, trans. R. Gardner, Loeb Classical Library 447 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1958), p. 665.
3. Plutarch, Lives, vol. 7, trans. Bernadotte Perrin, Loeb Classical Library 99 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1919), p. 589.
4. Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, vol. 1, trans. K.R. Bradley, Loeb Classical Library 31 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914), p. 141.
3. «Мира владыки»: Римская империя
1. Lives of the Caesars, p. 193.
2. Речь приводится в Tacitus, Annals, Book 11, trans. John Jackson, Loeb Classical Library 312 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1937), pp. 285–291.
3. Цитируется по Aude Chatelard, ‘Women as Legal Minors and Their Citizenship in Republican Rome’, trans. Anne Stevens, Clio: Women, Gender, History, no. 43 (2016), p. 24.
4. Werner Riess, ‘Rari Exempli Femina: Female Virtues on Roman Funerary Inscriptions’, in Sharon L. James and Sheila Dillon, eds., A Companion to Women in the Ancient World (Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2012), p. 493.
5. Appian, Roman History, vol. 5, ed. and trans. Brian McGing, Loeb Classical Library 543 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2020), pp. 245–247.
6. Tacitus, Annals, p. 281.
7. Tacitus, Annals, p. 283.
8. Описания казней у Тацита: Annals, p. 285.
9. Suetonius, Lives of the Caesars, vol. II, trans. J.C. Rolfe, Loeb Classical Library 38 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914), p. 171.
4. «От царства золота до царства железа и ражвчины»: закат и падение империи
1. Tacitus, Agricola. Germania. Dialogue on Oratory, trans. M. Hutton and W. Peterson, revised by R.M. Ogilvie, E.H. Warmington and Michael Winterbottom, Loeb Classical Library 35 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1914), p. 81.
2. Pliny the Younger, Letters, Volume II: Books 8–10. Panegyricus, p. 325.
3. H.M.D. Parker, A History of the Roman World from A.D. 138 to 337 (London: Methuen, 1935), p. 20.
4. Dio Cassius, Roman History, trans. Earnest Cary, Loeb Classical Library 177 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1927), p. 69.
5. Alexander Demandt, Der Fall Roms: Die Auflösung der Römischen Reiches im Urteil der Nachwelt (Munich: C.H. Beck, 1984).
6. Augustus J.C. Hare, Walks in Rome (London: George Allen, 1893), vol. 1, p. 235.
7. Tenney Frank, ‘Race Mixture in the Roman Empire’, The American Historical Review, vol. 21 (July 1916), p. 690.
8. ‘Satire 13’, l. 30, in Juvenal and Persius, ed. and trans. Susanna Morton Braund, Loeb Classical Library 91 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004).
9. См. сайт https//pharso.vassarspaces.net; интересная дискуссия на тему множества обсуждаемых вопросов: Jamie Mackay, ‘The Whitewashing of Rome’, Aeon, 25 June 2021, available online.
10. Carl-Johan Dalgaard et al., ‘Roman Roads to Prosperity: Persistence and Non-Persistence of Public Infrastructure’, in Journal of Comparative Economics, vol. 50 (December 2022), pp. 896–916.
5. Готы, лангобарды, франки, сарацины и норманны: Италия под «варварами»
1. См. Peter Heather, The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006); и Bryan Ward-Perkins, The Fall of Rome and the End of Civilization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
2. Цитируется по Jonathan J. Arnold, Theoderic and the Roman Imperial Restoration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014), p. 1.
3. Между первым и пятым веками население Европы могло сократиться с 33 до 18 миллионов человек: Alexander B. Murphy et al., The European Culture Area: A Systematic Geography (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2009), p. 72. О депопуляции Рима см. Gino Luzzatto, An Economic History of Italy from the Fall of the Roman Empire to the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century, trans. Philip Jones (London: Routledge, 1961), p. 48.
4. Оценки сильно разнятся, один ученый даже приводит цифру 300 000: Gabriella Piccinni, I Mille Anni del Medioevo (Milano: Mondadori), p. 44.
5. Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages, trans. Annie Hamilton, vol. 2 (London: George Bell, 1894), p. 17.
6. Цитируется по Francesco Cognasso, ‘Carlomagno, Re dei Franchi e dei Longobardi, Imperatore Romano’, Enciclopedia Italiana (1931), online edition; my translation.
7. David J. Hay, The Military Leadership of Matilda of Canossa (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2008), p. 40.
8. См. Giuseppe Perta, ‘Fragile Borders beyond the Strait: Saracen Raids on the Italian Peninsula (8th–11th century A.D.)’, in Giuseppe d’Angelo and Jorge Martins Ribeiro, eds., Borders and Conflicts in the Mediterranean Basin (Fisciano, IT: ICSR Mediterranean Knowledge), p. 150; my translation. О том, что Савдан происходил, возможно, из африканской страны к югу от Сахары: Alex Metcalfe, The Muslims of Medieval Italy (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2009), p. 21.
9. Amatus of Montecassino, The History of the Normans, trans. Prescott N. Dunbar (Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2004), pp. 50–1.
10. The Alexiad of the Princess Anna Comnena, trans. Elizabeth A.S. Dawes (London: Kegan, Paul, Trench & Trübner, 1928), p. 27.
6. «Все города Италии»: Средние века
1. The Itinerary of Benjamin of Tudela, ed. M.N. Adler (London: Henry Frowde, 1907), p. 5.
2. Об этой статистике: Daniel Waley, The Italian City-Republics (London: Longman, 1978), p. xvii.
3. Michele Renee Salzman, Crises, Resilience and Resurgence in Late Antiquity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2021), p. 158.
4. Michelet, La Sorcière (Paris, 1862), p. 110.
5. Pierre Toubert, Les Structures du Latium Médiéval (Rome: École Français de Rome, 1973).
6. Werner Rösener, Peasants in the Middle Ages, trans. Alexander Stützer (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1992), pp. 43, 117.
7. E.A. Weiss, Spice Crops (Abingdon, Oxon: CABI Publishing, 2002), p. 156.
8. Lauro Martines, Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1979), p. 34.
9. Dante, ‘Purgatorio’, VI, ll. 107–108, in The Divine Comedy, trans. C.H. Sisson (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993).
10. Dante, ‘Purgatorio’, VI, ll. 124–125.
11. The Opus Major of Roger Bacon, trans. Robert Belle Burke (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1928), vol. 1, p. 233.
12. Mornings in Florence, in The Complete Works of John Ruskin, LLD (Philadelphia: Reuwee, Wattley & Walsh, 1891), vol. 14, p. 36.
13. Millard Meiss, Painting in Florence and Siena after the Black Death (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1951).
14. Edwin S. Hunt, The Medieval Super-Companies: A Study of the Peruzzi Company of Florence (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994).
15. Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978).
7. Итальянский золотой век: Ренессанс
1. Marsilio Ficino, Opera Omnia (Turin: Bottega d’Erasmo, 1959), p. 944.
2. Robert S. Lopez, ‘Hard Times and Investment in Culture’, in The Renaissance: A Symposium (New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 1953), pp. 19–34.
3. David Herlihy and Christiane Klapisch-Zuber, Tuscans and Their Families: A Study of the Florentine Catasto of 1427 (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985).
4. Richard A. Goldthwaite, The Building of Renaissance Florence: An Economic and Social History (Baltimore and London: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980).
5. Hans Baron, The Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance: Civic Humanism and Republican Liberty in an Age of Classicism and Tyranny, 2 vols. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1955).
6. Frederick Hartt, ‘Art and Freedom in Quattrocento Florence’, in ed. Lucy F. Sandler, Essays in Memory of Karl Lehmann (Locust Valley, NY: New York University Institute of Fine Arts, 1964), pp. 114–131.
7. Giorgio Vasari, Lives of the Artists, trans. George Bull (London: Penguin, 1965), vol. 1, p. 175.
8. Niccolò Machiavelli, The Prince, trans. Peter Bondanella (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 87.
9. Цитируется по Marino Sanuto, I Diarii di Marino Sanuto, ed. Federico Stefani et al. (Venice: Visentini, 1896), vol. 45, p. 219.
10. Robert Bonfil, Jewish Life in Renaissance Italy, trans. Anthony Oldcorn (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994).
11. William Eamon and Françoise Paheau, ‘The Accademia Segreta of Girolamo Ruscelli: A Sixteenth-Century Italian Scientific Society’, Isis, vol. 75 (June 1984), pp. 327–342.
12. Цитируется по Palladio’s Rome: A Translation of Andrea Palladio’s Two Guidebooks to Rome, ed. and trans. Vaughan Hart and Peter Hicks (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2006), p. xxv.
13. Margaret Rose, ‘The First Italian Actresses, Isabella Andreini, and the Commedia dell’Arte’, in The Palgrave Handbook of the History of Women on the Stage, eds. Jan Sewell and Clare Smout (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2020), p. 110.
14. Цитируется по Rose, ‘The First Italian Actresses’, pp. 108–109.
15. Цитируется по Iain Fenlon, ‘The Mantean “Orfeo”’, in ed. John Whenham, Claudio Monteverdi: Orfeo (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986), p. 1.
16. Цитируется по Ellen Rosand, Opera in Seventeenth-Century Venice: The Creation of a Genre (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991), p. 9.
17. Vincenzo Galilei,