Notes
1
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Gender Differences in Depression,” in Handbook of Depression, ed. I. Gotlib and C. Hammen (New York: Guilford, 2002).
2
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and J. Morrow, “A Prospective Study of Depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Symptoms After a Natural Disaster: The 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake, ”Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (1991): 115–121.
3
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and J. Larson, Coping with Loss (Mahwah, N. J.: Erlbaum, 1999).
4
S. Nolen Hoeksema and C. G. Davis, “Thanks for Sharing That: Ruminators and Their Social Support Networks,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999): 801–814.
5
Nolen-Hoeksema and Larson (1999), p. 87.
6
Подробности этого исследования см. S. Nolen-Hoeksema, J. Larson, and C. Grayson, “Explaining the Gender Differences in Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999): 1061–1072.
Мы со старшекурсницей Стэнфорда Лайзой Батлер провели исследование: собрали 54 человека, среди которых и женщины, и мужчины, не страдавшие депрессией или иными психологическими расстройствами. Самые обычные люди. Мы предложили им прочесть грустную историю под не менее грустную музыку. По более ранним исследованиям мы знали: это отличный способ на время привести людей в печальное настроение. И получилось. Прочитав историю, участники признались, что ощущают грусть и тоску, чего не было, когда они только вошли в лабораторию.
Затем предложили два задания на выбор, объяснив, что времени хватит только на одно. Первое задание должно было привести к зацикленности – предстояло сосредоточиться на чувствах и своей жизни. Другое задание с зацикленностью связано не было – упорядочить названия стран по географическому расположению. Мы рассказали участникам о заданиях, а потом посмотрели, кто какое выбрал. 92 % женщин, пребывавших в грустном настроении, выбрали задание с зацикленностью, и лишь 8 % предпочли не фиксироваться на тоске. Менее половины (46 %) мужчин, пребывавших в грустном настроении, выбрали задание зацикленности. Они, по большей части, предпочли не копаться в себе, а выполнить другое задание. Результаты позволили нам понять, что грустные и подавленные женщины чаще сосредоточиваются на настроении и чувствах, чем мужчины. См. L. D. Buder and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Gender Differences in Depressed Mood in a College Sample,” Sex Roles 30 (1994): 331–346.
7
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and J. Morrow, “Effects of Rumination and Distraction on Naturally Occurring Depressed Mood,” Cognition and Emotion 7 (1993): 561–570.
8
S. Lyubomirsky, N. D. Caldwell, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Effects of Ruminative and Distracting Responses to Depressed Mood on Retrieval of Autobiographical Memories,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998): 166–177.
9
S. Lyubomirsky and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Effects of Self-Focused Rumination on Negative Thinking and Interpersonal Problem Solving,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 69 (1995): 176–190.
10
Ibid. См. также S. Lyubomirsky, K. Tucker, N. D. Caldwell, and K. Berg, “Why Ruminators Are Poor Problem Solvers: Clues from the Phenomenology of Dysphoric Rumination,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999): 1041–1060.
11
Lyubomirsky and Nolen-Hoeksema (1995).
12
Lyubomirsky et al. (1999).
13
A. Ward, S. Lyubomirsky, L. Sousa, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Can’t Quite Commit: Rumination and Uncertainty,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, опубликовано.
14
S. Lyubomirsky and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Self-Perpetuating Properties of Dysphoric Rumination,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993): 339–349.
15
C. Rusting and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Regulating Responses to Anger: Effects of Rumination and Distraction on Angry Mood,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (1998): 790–803.
16
G. H. Bower, “Mood and Memory,” American Psychologist 36 (1981): 129–148.
17
J. Miranda and J. B. Persons, “Dysfunctional Attitudes Are Mood State Dependent,” Journal of Abnormal Psychology 97 (1988): 76–79.
18
R. J. Davidson, “Affective Style, Psychopathology, and Resilience: Brain Mechanisms and Plasticity,” American Psychologist 55 (2000): 1196–1214.
19
G. L. Klerman and M. M. Weissman, “Increasing Rates of Depression,” Journal of the American Medical Association 261 (1989): 2229–35.
20
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Gender Differences in Coping with Depression Across the Life Span,” Depression 3 (1995): 81–90.
21
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and Z. A. Harrell, “Rumination, Depression, and Alcohol Use: Tests of Gender Differences,” Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy: An International Quarterly, опубликовано.
22
С. M. Steele and R. A. Josephs, “Alcohol Myopia: Its Prized and Dangerous Effects,” in Readings in Social Psychology: The Art and Science of Research, ed. S. Fein (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1996), 74–89.
23
N. Schwarz, “Feelings as Information: Implications of Affective Influences on Information Processing,” in Theories of Mood and Cognition: A User’s Guidebook, ed. L. L. Martin (Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 2001), 159–176.
24
Подробный обзор литературы по гендерным различиям в депрессии и мрачных размышлениях см. S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Gender Differences in Depression,” in Handbook of Depression, ed. I. Gotlib and C. Hammen (New York: Guilford, 2002).
25
N. Barko, “The Other Gender Gap,” The American Prospect, 19 June – 3 July 2000, 61–63.
26
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, неопубликованная информация, университет Мичигана, 2002.
27
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, J. Larson, and C. Grayson, “Explaining the Gender Difference in Depressive Symptoms,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 77 (1999): 1061–1072.
28
F. J. Crosby, Relative Deprivation and Working Women (London: Oxford University Press, 1982).
29
M. P. Koss and D. G. Kilpatrick, “Rape and Sexual Assault,” in The Mental Health Consequences of Torture, ed. E. Gerrity (New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, 2001), 177–193.
30
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Contributors to the Gender Difference in Rumination,” статья представлена на ежегодном собрании Американской психологической ассоциации, Сан-Франциско, август 1998 года.
31
D. Belle and J. Doucet, “Poverty, Inequality, and Discrimination as Sources of Depression among Women,” Psychology of Women Quarterly, опубликовано.
32
Nolen-Hoeksema, “Contributors to the Gender Difference in Rumination”, опубликовано.
33
A. Feingold, “Gender Differences in Personality: A Meta-Analysis,” Psychological Bulletin 116 (1994): 429–456.
34
R. C. Kessler and J. D. McLeod, “Sex Differences in Vulnerability to Undesirable Life Events,” American Sociological Review (1984): 620–631.
35
V. Helgeson, “Relation of Agency and Communion to Well-Being: Evidence and Potential Explanations,” Psychological Bulletin (1994): 412–428.
36
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and B. Jackson, “Mediators of the Gender Difference in Rumination,” Psychology of Women Quarterly (2001): 37–47.
37
L. Feldman Barrett, R. D. Lane, L. Sechrest, and G. E. Schwartz, “Sex Differences in Emotional Awareness,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (2000): 1027–1035.
38
W. Pollack, Real Boys: Rescuing Our Sons from the Myths of Boyhood (New York: Random House, 1998).
39
J. Dunn, I. Bretherton, and P. Munn, “Conversations about Feeling States between Mothers and Their Young Children.” Developmental Psychology (1987): 132–39; E. E. Maccoby and C. N. Jacklin, The Psychology of Sex Differences (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974).
40
Nolen-Hoeksema and Jackson, “Mediators of the Gender Difference in Rumination”.
41
S. Lyubomirsky and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Self-Perpetuating Properties of Dysphoric Rumination,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 65 (1993): 339–349.
42
Кратковременная передышка. – Прим. пер.
43
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and J. Morrow, “Effects of Rumination and Distraction on Naturally Occurring Depressed Mood,” Cognition and Emotion 7 (1993): 561–570.
44
J. Morrow and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “The Effects of Response Styles for Depression on the Remediation of Depressive Affect,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 58 (1990): 519–527.
45
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, неопубликованная информация, университет Мичигана, 2002.
46
G. A. Marlatt and J. Kristeller, “Mindfulness and Mediation,” in Integrating Spirituality in Treatment, ed. W. R. Miller (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Books, 1999).
47
Z. V. Segal, J. M. G. Williams, and J. Teasdale, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for Depression: A New Approach to Preventing Relapse (New York: Guilford, 2002).
48
J. Kabat-Zinn, Full Catastrophe Living: Using the Wisdom of Your Body and Mind to Face Stress, Pain, and Illness (New York: Delacorte Press, 1990).
49
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, неопубликованная информация, университет Мичигана, 2002.
50
J. W. Pennebaker, Opening Up: The Healing Power of Confiding in Others (New York: Morrow Books, 1990).
51
S. Folkman and J. T. Moskowitz, “Stress, Positive Emotion, and Coping,” Current Directions in Psychological Science 9 (2000): 115–118.
52
B. L. Fredrickson, “What Good Are Positive Emotions?” Review of General Psychology 2 (1998): 300–319.
53
D. D. Danner, D. A. Snowdon, and W. V. Friesen, “Positive Emotions in Early Life and Longevity: Findings from the Nun Study,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 80 (1998): 804–813.
54
S. Lyubomirsky, “Why Are Some People Happier than Others? The Role of Cognitive and Motivational Processes in Well-Being, American Psychologist 56 (2001): 239–249.
55
A. J. Stewart and E. A. Vandewater, “The Course of Generativity,” in Genera-tivity and Adult Development, ed. D. P. McAdams and E. de St. Aubin (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Books, 1998); D. P. McAdams, H. M. Hart and S. Maruna, “The Anatomy of Generativity,” in Generativity and Adult Development, ed. D. P. McAdams and E. de St. Aubin (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Books, 1998).
56
A. Ward, S. Lyubomirsky, L. Sousa, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Can’t Quite Commit: Rumination and Uncertainty,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, опубликовано.
57
M. E. McCullough, “Forgiveness as Human Strength: Theory, Measurement, and Links to Well-Being,” Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology 19 (2000) 43–55; M. E. McCullough, “Forgiveness: Who Does It and How Do They Do It?” Current Directions in Psychological Science 10 (2001): 194–197.
58
C. van Oyen Witvliet, T. E. Ludwig, and K. L. Vander Laan, “Granting Forgiveness or Harboring Grudges: Implications for Emotion, Physiology, and Health,” Psychological Science 12 (2001): 117–123.
59
С. E. Thoresen, F. Luskin, and A. H. S. Harris, “Science and Forgiveness Interventions: Reflections and Recommendations,” in Dimensions of Forgiveness, ed. E. L. Worthington, Jr. (Philadelphia: Templeton Foundation Press, 1998).
60
D. Burns, Feeling Good: The New Mood Therapy (New York: Morrow, 1980).
61
См. C. S. Carver and M. F. Scheier, Attention and Self-Regulation: A Control-Theory Approach to Human Behavior (New York: Springer, 1981); or R. S. Wyer, Jr., ed., Advances in Social Cognition (Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum 1981).
62
J. Crocker and C. T. Wolfe, “Contingencies of Self-Worth,” Psychological Review 108 (2001): 593–623.
63
P. B. Baltes and M. M. Baltes, Successful Aging: Perspectives from the Behavioral Sciences (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990).
64
C. S. Dweck and E. L. Leggett, “A Social-Cognitive Approach to Motivation and Personality,” in Motivational Science: Social and Personality Perspectives, ed. E. T. Higgins (Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 2000).
65
C. G. Davis, S. Nolen-Hoeksema, and J. Larson, “Making Sense of Loss and Benefiting from the Experience: Two Construals of Meaning,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998): 561–574.
66
J. Frank, Persuasion and Healing: A Comparative Study of Psychotherapy (Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973).
67
T. Joiner and J. C. Coyne, The Interactional Nature of Depression: Advances in Interpersonal Approaches (Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association Press, 1999).
68
J. M. Gottman and R. W. Levenson, “The Social Psychophysiology of Marriage,” in Perspectives on Marital Interaction, ed. P. Noller (Clevedon, England: Multilingual Matters, Ltd., 1988).
69
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and J. Larson, Coping with Loss (Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1999).
70
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, неопубликованные материалы, University of Michigan, 2002.
71
T.-A. Roberts and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Gender Comparisons in Responsiveness to Others’ Evaluations in Achievement Settings,” Psychology of Women Quarterly 18 (1994): 221–240.
72
S. Nolen-Hoeksema, неопубликованная информация, университет Мичигана, 2002.
73
S. Lyubomirsky, F. Kasri, and O. Chang, “Ruminative Style and Delay of Presentation of Breast Cancer Symptoms,” manuscript in preparation, Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 2001.
74
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and J. Larson, Coping with Loss (Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1999).
75
S. E. Taylor, M. E. Kemeny, G. M. Reed, J. E. Bower, and T. L. Gruenewald, “Psychological Resources, Positive Illusions, and Health,” American Psychologist 55 (2000): 99–109.
76
S. E. Taylor and J. D. Brown, “Illusion and Well-Being: A Social Psychological Perspective on Mental Health,” Psychological Bulletin 103 (1988): 193–210.
77
M. J. Lemer, The Belief in a Just World: A Fundamental Delusion (New York: Plenum Press, 1980).
78
S. Nolen-Hoeksema and J. Larson, Coping with Loss (Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum, 1999).
79
C. G. Davis, S. Nolen-Hoeksema, and J. Larson, “Making Sense of Loss and Benefiting from the Experience: Two Construals of Meaning,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75 (1998): 561–574.
80
C. G. Davis and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Loss and Meaning: How Do People Make Sense of LossV,” American Behavioral Scientist 44 (2001): 726–741.
81
A. Ward, S. Lyubomirsky, L. Sousa, and S. Nolen-Hoeksema, “Can’t Quite Commit: Rumination and Uncertainty,” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, опубликовано.