Becoming Nicole: The Transformation of an American Family (New York: Random House, 2015); Julia Serrano, Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press: 2007); Pagan Kennedy, The First Man-Made Man (New York: Bloomsbury, 2007); Christine Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen: A Personal Autobiography (New York: Bantam, 1968) и Andrew Solomon, “Transgender,” chapter 11 in Far From the Tree (New York: Scribner, 2012), 599–676.
1. Sari L. Reisner et al., “Global Health Burden and Needs of Transgender Populations: A Review,” Lancet 388, no. 10042 (2016): 412–436.
2. https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/How-Many-Adults-Identify-as-Transgender-in-the-United-States.pdf.
3. В дополнение к книгам, упомянутым выше: Deirdre W. McCloskey, Crossing: A Memoir (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999); Max Wolf Valerio, The Testosterone Files (Berkeley, CA: Seal Press: 2006); Jamison Green, Becoming a Visible Man (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 2004). Документальные фильмы включают в себя в том числе Gender Revolution: A Journey with Katie Couric, National Geographic, 2017. Среди статей отмечу Rachel Rabkin Peachman, “Raising a Transgender Child,” New York Times Magazine, January 31, 2017, а также Hannah Rosin, “A Boy’s Life,” Atlantic, November 2008. См. также сериал «Очевидное», снятый Джилл Солоуэй.
4. Felix Abraham, “Genitalumwandlungen anzwei männlichen Transvestiten,” Zeitschrift für Sexualwissenschaft und Sexualpolitik 18 (1931): 223–226, описывает операции в Ин ституте сексуальной науки, основанном Магнусом Хирхфильдом и описанном в Meyerowitz, How Sex Changed. Историю о датском художнике Эйнаре Вегенере, ставшем женщиной по имени Лили Эльбе, пересказали в фильме «Девушка из Дании» (2015).
5. Wylie C. Hembree et al., “Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline,” Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 102, no. 11 (2017): 1–35.
6. New York Daily News, December 1, 1951.
7. Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen, 72.
8. “Surgery Makes Him a Woman,” Chicago Daily Tribune, December 1, 1952.
9. U. P., “My Dear, Did You Hear About My Operation?” Austin Statesman, December 2, 1952.
10. Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen, 218.
11. Dr. Harry Benjamin, The Transsexual Phenomenon (New York: Julian Press, 1966).
12. Harry Benjamin, introduction to Jorgensen, Christine Jorgensen, Х.
13. См. главу 7.
14. Доктор Лори Хендерсен и доктор Джошуа Сейфер, интервью автора. См. также Margaret M. McCarthy and A. P. Arnold, “Reframing Sexual Differentiation of the Brain,” Nature Neuroscience 14, no. 6 (2011): 677–683; S. A. Berenbaum and A. M. Beltz, “Sexual Differentiation of Human Behavior: Effects of Prenatal and Pubertal Organizational Hormones,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology 32, no. 2 (2011): 183–200; I. Savic, A. Garcia-Falgueras, and D. F. Swaab, “Sexual Differentiation of the Human Brain in Relation to Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation,” Progress in Brain Research 186 (2010): 41–62; and Elke Stefanie Smith et al., “The Transsexual Brain: A Review of Findings on the Neural Basis of Transsexualism,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 59 (2015): 251–266.
15. Charles Phoenix et al., “Organizing Action of Prenatally Administered Testosterone Propionate on the Tissues Mediating Mating Behavior in the Female Guinea Pig,” Endocrinology 65 (1959): 369–382, reprinted in Hormonal Behavior 55, no. 5 (2009): 566.
16. Доктор Лесли Хендерсон, интервью автора.
17. Подробный современный обзор см. в Margaret M. McCarthy, “Multifaceted Origins of Sex Differences in the Brain,” Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 371, no. 1688 (2016).
18. Доктор Джошуа Сейфер, интервью автора.
19. Там же. О влиянии гормонального лечения на серотониновые рецепторы, которые, возможно, влияют на депресию, см. G. S. Kranz et al., “High-Dose Testosterone Treatment Increases Serotonin Transporter Binding in Transgender People,” Biological Psychiatry 78, no. 8 (2015): 525–533. О воздействии гормональной терапии на пациентов-трансгендеров см. Cécile A. Unger, “Hormone Therapy for Transgender Patients,” Translational Andrology and Urology 5, no. 6 (2016): 877–884.
20. Hembree et al., “Endocrine Treatment of Gender-Dysphoric/Gender-Incongruent Persons.”
21. Там же; Ann P. Haas, PhD, et al., “Suicide Attempts Among Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Adults,” Williams Institute, https://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/AFSP-Williams-Suicide-Report-Final.pdf.
Эта глава основана на обширных интервью с Карен Снизек и интервью с доктором Рудольфом Лейбелом, профессором педиатрии и медицины в Институте человеческого питания, Колледж врачей и хирургов Колумбийского университета; доктором Джеффри Фридманом, директором Центра человеческой генетики им. Старра Рокфеллеровского университета; и сэром Стивеном О’Рейли, профессором кли нической биохимии и медицины Кембриджского университета, и его коллегой Садафом Фаруки, специалистом по обмену веществ и медицине, которые находятся на переднем крае разработки лекарств. Также я взяла интервью у доктора Джеральда Шульмана, профессора клеточной и молекулярной физиологии Йельского университета; доктора Фрэнка Гринуэя, медицинского директора амбулаторной клиники Pennington Biomedical Research в Батон-Руже, штат Луизиана; и доктора Дженнифер Миллер из Флоридского университета.
1. Ruth B. S. Harris, “Is Leptin the Parabiotic ‘Satiety’ Factor? Past and Present Interpretations,” Appetite 61, no. 1 (2013): 111–118. For further information on rats and vomiting see Charles C. Horn, “Why Can’t Rodents Vomit? A Comparative Behavioral, Anatomical, and Physiological Study,” PLOS, April 10, 2013.
2. G. R. Hervey, “The Effects of Lesions in the Hypothalamus in Parabiotic Rats,” Journal of Physiology 145, no. 2 (1959): 336–352; G. R. Hervey, “Control of Appetite: Personal and Departmental Recollections,” Appetite 61, no. 1 (2013): 100–110.
3. Ellen Rupell Shell, The Hungry Gene: The Inside Story of the Obesity Epidemic (New York: Grove Press, 2002); “Douglas Coleman: Obituary,” Daily Telegraph, April 17, 2014.
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7. Jeffrey M. Friedman, “Editorial,” Life Sciences 140 (2015): 1–2.
8. Доктор Руди Лейбел, интервью автора.
9. Tom Wilkie, “Genes, Not Greed, Make You Fat,” Independent, December 1, 1994; Natalie Angier, “Researchers Link Obesity in Humans to Flaw in a Gene,” New York Times, December 1, 1994.
10. Доктор Джеффри Фридман, интервью автора.
11. L. G. Hersoug et al., “A Proposed Potential Role for Increasing Atmospheric CO2 as a Promoter of Weight Gain and Obesity,” Nutrition and Diabetes 2, no. 3 (2012): e31.
12. Anthony P. Coll et al., “The Hormonal Control of Food Intake,” Cell 129, no. 2 (2007): 251–262.
13. Dorien Reij nders et al., “Effects of Gut Microbiota Manipulation by Antibiotics on Host Metabolism in Obese Humans: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial,” Cell Metabolism 24, no. 1 (2016): 63–74.
14. Ilseung Cho and Martin J. Blaser, “The Human Microbiome: At the Interface of Health and Disease,” Nature Reviews Genetics 13, no. 4 (2012): 260–270; Torsten P. M. Scheithauer et al., “Causality of Small and Large Intestinal Microbiota in Weight Regulation and Insulin Resistance,” Molecular Metabolism 5, no. 9 (2016): 759–770.
15. Y. Wei et al., “Chronic Exposure to Air Pollution Particles Increases the Risk of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome: Findings from a Natural Experiment in Beij ing,” FASEB Journal 30, no. 6 (2016): 2115–2122.
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17. Valentina Tremaroli et al., “Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass and Vertical Banded Gastroplasty Induce Long-Term Changes on the Human Gut Microbiome Contributing to Fat Mass Regulation,” Cell Metabolism 22, no. 2 (2015): 228–238.
18. Wendee Holtcamp, “Obesogens: An Environmental Link to Obesity,” Environmental Health Perspectives 120, no. 2 (2012): a62–a68; David Epstein, “Do These Chemicals Make Me Look Fat?” ProPublica, October 11, 2013; Jerrold Heindel, “Endocrine Disruptors and the Obesity Epidemic,” Toxicological Sciences 76, no. 2 (2003): 247–249.
19. Yann C. Klimentidis et al., “Canaries in the Coal Mine: A Cross-Species Analysis of the Plurality of Obesity Epidemics,” Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2010, doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.1890.