explorations in Economic History 27 (1990). P. 127-129.
554
J. A. Hobson. Richard Cobden, the International Man (London: Earnest Benn, 1968). P..248.
555
John Morley. The Life of Richard Cobden (London: T. Fisher Unwin, 1903). P. 721.
556
Charles Kindleberger. «The Rise of Free Trade in Western Europe, 1820-1875», Journal of Economic History 31 no. 1 (March 1975). P. 37-38.
557
Цит. Bairoch. P. 29-30.
558
Morley. 751.
559
Bairoch. «European trade policy, 1815-1914». P. 39-45.
560
Fay. P. 106: Barnes. P. 291.
561
Милль Джон Стюарт. Основания политической экономии. Киев; Харьков, 1860.
562
Конрад Джозеф. Зеркало морей. М.: Географиздат, 1958.
563
Herbert V. Young. They Came to Jerome (Jerome, AZ: Jerome Historical Society, 1972). P. 17.
564
Из личной беседы с Рональдом Рупом; Ronald Prain. Copper (London: Mining Journal Books, 1975). P. 17-18, 21-22.
565
W. O. Henderson. Friedrich List (London: Frank Cass, 1983). P. 68-75, 143-182.
566
John G. Van Deusen. «Economic Bases of Disunion in South Caro lina» (Ph. D. thesis, Columbia University, 1928). P. 182-183.
567
F. W. Taussig. The Tariff History of the United States (New York: Capricorn, 1964). P. 68-110. См. также Donald J. Ratcliffe. «The Nullification Crisis, Southern Discontent, and the American Political Process», American Nineteenth Century History 1, no. 2 (Summer 2000). P. 3-5.
568
William W. Freehling. The Road to Disunion (Oxford: Oxford University Press), 1:256.
569
Richard B. Latner. «The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion». Journal of Southern History 43, no. 1 (February 1977). P. 21.
570
Richard E. Ellis. The Union at Risk (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987). P. 46.
571
Ibid. P. 23, 33.
572
Ellis. P. 158-177.
573
Ratckiff. P. 8, 22-23.
574
Reonhard H. Luthin. «Abraham Lincoln and the Tariff», The American Historical Review 49, no. 4 (July 1944). P. 612, 622.
575
Lyon G. Tyler. «The South and Self-Determination». Willem and Mary Collage Quarterly Historical Magazine 27, no. 4 (April 1919). P. 224.
576
John L. Conger. «South Carolina and the Early Tariffs». The Mississippi Valley Historical Review 5, no. 4 (March 1919). P. 431-433.
577
Freehling. P. 272.
578
Natchez Free Trader. November 27, 1860, цитата по P. L. Rain water, «Economic Benefits of Secession: Opinions in Mississippi in the 1850s». The Journal of Southern History 1, no. 4 (November 1935). P. 47-471.
579
Пересчитано по Paul Bairoch. «European Trade Policy, 1815— 1914». 56, по коэффициенту пересчета инфляции 1,75 на 2007/ 1988.
580
F. Dabiel Larkin. «Erie Canal Freight». New York State Aechives Time Machine, http://www.archives.nysed.gov/prokects/erieca nal/ErieEssey/ecf.html, accessed February 12, 2007.
581
David Landes. The Unbound Prometheus (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1966). P. 251-259; и W. T. Jeans, The Creation of the Age of Steel (New York: Scribner, 1884). P. 29.
582
Charles K. Harley. «The Shift from Sailing Ships to Steamships, 1850-1890: A Study in Technological Change and Its Diffusion»: in Donald N. McCloskey, ed., Essay on a Mature Economy (Princeton University Press, 1971). P. 215-225.
583
Gerald S. Graham. «The Ascendancy of the Sailing Ship 1850- 1885». Economic History Reviw 9, no. 1 (1956). P. 79.
584
Juan E. Oribe Stemper. «Freight Rates in the Trade between Europe and Soucth America, 1840-1914». Journal of Latin American Stu dies 21, no. 1 (February 1989). P. 44.
585
Экстраполировано из таблицы IV, Lewis R. Fisher and Helge W. Nordvik. «Maritime Transport and the Integration of the North Atlantic Economy, 1850-1914»; in Wolfram Fisher et al., eds. The Emergence of a World Economy 1500-1914 (Wiesbaden, Commissioned by Franz Steiner Verlag, 1986), 11:531.
586
Harley. P. 221-225.
587
Bairoch Paul. Economics and world History (Chikago: University of Chicago Press, 1993). P. 56.
588
Robert W. Filante. «A Note on the Economic Viability of the Erie Canal, 1825-1860, Business History Review 48, no. 1 (Spring 1974). P. 100.
589
George G. Tunnel. «The Diversion of the Flour and Grain Traffic from the Great Lakes to the Railroads». Journal of Political Economy 5, no. 3 (June 1897). P. 340-361.
590
Gavin Weightman. The Frozen Water Trade (New York: Hy perion, 2003). P. 7, 71, 105-109, 127-143. Более подробное описание изобретения Вита и подсобных инструментов для колки льда см. Oscar Edward Anderson Jr. Refrigeration in America (Princeton: Princeton University Press for the University of Cincinnati, 1953). P. 13-35.
591
Topo Генри Д. Уолден, или Жизнь в лесу. М.: «Наука», 1979.
592
Weightman. Р. 163,207.
593
Anderson, 21-22, 50-52.
594
John H. White. The Great Yellow Fleet (San Marino, CA: Golden West, 1986). P. 11-13.
595
Weightman. P. 163,207.
596
James Troubridge Critchell and Joseph Raymond. A History of the Frozen Meat Trade, 2nd ed. (London: Constable, 1912). P. 25.
597
Critchell and Raymond. P. 3,9,26-29. Подробнее об относительном преимуществе охлажденного и замороженного мяса см. Richard Perren, «The North American Beef and Cattle Trade with Great Britain, 1870-1914», Economic History Review 24, no. 3 (August 1917). P. 430-434.
598
«Coal Ammonia for Refrigeration», Scientific American LXIV (1891). P. 241.
599
Larry Туе. The Father of Spin (NewYork: Crown, 1998).P. 51-52.
600
Fisher and Nordvik. 11:526.
601
Max Fletcher. «The Suez Canal and World Shipping, 1869- 1914», Journal of Economic History 18, no. 4 (December 1958). P. 556-573.
602
Cordell Hull. International Trade and Domestic Prosperity (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1934). P. 5.
603
Joseph M. Jones Jr. Tariff Retaliation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1934). P. 74.
604
Ibid. P. 1931.
605
С. Knick Harley. «Transportation, the World Wheat Trade, and the Kuznets Cycle, 1850-1913». Explorations in Economic History 17, no. 3 (July 1980). P. 223, 246-247.
606
C. P. Kindleberger. «Group Behavior and International Trade», Journal of Political Economy 59, no. 1 (February 1951). P. 31.
607
Kevin O'Rourke and Jefferey G. Williamson. «The Late Nineteenth Century Anglo-American Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Oh- lin Right?» Journal of Economic History 54, no. 4 (December 1994). P. 900.
608
A. J. H. Latham and Larry Neal. «The International Market in Rice and Wheat, 1868-1914», Economic History Review 36, no. 2 (May 1983). P. 260-280.
609
Bertil Ohlin. Interregional and International Trade (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957). P. 35-50; Eli Heckscher. «The Effect of Foreign Trade on the Distribution of Income», in Readings in the Theory of International Trade (Homewood IL: Irwin, 1950). P. 272- 300. Наиболее краткую формулировку их теоремы см.: Ohlin. P. 35; Heckscher. P. 287.
610
O'Rourke and Williamson. «Late Nineteenth Century Anglo-American Price Convergence: Were Heckscher and Ohlin Right?». P. 894-895, 908.
611
Jefferey G. Williamson. «The Evolution of Global Labor Markets since 1830: Background Evidence and Hypotheses», Explorations in Economic History 32 (1995). P. 141-196; Kevin O'Rourke and Jefferey G. Williamson. Globalization and History (Cambridge: MIT Press, 1999). P. 286.
612
Wolfgang F. Stolper and Paul Samuelson. «Protection and Real Wages», Review of Economic Studies 9, no. 1 (November 1941). P. 58-73.
613
Eugene Owen Golob. TheMeline Tariff (New York: AMS, 1968). P. 22-23, 78-79; Angus Maddison. The World Economy. P. 95.
614
Golob. P. 83-85, 189-190.
615
Ibid. 245.
616
Kindleberger. «Group Behavior and International Trade». P. 32-33.
617
Douglas A. Irwin. «The Political Economy of Free Trade: Voting in the British General Election of 1906». Journal of Law and Economics 37, no. 1 (April 1994). P. 75-108.
618
Einar Jensen. Danish Agriculture (Copenhagen: J. H. Schultz Forlag, 1937). P. 251,315-334; Harald Faber. Co-operation in Danish Agriculture (New York: Longmans, Green, 1937). P. 31-70,105-106; Henry С Taylor and Anne Dewees Taylor. World Trade in Agricultu ral Products (New York: Macmillan, 1943). P. 179; Alexander Gerschenkron. Bread and Democracy in Germany (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1989). P. 39.
619
Gerschenkron. P. 42.
620
Gerschenkron. P. 3-80.
621
Рассчитано из данных W. W. Rostow. The World Economy (Aus tin: University of Texas, 1978). P. 669; and Maddison. 361, 362.
622
Carolyn Rhodes. Reciprocity, U. S. Trade Policy, and the GATT Regime (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993). P. 23-45.
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http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/hh31.html от 7 марта 2007 года.
624
Coleen M. Callahan et al. «Who Voted for Smoot—Hawley?» Journal of Economic History 54, no. 3 (September 1994). P. 683-684.
625
Charles P. Kindleberger. «Commercial Policy between the Wars», in Peter Mathias and Sidney Pollard, eds., The Cambridge Economic History of Europe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), VIII: 170-171.
626
Jones. Tariff Retaliation. P. 40, 76-82, 105-109.
627
Cordell Hull. The Memoirs of Cordell Hull (New York: Macmillan, 1948), 1:364-365.
628
Hull. International Trade and Domestic Prosperity. P. 2.
629
Maddison, The World Economy, 363; and Monitoring the World Economy (Paris: OECD, 1995). P. 182-183, 196.
630
Напр. см. Giorgio Basevi. «The Restrictive Effect of the U. S. Tariff and its Welfare Value». American Economic Review 58, no. 4 (September 1968). P. 851.
631
Duoglas A. Irwin. «The Smoot-Howley Tariff: A Quantitative Assessment», Review of Economics and Statistics 80, № 2 (May 1998). P. 326-334; Jakob B. Madsen. «Trade Barriers and the Collapse of World trade during the Great Depression», Southern Economic Journal 64, № 4 (April 2001). P. 848-868.
632
John Stuart Mill. Principles of Political Economy, 389-390.
633
J. B. Condliffe. The Reconstruction of World Trade (New York: Norton, 1940). P. 394.
634
Albert O. Hirschman. National Power and the Structure of Foreign Trade (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1980). P. 72-73.
635
Ibid. P. 1.
636
Clair Wilcox. A Charter for World Trade (New York: Macmillan, 1949). P. 24. Про историю создания «Предложений» см.: Wilcox. P. 21-24 and 38-40.
637
Rhodes. P. 46-77.
638
Т. N. Srinivasan. Developing Countries and the Multilateral Tra ding System (Boulder, CO: Westview, 1998). P. 9-11; John H. Jackson. The World Trading System, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1997). P. 36-38. Книга Джексона рассматривается большинством ученых как «стандартный» англоязычный текст о законодательном и ведомственном основании современной торговой системы.
639
Олсон М. Логика коллективных действий: Общественные блага и теория групп. М.: Издательство ФЭИ, 1995.
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Bairoch. Economics and World History. P. 26.
641
Harley. «Ocean Freight Rates and Productivity. 1740-1913: The Primacy of Mechanical Invention Reaffirmed». P. 861.
642
Соединенные Штаты Америки: Конституция и законодательство. Пер. В. Лафитского.
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Marc Levinson. The Box (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2006). P. 7-53; Marc Rosenstein. «The Rise of Containerization in the Port of Oakland», New York University master's thesis, 2000, 23-31, http://www.apparent-wind.com/mbr/maritime-writings/thesis. pdf. Оба источника интересны и хорошо написаны. Из них диссертация Розенстайна более взвешенна, удобна для чтения и доступна.
644
Rogowski P. 100-101; цит.: 121.
645
Т. N. Srinivasan. «Developing Countries in the World Trading System: From GATT, 1947, to the Third Ministerial Meeting of WTO, 1999». World Economy 22, no. 8 (1999). P. 1052.
646
Jane Mayer and Jose de Cordoba. «Sweet Life: First Family of Su gar is Tough on Workers, Generous to Politicians». The Wall Street Journal (July 29, 1991), Al.
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«Sugar Program: Supporting Sugar Prices Has Increased Users' Costs While Benefiting Producers», General Accounting Office GAO/ RCED-00-126 (June 2000).
648
Timothy P. Carney. The Big Ripoff (New York: Wiley, 2006). P. 56-61.
649
Mary Anastasia O'Grady. «Americas: Clinton's Sugar Daddy Ga mes Now Threaten NAFTA's Future», The Wall Street Journal (De cember 20, 2002). Al 5.
650
Scott Miller and Marc Champion. «At WTO Talks, Stances Are Hardening», The Wall Street Journal (January 27,2006), A7; Scott Kil- man and Roger Thurow. «Politics and Economics, U.S. Farm-Subsidy Cuts a Long Shot as Doha Falters», The Wall Street Journal (July 26, 2006), A 10; Bernard K. Gordon. «Doha Aground», The Wall Street Journal (May 26, 2006), A 14.
651
United States Department of Agriculture, «Food Spending in Rela tion to Income». Food Cost Review, 1950-1997, http://www.ers. usda.gov/Publications/AER780/; Food Remains a Bargain for Oregon and U.S. Consumers». Oregon Department of Agriculture.
652
Stolper and Samuelson. P. 73.
653
Norm Stamper. «A Good Cop Wasted», excerpted in Seattle Weekly (June 1,2005).
654
http://www.coldwar.ru/bases/carter_doctrine.php
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«The Tanker War, 1984-1987». from Iraq, Library of Congress Studies, http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/rpfrd/cstdy:@field (DOCID+iq0105).
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Yuksel Inan. «The Current Regime of the Turkish Straits». Perceptions: Journal of International Affairs 6, no. 1 (March —May 2001) по ссылке: http://www.sam.gov.tr/perceptions/Volume6/ March-May2001 /inan06.PDF
657
См. Rodrigue, см. также Donna J. Nincic. «Sea Lane Security and U.S. Maritime Trade: Chokepoints as Scarce Resources», in Sam J. Tangredi, ed. Globalization and Maritime Power (Washington, DC: National Defence University Press, 2002). P. 143-169.
658
Jessie C. Carman. «Economic and Strategic Implications of Ice-Free Arctic Seas», in Globalization and Maritime Power 171-188.
659
Patrick J. Buchanan. The Great Betrayal (Boston: Little, Brown, 1998). P. 224.
660
Bairoch, Economics and World History, 47-55, 135-138.
661
Mark Bils. «Tariff Protection and Production in the U.S. Cotton Textile Industry». The Journal of Economic History, 44, no. 4 (Decem ber 1984). P. 1041, 1045.
662
Kevin O'Rourke. «Tariffs and Growth in the Late 19th Century». The Economic Journal 110 (April 2000). P. 456-683; quote, 473. Работы Рурка и Билза представляют целый пласт литературы.
663
Kitson and Solomu. 102.
664
J. Bradford DeLong. «Trade Policy and America's Standard of Living: An Historical Perspective». Рабочие материалы 1995.
665
Edward F. Denison. Why Growth Rates Differ (Washington DC: Brookings Institution, 1967). P. 260-263.
666
Jeffrey D. Sachs and Andrew Warner. «Economic Reform and the Process of Global Integration». Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1995, no. 1 (1995). P. 41.
667
Maddison. The World Economy. P. 363.
668
Denison. P. 262.
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Steven Pinker. «A History of Violence». New Republic (March 19, 2007); World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/whr/ 2004/annex/topic/en/annex_2_en.pdf
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United States Census Bureau. «Historical Income Tables — People».
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Henry S. Farber. «What do we know about job loss in the United States? Evidence from the Displaced Workers Survey, 1984-2004». Working paper, 2006. См. также Peter Gottschalk et al. «The Growth of Earnings Instability in the U.S. Labor Market». Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1994 no. 2 (1994). P. 217-272. Про общее положение с расхождением зарплат и ненадежности рабочего места в США см. Jacob Hacker. The Great Risk Shift (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006). См. также Jackie Calmes. «Despite Buoyant Economic Times, Americans Don't Buy Free Trade». The Wall Street Journal (December 10, 1998), A10.
672
Susan Chun Zhu and Daniel Tefler. «Trade and inequality in developing countries: a general equilibrium analysis» Journal of Inter national Economics 65 (2005). P. 21-48.
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Katheryn Gigler. Personal Communication. См. также «Secrets, Lies, and Sweatshops». Busyness Week (November 27, 2006).
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Ashley S. Timmer and Jeffrey G Williamson. «Immigraton Policy Prior to the 1930s: Labor Markets, Policy Interactions, and Globalization Backlash». Population and Development Review 21, no. 4 (De cember 1998). P. 739-771.
675
Human Development Report, 2006 (New York: United Nations, 2006). P. 335-338.
676
Alberto Alesina and Roberto Perotti. «Income Distribution, political Instability, and investment». European Economic Review 40 (1996). P. 1203-1228.
677
Geoffrey Garrett. «Global Markets and National Politics: Collision Course or Virtuous Cycle?» International Organization 52, no. 4 (Autumn, 1998). P. 798.
678
Cm. Michael Kremer. «The O-Ring Theory of Economic Development». The Quarterly Journal of Economics 108 no. 3 (August 1993). P. 551-575.
679
См. Adrian Wood and Cristybal Ridao-Cano. «Skill, Trade, and In ternational Inequality, working paper; and Paul Krugman, «Growing World Trade: Causes and Consequences». Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1995, no. 1 (1995). P. 327-377. Прекрасное резюме этих противоречивых данных см. Ethan В. Kapstein. «Review: Winners and Losers in the Global Economy». International Organization 54, no. 2 (Spring 2000). P. 359-384.
680
Личная беседа с Дэниелом Трефлером. См. также Daniel Trefler. «The Long and Short of the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement». American Economic Review 94, no. 4 (September 2004). P. 888.
681
Westminster Review (April 1825). P. 400-401. Эта статья не подписана. Авторство Милля установлено в статье: Frank W. Fetter. «Economic Articles in the Westminster Review and Their Authors, 1824-1851, The Journal of Political Economy 70, no. 6 (December 1962). P. 584.
682
Джагдиш Бхагвати. В защиту глобализации. Пер. В. Иноземцев. «Ладомир», 2005 г.
683
Там же.
684
Daniel Trefler. «Trade Liberalization and the Theory of Endogenous Protection: An Econometric Study of U.S. Import Policy». Journal of Political Economy 101, no. 1 (February 1993). P. 157.
685
Dani Rodrik. Has Globalization Gone Too Far? (Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics, 1997). P. 5-7.
686
Ibid. P. 79.
687
Paul Samuelson. «Where Ricardo and Mill Rebut and Confirm Arguments of Mainstream Economists Supporting Globalization». The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18, no. 3 (Summer 2004). P. 137. Прекрасное радиоинтервью с профессором «Самуэльсоном на эту тему см. http://www.onpointradio.org/shows/2004/09/2004 0927_b_main.asp
Как и следовало ожидать, эта статья Самуэльсона вызвала много споров среди экономистов, и не все они признают корректность и точность такой модели. Наиболее основательную критику см.: Jagdish Bhagwati et al. «The Middle over Outsourcing». Economic Perspectives 18, no. 4 (Fall 2004). P. 93-114.
688
Samuelson. P. 142.
689
Rodrik. P. 54.
690
The Oxford Dictionary of Quotes, 3ed Ed. (Oxford University Press, 1979). P. 150.