Сноски
1
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2
Laura Nathan-Garner, "The Future of Cancer Treatment and Research: What IBM Watson Means for Our Patients," M.D. Anderson Cancerwise blog, November 12, 2013, https://www.mdanderson.org/publications/cancerwise/2013/11/what-ibm-watson-means-for-our-patients.html.
3
Spencer E. Ante, "IBM Struggles to Turn Watson Computer into Big Business,"The Wall Street Journal, January 7, 2014, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ibm-struggles-to-turn-watson-computer-into-big-business-1389142136.
4
Ariana Eunjung Cha, "IBM Supercomputer Watson's Next Feat? Taking on Cancer,"The Washington Post, June 27, 2015, http://www.washingtonpost.com/sf/national/2015/06/27/watsons-next-feat-taking-on-cancer/.
5
"Research Platform for the Moon Shots Program – APOLLO," M.D. Anderson Cancer Center website, accessed February 12, 2018,
https://www.mdanderson.org/cancermoonshots/research_platforms/apollo.html.
6
"Machine Learning at AWS" website, accessed February 11, 2018, https://aws.amazon.com/machine-learning/.
7
Glassdoor, Amazon.com "data scientist" openings, accessed February 11, 2018.
8
"Bezos Letter to Shareholders," CNBC, https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/amazon-jeff-bezos-2017-shareholder-letter.html.
9
Susan Ratcliffe, ed., "Roy Amara 1925–2007, American Futurologist," Oxford Essential Quotations (4th ed.) (Oxford University Press, 2016).
10
Kevin Kelly, "The Three Breakthroughs That Have Finally Unleased AI on the World,"Wired, October 27, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/10/future-of-artificial-intelligence/.
11
Daniel Schreiber, "AI Eats Insurance," Lemonade blog post, January 8, 2018, https://www.lemonade.com/blog/ai-eats-insurance/.
12
Kris Hammond, "A Periodic Table of AI," AI XPrize website, December 14, 2016, https://ai.xprize.org/news/periodic-table-of-ai.
13
James Somers, "Is AI Riding a One-Trick Pony?" MIT Technology Review, September 29, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608911/is-ai-riding-a-one-trick-pony/.
14
Mathew Mayo, "The Current State of Automated Machine Learning," KDNuggets blog post, January 25, 2017, https://www.kdnuggets.com/2017/01/current-state-automated-machine-learning.html.
15
Alex Irpan, "Deep Reinforcement Learning Doesn't Work Yet," Sorta Insightful blog post, February 14, 2018, https://www.alexirpan.com/2018/02/14/rl-hard.html.
16
Doug Williams, "How Is RPA Different from Other Enteprise Automation Tools Such as BPM/ODM," IBM Consulting Blog, July 10, 2017, https://www.ibm.com/blogs/insights-on-business/gbs-strategy/rpa-different-enterprise-automation-tools-bpmodm/.
17
Steven Norton, "The Morning Download,"The Wall Street Journal CIO Journal, December 29, 2017, https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2017/12/29/cios-aim-to-make-ai-useful-hire-the-right-people-to-manage-it-in-2018/.
18
Jack Clark, "Why 2015 Was a Breakthrough Year in Artificial Intelligence," Bloomberg.
19
Sapna Maheshwari and Mike Isaac, "Facebook, After 'Fail' over Ads Targeting Racists, Makes Changes,"The New York Times, September 21, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/20/business/media/facebook-racist-ads.html.
20
Tom Simonte, "Humans Can't Expect AI to Just Fight Fake News for Them,"WIRED, June 15, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/fake-news-challenge-artificial-intelligence/.
21
Barb Darrow, "Has IBM's AI Technology Fallen Victim to Hype?"Fortune, June 28, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/06/28/ibm-watson-ai-healthcare/.
22
Casey Ross and Ike Swetlitz, "IBM Pitched Watson as a Revolution in Cancer Care. It's Nowhere Close," STAT website, September 5, 2017, https://www.statnews.com/2017/09/05/watson-ibm-cancer/.
23
James Kisner et al., "Creating Shareholder Value with AI? Not So Elementary, My Dear Watson," Jefferies Research Report, July 12, 2017, available at: https://javatar.bluematrix.com/pdf/fO5xcWjc.
24
Jacques Bughin et al., "Artificial Intelligence: The Next Digital Frontier?" McKinsey Global Institute, June 2017, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/how-artificial-intelligence-can-deliver-real-value-to-companies.
25
Whitney L. Jackson, "Imaging Utilization Trends and Reimbursement," Diagnostic Imaging website, July 21, 2014, http://www.diagnosticimaging.com/reimbursement/imaging-utilization-trends-and-reimbursement.
26
Данные Cisco – из интервью с руководителями компании и статьи: Alex Woodie, "Inside Cisco's Machine Learning Model Factory," Datanami website, January 12, 2015, https://www.datanami.com/2015/01/12/inside-ciscos-machine-learning-model-factory/.
27
Информация о Macy's – из интервью с руководителями компании и статьи: "Macy's Uses AI-Driven Virtual Agent to Transform Online and Mobile Customer Service," Microsoft website, September 25, 2017, https://customers.microsoft.com/en-us/story/macys-retail-microsoft-ai.
28
Gill Pratt, "Is a Cambrian Explosion Coming for Robotics?"Journal of Economic Perspectives 29 (3) (2015): 51–60, https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.29.3.51.
29
Cade Metz, "Tech Giants Are Paying Huge Salaries for Scarce AI Talent,"The New York Times, October 22, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/22/technology/artificial-intelligence-experts-salaries.html.
30
Steven Norton, "The Morning Download,"The Wall Street Journal CIO Journal, December 29, 2017, https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2017/12/29/cios-aim-to-make-ai-useful-hire-the-right-people-to-manage-it-in-2018/.
31
Laurence Goasduff, "2018 Will Mark the Beginning of AI Democratization," Gartner Inc. website, December 19, 2017, https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/2018-will-mark-the-beginning-of-ai-democratization/.
32
Seth Earley, "There Is No AI without IA," IT Professional 18 (May – June 2016): 58–64, doi: 10.1109/MITP.2016.43.
33
Настоящая глава представляет собой расширенную и переработанную версию статьи: Thomas H. Davenport and Rajeev Ronanki, "Artificial Intelligence for the Real World,"Harvard Business Review, January – February 2018.
34
"Burning Passion to Use AI for World-Class Service," SEBGroup press release, August 21, 2017, https://sebgroup.com/press/news/burning-passion-to-use-ai-for-world-class-service; использование Amelia в SEB также описано в учебном пособии: Mary Lacity, Leslie Willcocks, and Andrew Craig, "Service Automation: Cognitive Virtual Agents at SEB Bank," London School of Economics Outsourcing Unit Working Research Paper Series, February 2017, http://www.umsl.edu/~lacitym/LSEOUWP1701.pdf.
35
Shareen Pathak, "Drop It Like It's Bot: Brands Have Cooled on Chatbots," Digiday, March 10, 2017, https://digiday.com/marketing/brand-bot-backlash-begun/.
36
"Consumers Say No to Chatbot Silos in US and UK Survey," eGain press release, February 7, 2018, http://www.egain.com/company/news/press_releases/consumers-say-no-chatbot-silos-us-uk-survey/.
37
Выявление мишеней лекарственных препаратов – процесс определения, где и как действуют лекарственные вещества. – Прим. ред.
38
"Nvidia Partner Jetson Stories: Fellow Robots – LoweBot – Lowe's Innovation Labs," March 30, 2017, http://www.lowesinnovationlabs.com/updates/2017/3/30/nvidia-jetson-partner-stories-fellow-robots-lowebot.
39
Спасибо Викраму Махидару, отвечающему за внедрение технологий ИИ в Genpact, который подсказал мне многое из того, что вошло в настоящую главу, в частности, по вопросу о ключевых решениях, принимаемых компаниями при разработке стратегий.
40
Frederic Lardinois, "Big Data Platform Databricks Raises $140M Series D Round Led by Andreesen Horowitz," TechCrunch website, August 22, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/08/22/big-data-analytics-platform-databricks-raises-140m-series-d-round-led-by-andreessen-horowitz/.
41
"Bullish on the Business Value of Cognitive," Deloitte LLC, November 2017, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/deloitte-analytics/us-da-2017-deloitte-state-of-cognitive-survey.pdf.
42
Genpact and Fortune Knowledge Group, "Is Your Business AI-Ready?" September 18, 2017, https://fortunefkg.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Genpact-white-paper.cm_.9.18.17.WEB-FINAL.pdf.
43
Teradata, "State of Artificial Intelligence for Enterprises," 2017,
http://assets.teradata.com/resourceCenter/downloads/ExecutiveBriefs/EB9867_State_of_Artificial_Intelligence_for_the_Enterprises.pdf.
44
"Gartner Says AI Technologies Will Be in Almost Every New Software Product by 2020," Gartner Inc. press release, July 18, 2017, https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/3763265.
45
Jacques Bughin et al., "Artificial Intelligence: The Next Digital Frontier?" McKinsey Global Institute, June 2017, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/how-artificial-intelligence-can-deliver-real-value-to-companies.
46
Satya Ramaswamy, "How Companies Are Already Using AI,"Harvard Business Review, April 14, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/04/how-companies-are-already-using-ai.
47
Информация о клиентских данных GE получена от руководителей компании и из статьи: John Moore, "GE Digital Thread Now Runs through a 'Hub' Customer Database," TechTarget, September 2017, http://searchcio.techtarget.com/feature/GE-digital-thread-now-runs-through-a-hub-customer-database.
48
Mariya Yao, "Capital One Seals Tech Street Cred with Forays into AI," Topbots website post, April 7, 2017, https://www.topbots.com/capital-one-seals-tech-street-cred-forays-ai/.
49
Bonnie McGeer, "Capital One Shortens the Machine Learning Curve," American Banker website, April 26, 2017, https://www.americanbanker.com/opinion/capital-one-shortens-the-machine-learning-curve.
50
Will Knight, "The Financial World Wants to Open AI's Black Boxes,"MIT Technology Review, April 13, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/604122/the-financial-world-wants-to-open-ais-black-boxes/.
51
См., например: Barry Libert, Megan Beck, and Yoram Wind, The Network Imperative (Harvard Business Review Press, 2016).
52
Martin Reeves et al., "The Truth About Corporate Transformation,"MIT Sloan Management Review, January 31, 2018, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-truth-about-corporate-transformation/.
53
Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis, "Do We Really Need to Learn to Code?"The New Yorker, June 6, 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/tech/elements/do-we-really-need-to-learn-to-code.
54
Pete Singer, "Enabling the AI Era," Semiconductor Manufacturing and Design Community website, October 23, 2017, http://semimd.com/blog/2017/10/23/enabling-the-a-i-era/.
55
Jeff Walsh, "Machine Learning: The Speed-of-Light Evolution of AI and Design," Redshift by Autodesk online newsletter, May 5, 2016, https://www.autodesk.com/redshift/machine-learning/.
56
Dimitar Mihov, "Airbnb Built an AI That Turns Design Sketches into Source Code," The Next Web website, October 26, 2017, https://thenextweb.com/artificial-intelligence/2017/10/25/airbnb-ai-sketches-design-code/.
57
Geoffrey Ling and Blake Bextine, "Precision Agriculture Increases Crop Yields,"Scientific American, June 26, 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/precision-farming/.
58
Van Noorden R., "Scientists May Be Reaching a Peak in Reading Habits," http://ibm.biz/BdrAjS, February 3, 2014.
59
"Table of Experts: Technology Trends and the Skills Needed to Lead," St. Louis Business Journal, April 14, 2017, https://www.bizjournals.com/stlouis/news/2017/04/14/table-of-experts-technology-trends-and-the-skills.html.
60
Steve Rosenbush, "The Morning Download: CIO Compensation Rises 37 % in Two Years,"The Wall Street Journal CIO Journal, October 27, 2017, https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2017/10/27/the-morning-download-cio-compensation-rises-37-in-two-years/.
61
Kevin Roose, "Can Ford Become a Tech Company?"The New York Times, November 12, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2017/11/09/magazine/tech-design-autonomous-future-cars-detroit-ford.html.
62
Dana Hull, "Toyota Turns to AI for a Better Electric Car," Bloomberg Markets website, March 30, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-03-30/toyota-lets-ai-loose-on-hunt-for-fuel-cell-battery-breakthrough.
63
Blair Hanley Frank, "Lyft to Open-Source Some of Its AI Algorithm Testing Tools," VentureBeat website, July 12, 2017, https://venturebeat.com/2017/07/12/lyft-to-open-source-some-of-its-ai-algorithm-testing-tools/.
64
Jeremy Hermann and Mike Del Balso, "Meet Michelangelo: Uber's Machine Learning Platform," Uber Engineering website blogpost, September 5, 2017, https://eng.uber.com/michelangelo/.
65
Chintan Turakhia, "Engineering More Reliable Transportation with ML and AI at Uber," Uber Engineering website blogpost, November 10, 2017, https://eng.uber.com/machine-learning/.
66
Enlitic website, accessed on November 14, 2017, https://www.enlitic.com/index.html.
67
Интервью с Полом Инглишем: Business Travel News website, October 4, 2017, http://www.businesstravelnews.com/Interviews/Paul-English-on-Lolas-Debut-for-Business-Travelers-Today.
68
Will Knight, "An AI with 30 Years' Worth of Knowledge Finally Goes to Work," MIT Technology Review, March 14, 2016, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/600984/an-ai-with-30-years-worth-of-knowledge-finally-goes-to-work/.
69
Robert Wachter, "Will Computers Ever Be as Good as Physicians at Diagnosing Patients?" KQED The Future of You website, November 7, 2016, https://www.kqed.org/futureofyou/2016/11/07/will-computers-ever-be-able-to-make-diagnoses-as-well-as-physicians/.
70
David Trainer, "Big Banks Big Bets to Win the Fintech Revolution," Forbes blog post, October 16, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2017/10/16/big-banks-big-favorites-to-win-fintech-revolution/.
71
Kimberly Teti et al., "The Different Approaches Firms Use to Set Strategy," Harvard Business Review online article, April 10, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/04/the-different-approaches-firms-use-to-set-strategy.
72
Jeremy Kahn, "Just How Shallow Is the Artificial Intelligence Talent Pool?" Information Management website, February 7, 2018, https://www.information-management.com/news/just-how-shallow-is-the-artificial-intelligence-talent-pool?
73
Will Knight, "You Could Become an AI Master Before You Know It. Here's How,"MIT Technology Review, October 17, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608921/you-could-become-an-ai-master-before-you-know-it-heres-how/.
74
"The Race for AI: Google, Baidu, Intel, Apple in a Rush to Grab Artificial Intelligence Startups," CBInsights Research Brief, July 21, 2017, https://www.cbinsights.com/research/top-acquirers-ai-startups-ma-timeline/.
75
Alan Ohnsman, "GM's Cruise Poised to Add 1,100 Silicon Valley Self-Driving Car Tech Jobs,"Forbes, April 4, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/alanohnsman/2017/04/04/gms-cruise-poised-to-add-1100-silicon-valley-autonomous-car-tech-jobs/.
76
Andrew Brust, "Nvidia Swings for the AI Fences," ZDNet, January 11, 2018, http://www.zdnet.com/article/nvidia-swings-for-the-ai-fences/.
77
Paul Mozur, "Beijing Wants A.I. to Be Made in China by 2030,"The New York Times, July 20, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/20/business/china-artificial-intelligence.html.
78
Christina Larson, "China's Massive Investment in Artificial Intelligence Has an Insidious Downside,"Science, February 8, 2018, http://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/02/china-s-massive-investment-artificial-intelligence-has-insidious-downside.
79
Aaron Tan, "Singapore Taps AI in Industry Transformation," Computer-Weekly website, November 3, 2017, http://www.computerweekly.com/news/450429369/Singapore-taps-AI-in-industry-transformation.
80
"Budget 2017: Funding for AI, 5G and Digital Skills," BBC website, November 22, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-42081703.
81
Richard Stirling, Hannah Miller, and Emma Martinho-Trusswell, "Government AI Readiness Index," December 2017, https://www.oxfordinsights.com/government-ai-readiness-index/.
82
Charlie Taylor, "Thriving AI Ecosystem Developing in Ireland, Figures Show,"Irish Times, September 28, 2017, https://www.irishtimes.com/business/technology/thriving-ai-ecosystem-developing-in-ireland-figures-show-1.3235768.
83
"Pan-Canadian Artificial Intelligence Strategy Overview," Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, March 30, 2017, https://www.cifar.ca/assets/pan-canadian-artificial-intelligence-strategy-overview/.
84
Ajay Agarwal, Joshua Gans, and Avi Goldfarb, "The Obama Administration's Roadmap for AI Policy," Harvard Business Review website, December 21, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/12/the-obama-administrations-roadmap-for-ai-policy.
85
Amy Webb, "Trump's Treasury Secretary Is an Artificial Intelligence Denier,"Los Angeles Times, March 28, 2017, http://www.latimes.com/opinion/op-ed/la-oe-webb-ai-mnuchin-20170328-story.html.
86
Christopher Matthews, "How AI Is Taking over the Global Economy in One Chart," Axios, June 18, 2017, https://www.axios.com/how-ai-is-taking-over-the-global-economy-in-one-chart-1513303050-f4f4f807-5d32-4a2d-bf8c-8d639c41849d.html.
87
Sam Schechner, "Meet Your New Boss: An Algorithm,"The Wall Street Journal, December 10, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/meet-your-new-boss-an-algorithm-1512910800.
88
"Andrew Ng Shares the Astonishing Ways Deep Learning Is Changing the World," Import.io website, 2016, accessed December 14, 2017, https://www.import.io/post/andrew-ng-shares-the-astonishing-ways-deep-learning-is-changing-the-world/.
89
Sten Lock, "Denmark's Largest Bank Is Using Machine Learning and AI to 'Tear Everything Apart' – and Customers Love It,"Nordic Business Insider, November 1, 2017, http://nordic.businessinsider.com/denmarks-largest-bank-is-using-machine-learning-to-predict-the-customers-behavior-and-they-like-it-2017-11/ см. также: Bjørn Büchmann-Slorup, Danske Bank, "Customer Retention" presentation at COMEX Implement conference, April 29, 2016,
http://implementconsultinggroup.com/media/2635/customer_retention_comex_160429-danske-bank-praesentation.pdf.
90
Greg Nichols, "3D Vision and AI Are About to Solve the Biggest Problem in Construction," ZDNet, January 24, 2018, http://www.zdnet.com/article/3d-vision-and-ai-are-about-to-solve-the-biggest-problem-in-construction/.
91
Amazon Go Frequently Asked Questions, accessed December 14, 2017, https://www.amazon.com/b?node=16008589011.
92
Zeynep Ton, The Good Jobs Strategy (New Harvest Press, 2014).
93
Geoffrey Smith, "Facebook Is Being Accused of Publishing Child Pornography,"Fortune, April 13, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/04/13/facebook-child-pornographyd-terrorist-propaganda/.
94
Charlie Warzel, "Here's What YouTube Is Doing to Stop Its Child Exploitation Problem," Buzzfeed website, December 4, 2017, https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/youtube-will-add-more-human-moderators-to-stop-its-child.
95
Greg Lamm, "Amazon's Having Problems with Its Cashier-Free Amazon Go Test Store,"Puget Sound Business Journal, March 27, 2017, https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2017/03/27/amazon-go-difficulties-seattle-beta-test.html, and Jason Del Rey, "Amazon's Store of the Future Is Delayed. Insert 'Told Ya So' from Skeptical Retail Execs," Recode website, March 27, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/3/27/15072084/amazons-go-future-store-delayed-opening.
96
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97
Greg Nichols, "Robotics in Business: Everything Humans Need to Know," ZDNet website, January 11, 2018, http://www.zdnet.com/article/robotics-in-business-everything-humans-need-to-know/.
98
Jonathan Vanian, "Robotics Market to Hit $135 Billion in 2019,"Fortune, February 24, 2016, http://fortune.com/2016/02/24/robotics-market-multi-billion-boom/.
99
Amanda Little, "This Army of AI Robots Will Feed the World," Bloomberg Businessweek, January 11, 2018, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2018-01-11/this-army-of-ai-robots-will-feed-the-world.
100
Daron Acemoglu and Pascual Restrepo, "Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets," National Bureau of Economic Research working paper, March 2017, http://www.nber.org/papers/w23285.
101
Nick Wingfield, "As Amazon Pushes Forward with Robots, Workers Find New Roles,"The New York Times, September 10, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/10/technology/amazon-robots-workers.html.
102
Rodney Brooks, "The Real Problem with Self-Driving Cars Is People," IEEE Spectrum, July 27, 2017, https://spectrum.ieee.org/transportation/self-driving/the-big-problem-with-selfdriving-cars-is-people.
103
Brant D. McLaughlin, "Self-Driving Car Perceptions and Attitudes in the U.S.," Talking New Media website, July 27, 2017, http://www.talkingnewmedia.com/2017/07/27/self-driving-car-perceptions-attitudes-u-s/.
104
Srini Pillay, "Facebook's AI for Suicide Prevention Is a Bad Idea,"Fortune, November 30, 2017, http://fortune.com/2017/11/30/facebook-ai-suicide-prevention/.
105
Несколько из них перечислено на сайте Affectiva (accessed December 8, 2017): https://www.affectiva.com/what/uses/automotive/.
106
Yuting Lu, Marwa Mahmoud, and Peter Robinson, "Estimating sheep pain level using facial action unit detection," paper presented to the IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, Washington, D.C., 30 May – 3 June, 2017, http://www.fg2017.org/.
107
Morgan Winsor, "Facebook to Hire 3,000 More Workers to Monitor Content amid Surge of Violent Videos," ABC News website, May 3, 2017, http://abcnews.go.com/Technology/facebook-hire-3000-workers-monitor-content/story?id=47178969.
108
Maja Pantic and Leon J.M. Rothkrantz, "Automatic Analysis of Facial Expressions: The State of the Art," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 22(2) (December 2000), https://repository.tudelft.nl/islandora/object/uuid: ff32a736-1535-4752-8bf2-8ae51f5c677d/datastream/OBJ.
109
Thomas H. Davenport, Process Innovation: Reengineering Work through Information Technology (Harvard Business Review Press, 1993); Michael Hammer and James Champy, Reengineering the Corporation (Harper Collins 1993).
110
Robert J. Gordon, The Rise and Fall of American Growth (Princeton University Press, 2016).
111
Thomas H. Davenport, "The Fad That Forgot People,"Fast Company, October 1995, https://www.fastcompany.com/26310/fad-forgot-people.
112
Manoj Saxena, "What's Still Missing from the AI Revolution," Fast Co. Design, February 8, 2017, https://www.fastcodesign.com/3068005/whats-still-missing-from-the-ai-revolution.
113
Форд М. Роботы наступают: Развитие технологий и будущее без работы. – М.: Альпина нон-фикшн, 2016.
114
Jerry Kaplan, Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence (Yale University Press, 2014).
115
Karl-Benedikt Frey and Michael Osborne, "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible Are Jobs to Computerisation?" Oxford Martin Institute, 2013,
https://www.oxfordmartin.ox.ac.uk/downloads/academic/The_Future_of_Employment.pdf.
116
"From Brawn to Brains: The Impact of Technology on Jobs in the UK," Deloitte, 2015,
https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/uk/Documents/Growth/deloitte-uk-insights-from-brawns-to-brain.pdf.
117
M. Arntz, T. Gregory, and U. Zierahn, "The Risk of Automation for Jobs in OECD Countries," OECD research paper, May 2016, http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/social-issues-migration-health/the-risk-of-automation-for-jobs-in-oecd-countries_5jlz9h56dvq7-en.
118
Richard Berriman and John Hawksworth, "Will Robots Steal Our Jobs? The Potential Impact of Automation on the UK and Other Major Economies," PwC UK Economic Outlook, March 2017, https://www.pwc.co.uk/economic-services/ukeo/pwcukeo-section-4-automation-march-2017-v2.pdf.
119
Michael Chui, James Manyika, and Mehdi Miremadi, "Four Fundamentals of Workplace Automation," McKinsey Global Institute, November 2015, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/digital-mckinsey/our-insights/four-fundamentals-of-workplace-automation.
120
James Manyika et al., "Harnessing Automation for a Future That Works," McKinsey Global Institute, January 2017, https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/digital-disruption/harnessing-automation-for-a-future-that-works.
121
Thomas H. Davenport and Julia Kirby, Only Humans Need Apply: Winners and Losers in the Age of Smart Machines (Harper Business, 2016).
122
Jacques Bughin et al., "How Artificial Intelligence Can Deliver Real Value to Companies," McKinsey Global Institute, June 2017, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/mckinsey-analytics/our-insights/how-artificial-intelligence-can-deliver-real-value-to-companies.
123
"Is Your Business AI-Ready?" Genpact and Fortune Knowledge Group, 2017, http://www.genpact.com/downloadable-content/insight/is-your-business-ai-ready.pdf.
124
"Genpact Research Finds Few Workers Believe AI Threatens Their Jobs," Genpact press release, November 14, 2017, http://www.genpact.com/about-us/media/press-releases/2017-few-workers-believe-artificial-intelligence-ai-will-threaten-their-jobs.
125
Проекты Deloitte описаны в работе: Thomas H. Davenport and Rajeev Ronanki, "Artificial Intelligence for the Real World,"Harvard Business Review, January-February 2018.
126
James Bessen, Learning by Doing: The Real Connection between Innovation, Wages, and Wealth (Yale University Press, 2015).
127
Dana Remus and Frank S., Levy, "Can Robots Be Lawyers? Computers, Lawyers, and the Practice of Law" (November 27, 2016). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2701092.
128
Luke Oakden-Rayner, "The End of Human Doctors – Radiologist Escape Velocity," blog post, May 8, 2017, https://lukeoakdenrayner.wordpress.com/2017/05/08/the-end-of-human-doctors-radiology-escape-velocity/.
129
Angus Loten, "AI to Drive Job Growth by 2020: Gartner,"The Wall Street Journal, December 15, 2017, https://blogs.wsj.com/cio/2017/12/15/ai-to-drive-job-growth-by-2020-gartner/.
130
Cognizant Center for the Future of Work, "21 Jobs of the Future," November 28, 2017, https://www.cognizant.com/perspectives/21-jobs-of-the-future.
131
Jeanne Ross, "The Fundamental Flaw in AI Implementation,"MIT Sloan Management Review, July 14, 2017, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/the-fundamental-flaw-in-ai-implementation/.
132
H. James Wilson, Paul Daugherty, and Nicola Morini-Bianzino, "The Jobs That Artificial Intelligence Will Create,"MIT Sloan Management Review, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/will-ai-create-as-many-jobs-as-it-eliminates/.
133
Доэрти П., Уилсон Дж. Человек + машина: Новые принципы работы в эпоху искусственного интеллекта. – М.: Манн, Иванов и Фербер, 2019.
134
Thomas H. Davenport and Julia Kirby, Only Humans Need Apply: Winners and Losers in the Age of Smart Machines (Harper Business, 2016).
135
"Path to Autonomy: Self-Driving Car Levels 0 to 5 Explained,"Car and Driver, October 3, 2017, https://www.caranddriver.com/features/path-to-autonomy-self-driving-car-levels-0-to-5-explained-feature.
136
Anand Rao, "A Strategist's Guide to Artificial Intelligence,"Strategy + Business, May 10, 2017, https://www.strategy-business.com/article/A-Strategists-Guide-to-Artificial-Intelligence.
137
Thomas H. Davenport and Julia Kirby, "Just How Smart Are Smart Machines?"MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring 2016, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/just-how-smart-are-smart-machines/.
138
Becky Peterson, "GitHub CEO Wanstrath Says Automation Will Replace Software Coding,"Business Insider, October 11, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/github-ceo-wanstrath-says-automation-will-replace-software-coding-2017-10.
139
Bob Kegan, panel discussion at the Consortium for Advancing Adult Learning and Development, in "Getting Ready for the Future of Work," McKinsey.com, September 2017, https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/organization/our-insights/getting-ready-for-the-future-of-work.
140
Will Carson, "Bank of America Opens Automated Branches for Digital Banking," Corporate Insight website, http://corporateinsight.com/bank-of-america-opens-automated-branches-for-digital-banking/.
141
Genpact and Fortune Knowledge Group, "Is Your Business AI-Ready?" September 18, 2017, https://fortunefkg.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Genpact-white-paper.cm_.9.18.17.WEB-FINAL.pdf.
142
Teradata, State of Artificial Intelligence for Enterprises, Executive Summary, 2017,
http://assets.teradata.com/resourceCenter/downloads/ExecutiveBriefs/EB9867_State_of_Artificial_Intelligence_for_the_Enterprises.pdf.
143
Thomas H. Davenport and Julia Kirby, "Just How Smart Are Smart Machines?"MIT Sloan Management Review, Spring 2016, https://sloanreview.mit.edu/article/just-how-smart-are-smart-machines/.
144
Эти результаты были представлены на посещенной мною конференции Dreamforce в ноябре 2017 г. либо самими компаниями, либо сотрудниками Salesforce.com.
145
Amit Chowdhry, "How SAP Is Utilizing Machine Learning for Its Enterprise Applications,"Forbes, January 19, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/amitchowdhry/2018/01/19/how-sap-is-utilizing-machine-learning-for-its-enterprise-applications/.
146
Описание некоторых компетенций этих поставщиков технологий в сфере управления взаимодействием с клиентами см. в работе: Jon Walker, "CRM Artificial Intelligence Trends Across Salesforce, Oracle, SAP and More," Techemergence website, December 25, 2017, https://www.techemergence.com/crm-artificial-intelligence-trends-across-salesforce-oracle-sap/.
147
James Kisner et al., "Creating Shareholder Value with AI? Not So Elementary, My Dear Watson," Jefferies Research Report, July 12, 2017, available at: https://javatar.bluematrix.com/pdf/fO5xcWjc.
148
Michael Stonebraker, "Traditional MDM Solutions Struggle to Master Data at Scale," Tamr White Paper, August 2017, http://www.tamr.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/Scalable-Data-Curation-and-Data-Mastering_082417.pdf.
149
Пример Bank of Montreal взят с изменениями из работы: Thomas H. Davenport and Randy Bean, "Setting the Table for Data Science and AI at Bank of Montreal,"Forbes, December 8, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomdavenport/2017/12/08/setting-the-table-for-data-science-and-ai-at-bank-of-montreal/.
150
Набор ресурсов, с помощью которого можно произвести глубокий анализ, чтобы ответить на важные бизнес-вопросы. – Прим. ред.
151
Об оборонительных и атакующих стратегиях применения данных и аналитики см. в работе: Leandro DalleMule and Thomas H. Davenport, "What's Your Data Strategy?"Harvard Business Review, May – June 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/05/whats-your-data-strategy.
152
Пример GlaxoSmithKline взят с изменениями из работы: Thomas H. Davenport and Randy Bean, "Biting the Data Management Bullet at GlaxoSmithKline,"Forbes, January 8, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/tomdavenport/2018/01/08/biting-the-data-management-bullet-at-glaxosmithkline/.
153
Фрагмент о внешних данных в секторе B2B взят с изменениями из работы: Stephan Kudyba and Thomas H. Davenport, "Machine Learning Can Help B2B Firms Learn More about Their Customers,"Harvard Business Review, January 19, 2018, https://hbr.org/2018/01/machine-learning-can-help-b2b-firms-learn-more-about-their-customers.
154
Multiple authors, "The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence," February 20, 2018, https://maliciousaireport.com/.
155
Joel Z. Leibo et al., "Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning in Sequential Social Dilemmas," Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (AAMAS 2017), ed. S. Das, E. Durfee, K. Larson, M. Winikoff, May 8–12, 2017, São Paulo, Brazil, https://storage.googleapis.com/deepmind-media/papers/multi-agent-rl-in-ssd.pdf.
156
Will Oremus and Bill Carey, "Facebook's Offensive Ad Targeting Options Go Far Beyond 'Jew Haters,'"ProPublica, September 14, 2017,
http://www.slate.com/blogs/future_tense/2017/09/14/facebook_let_advertisers_target_jew_haters_it_doesn_t_end_there.html.
157
Scott Shane, "These Are the Ads Russia Bought on Facebook in 2016,"The New York Times, November 1, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/01/us/politics/russia-2016-election-facebook.html.
158
Edward Moyer, "Facebook's Zuckerberg Speaks Up about Fake-News Fixes," CNET website, November 19, 2016, https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-post-fake-news/.
159
Kurt Wagner, "Facebook Is Hiring Another 1000 people to Review and Remove Ads," Recode website, October 2, 2017, https://www.recode.net/2017/10/2/16395342/facebook-mark-zuckerberg-advertising-policies-russia-investigation-election-moderators.
160
Mike Isaac, "Facebook Overhauls News Feed to Focus on What Friends and Family Share,"The The New York Times, January 11, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/technology/facebook-news-feed.html.
161
Sheera Frenkel and Sapna Maheshwari, "Facebook to Let Users Rank Credibility of News,"The New York Times, January 19, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/19/technology/facebook-news-feed.html.
162
Sheera Frenkel, Nicholas Casey, and Paul Mozur, "In Some Countries, Facebook's Fiddling Has Magnified Fake News,"The New York Times, January 14, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/14/technology/facebook-news-feed-changes.htm.
163
Soroush Vosoughi, Deb Roy, and Sinan Aral, "The Spread of True and False News Online,"Science 359, no. 6380 (March 9, 2018): 1146–1151, http://science.sciencemag.org/content/359/6380/1146.
164
Scott Shane and Mike Isaac, "Facebook Says It's Policing Fake Accounts. But They're Still Easy to Spot,"The New York Times, November 3, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/03/technology/facebook-fake-accounts.html.
165
Подробнее об алгоритмической предвзятости в традиционной аналитике см. в работе: О'Нил К. Убийственные большие данные: Как математика превратилась в оружие массового поражения. – М.: АСТ, 2018.
166
Julia Angwin et al., "Machine Bias," ProPublica, May 23, 2016, https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing.
167
William Dieterich et al., "COMPAS Risk Scales: Demonstrating Accuracy, Equity, and Predictive Parity" Northpointe Inc. Research Dept., July 8, 2016, http://go.volarisgroup.com/rs/430-MBX-989/images/ProPublica_Commentary_Final_070616.pdf.
168
Ellora Thadaney Israni, "When an Algorithm Helps Send You to Prison,"The New York Times, October 26, 2016, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/26/opinion/algorithm-compas-sentencing-bias.html.
169
"Public Safety Assessment," Laura and John Arnold Foundation, http://www.arnoldfoundation.org/initiative/criminal-justice/crime-prevention/public-safety-assessment/.
170
Kaveh Waddell, "How Algorithms Can Bring Down Minorities' Credit Scores," The Atlantic website, December 2, 2016, https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/12/how-algorithms-can-bring-down-minorities-credit-scores/509333/.
171
Rachel Botsman, "Big Data Meets Big Brother as China Moves to Rate Its Citizens,"Wired UK, October 21, 2017, http://www.wired.co.uk/article/chinese-government-social-credit-score-privacy-invasion.
172
Michelle Mark, "The Trump Administration's Extreme Vetting Plan Is Being Blasted as a 'Digital Muslim Ban,'"Business Insider, November 18, 2017, http://www.businessinsider.com/trumps-extreme-vetting-initiative-digital-muslim-ban-2017-11.
173
Gideon Mann and Cathy O'Neil, "Hiring Algorithms Are Not Neutral,"Harvard Business Review, December 9, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/12/hiring-algorithms-are-not-neutral.
174
Josh Constine, "Pyrmetrics Attacks Discrimination in Hiring with AI and Recruiting Games," TechCrunch website, September 20, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/09/20/unbiased-hiring/.
175
Ben Lorica, "We Need to Build Machine Learning Tools to Augment Machine Learning Engineers," O'Reilly website, January 11, 2018, https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/we-need-to-build-machine-learning-tools-to-augment-machine-learning-engineers.
176
Gil Press, "Equifax and SAS Leverage AI and Deep Learning to Improve Consumer Access to Credit,"Forbes, February 20, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/gilpress/2017/02/20/equifax-and-sas-leverage-ai-and-deep-learning-to-improve-consumer-access-to-credit/2/.
177
Ron Bodkin and Nadeem Gulzar, "Fighting Financial Fraud with Artificial Intelligence," O'Reilly Conference on Artificial Intelligence, New York, June 28, 2017, https://conferences.oreilly.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-ny-2017/public/schedule/detail/59252.
178
Marco Tulio Ribeiro, Sameer Singh, and Carlos Guestrin, "Why Should I Trust You? Explaining the Predictions of Any Classifier," CM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining (KDD), 2016, https://arxiv.org/pdf/1602.04938v1.pdf.
179
Michal Kosinski and Yilun Wang, "Deep Neural Networks Are More Accurate Than Humans at Detecting Sexual Orientation from Facial Images,"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, September 2017, https://osf.io/zn79k/.
180
Webroot, "Game Changers: AI and Machine Learning in Cybersecurity," December 2017,
https://s3-us-west-1.amazonaws.com/webroot-cms-cdn/8115/1302/6957/Webroot_QTT_Survey_Executive_Summary_December_2017.pdf.
181
Kyree Leary, "Experts Warn That AI-Enhanced Cyberattacks Are an Imminent Threat," Futurism.com, August 31, 2017, https://futurism.com/experts-warn-that-ai-enhanced-cyberattacks-are-an-imminent-threat/.
182
Maria Korolov, "How AI Can Help You Stay Ahead of Cybersecurity Threats," CSO website, October 19, 2017, https://www.csoonline.com/article/3233951/machine-learning/how-ai-can-help-you-stay-ahead-of-cybersecurity-threats.html.
183
См. статью о выступлении Хизер Эдкинс: "The Future of Humans and AI in Cybersecurity," Innovation Enterprise, September 28, 2017, https://channels.theinnovationenterprise.com/articles/the-future-of-humans-and-ai-in-cyber-security.
184
Apple Differential Privacy Team, "Learning with Privacy at Scale," December 2017, https://machinelearning.apple.com/2017/12/06/learning-with-privacy-at-scale.html.
185
Hiroshi Lockheimer, "Android and Security," Google Mobile Blog, February 2, 2012, https://googlemobile.blogspot.com/2012/02/android-and-security.html.
186
Данные опроса Ernst & Young взяты из статьи: "Germans Worry Driverless Cars Will Take the Fun out of Their Favorite Pastime," TheLocal.de website, September 19, 2017, https://www.thelocal.de/20170919/car-mad-germany-distrustful-of-driverless-cars.
187
Megan Rose Dickey, "Algorithmic Accounability," TechCrunch, April 30, 2017, https://techcrunch.com/2017/04/30/algorithmic-accountability/.
188
Ken Krogue, "Artificial Intelligence Is Here to Stay, but Consumer Trust Is a Must for AI in Business,"Forbes, September 11, 2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/kenkrogue/2017/09/11/artificial-intelligence-is-here-to-stay-but-consumer-trust-is-a-must-for-ai-in-business/.
189
"Sex, Lies, and AI," SYZYGY Digital Insight Report 2017 (U.S. version), https://think.syzygy.net/ai-report/us.
190
Kasey Panetta, "Top Trends in the Gartner Hype Cycle for Emerging Technologies, 2017," Gartner Inc. press release, August 15, 2017, https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/top-trends-in-the-gartner-hype-cycle-for-emerging-technologies-2017/.
191
Jennings Brown, "Why Everyone Is Hating on IBM Watson, Including the People Who Helped Make It," Gizmodo, August 14, 2017, https://www.gizmodo.com.au/2017/08/why-everyone-is-hating-on-watsonincluding-the-people-who-helped-make-it/.
192
Russ Mitchell, "Controversy over Tesla 'Autopilot' Name Keeps Growing,"Los Angeles Times, July 21, 2016, http://www.latimes.com/business/autos/la-fi-hy-autopilot-controversy-20160721-snap-story.html.
193
Информация о SEB получена из интервью, данного Эрикой Лундин в феврале 2018 г., и пресс-релиза "Burning Passion to Use AI for World-Class Service," August 21, 2017, https://sebgroup.com/press/news/burning-passion-to-use-ai-for-world-class-service.
194
"Sex, Lies, and AI," SYZYGY Digital Insight Report 2017 (U.S. version), https://think.syzygy.net/ai-report/us.
195
Личная переписка по электронной почте с Адамом Шнайдером, 22 января 2018 г.
196
Deloitte, "Robo Advice Risks in Asset Management," Perspectives document, undated, https://www2.deloitte.com/us/en/pages/risk/articles/robo-adviser-platform-risks-asset-wealth-management-firms.html.
197
Слова Рехта цитируются в работе: Ben Lorica, "Building and Deploying Large-Scale Machine Learning Pipelines," O'Reilly website, January 22, 2015, https://www.oreilly.com/ideas/building-and-deploying-large-scale-machine-learning-pipelines.
198
Исследование MIT описано в работе: Aarian Marshall, "MIT Looks at How Humans Sorta Drive in Sorta Self Driving Cars,"Wired, November 20, 2017, https://www.wired.com/story/mit-humans-semiautonomous-car-study/.
199
Карр Н. Стеклянная клетка: Автоматизация и мы. – М.: КоЛибри, 2014.
200
Christopher Mele, "To Improve Your Sense of Direction, Lose the Technology,"The New York Times, January 9, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/09/science/walking-directions-mobile-phone.html.
201
Zoe Fortuijn et al., "Change Management for Watson," IBM Global Business Services White Paper, 2015, https://www.01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?htmlfid=GBW03346USEN.
202
Peter S. Goodman, "The Robots Are Coming, and Sweden Is Fine,"The New York Times, December 27, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/27/business/the-robots-are-coming-and-sweden-is-fine.html.
203
Zeynep Ton, The Good Jobs Strategy (Amazon Publishing, 2014).
204
Zeynep Ton and Sarah Kalloch, "Transforming Today's Bad Jobs into Tomorrow's Good Jobs,"Harvard Business Review, June 12, 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/06/transforming-todays-bad-jobs-into-tomorrows-good-jobs.